Essential to human life is water. Drinking water, in particular, is of utmost significance for all living creatures including man. An examination of the transmission process of drinking water reveals the high importance of pipe lines. The water pipe lines delivering water today encounter serious problems. Corrosion has caused deterioration in pipe lines, which contributes rust to drinking, a serious water quality problem. In addition, pipe line failures have caused social issues, such as suspension of water supply. This study developed a model to estimate the life expectancy and residual life of a pipe based on the assessment of failure risk in order to evaluate the current failure possibility and predict when the pipe will reach the point of failure. The developed model for estimation of residual life by failure risk was used to assess the failure risk of water pipes based on the general data and pipe sources of the Chang Won City water pipes. The efforts to diagnose and evaluate water pipes are limited to the assessment of current pipe conditions, which is why they can easily determine the priority of rehabilitation based on the current pipe conditions but have hard time getting information about how the pipes have deteriorated to the point of requiring rehabilitation. The objectives of this study are: (1) develop a model for estimating corrosion rates and residual thickness of water pipes, (2) assess loads and stress affecting water pipes, (3) to estimate damage risk, and (4) calculate safety factors. Results of the study could help reduce rehabilitation costs and secure water quality after renovation. Thus it would contribute to the safe and stable operation and management of pipe networks by increasing the life of water pipes.

Abstract This thesis studies the practical appraisal for pipeline inspection using the guided wave T(0,1) mode. The characteristic of reflected signals from the features of pipeline for various coated materials and fluid-filled pipes are also evaluated. The attenuation and the traveling distance of the guided wave are then calculated from the above-mentioned data for pipeline inspection in petro-chemical industries. In the experimental setup, the torsional mode is excited at one axial location using an array of transducers distributed around the circumference of the 6-inch test pipe. The reflected signals from various features, such as flanges, welds, supports, bends, defects and patches are analyzed at first at specific frequencies in the experiments. The effect of various coated material such as bitumen, PE and insulated material are also evaluated for the propagating torsional mode T(0,1) in the pipe. The results show that the attenuation of reflected signal is heavy for the bitumen-coated case because its viscosity is much higher than the other cases. Furthermore, the effect of pipe contents for defect detection using T(0,1) mode is investigated in this thesis. Various pipe contents, such as water, diesel oil, lubricant and fuel oil are deposit into the test pipe, respectively, to evaluate the influence to T(0,1). For the attenuation evaluation of reflected signal from flange in pipe, the reflected signal from an air-content pipe is measured for reference to compare with the measurements of other pipe contents in the experiments. The results show that the low viscosity liquid deposit in the pipe, such as water, diesel oil and lubricant, has no effect on the torsional mode; while the high viscous of the fuel oil deposit in the pipe attenuates the reflected signal heavily. It became evident that the torsional mode T(0,1) is most suitable for use in fluid-filled pipeline inspection.

The detection of corrosion in pipes is of major importance to the oil and chemical industries. Current methods involving point-by-point inspection are available for the detection of general wall loss associated with corrosion, but unfortunately the current methods tend to be very slow, limited to single positions, thus make the inspection of the kilometers of pipeline typically found in industrial plants virtually impossible. Ultrasonic guided waves provide an attractive solution to this problem because they can be excited at one location on the pipe and will propagate many meters along the pipe, returning echoes indicating the presence of corrosion or other pipe features. Nevertheless such techniques still have many practical difficulties in application due to the complex characteristics of guided waves such as dispersion and mode conversion. This thesis studies guided waves influenced by the welded supports, a.k.a. pipe shoe. A research of the reflection of mode-converted guided waves from pipe shoes on pipes in the frequency range 18-32 kHz has been carried out. Measurements are made on a 6 inch bore diameter, 7.1mm wall thickness pipe. The axisymmetric symmetric T(0,1) mode is incident on the pipe shoes and the mode-converted guided waves are received in reflection. In parallel, a finite element model is used to simulate the experiments by using Ansys. Received signals are separated into single-mode with a mode extraction technique. This research reveals that when T(0,1) propagates through the pipe shoe, the energy of T(0,1) passes into the pipe shoe. The leakage phenomenon results in the complexity and misinterpretation of the echo.

ABSTRACT The natural convection phenomenon in solar energy water trough for stable loading on a wall is studied numerically in this paper. Governing equations are transformed in vorticity-stream equations. Gauss-Seidel method with finite-difference implicit scheme was applied. The effects of the parameters of Rayleigh number, heat pipe length, heat pipe thickness, the distance from heat pipe to down side of water trough and the studied angle of inclination. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficients increase with the Rayleigh number, the heat pipe length, the heat pipe thickness and the angle of inclination.

Loop heat pipes seem a promising approach for application in modern technologies where such thermal devices as cooling fans and radiators cannot satisfy overall requirements. Even though a loop heat pipe has a big potential to remove the thermal energy from a high heat flux source, the heat removal performance of heat pipes cannot be predicted well since a first principles of evaporation has not been established. An evaporation model based on statistical rate theory has been recently suggested by Ward and developed for a single pore by Oinuma. A loop heat pipe with coherent pore wick structure has been proposed as a design model. To limit product development risk and to enhance performance assurance, design model features and performance parameters have been carefully reviewed during the concept development phase and have been deliberately selected so as to be well-founded on the limited existing loop heat pipe knowledge base. A first principles evaporation model has been applied for evaporator geometry optimization. A number of iteration calculations have been performed to satisfy design and operating limitations. A set of recommendations for design optimization has been formulated. An optimal model has been found and proposed for manufacture and experimental investigation.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 152 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91).

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (103-106).

Drosophila embryonic dorsal-ventral (D-V) polarity is defined by the expression of the gene pipe in the ventral cells of the follicular epithelium surrounding the developing oocyte. pipe encodes a sulfotransferase that transfers sulfate groups to several protein components of the vitelline membrane layer of the eggshell, including Vitelline Membrane-Like protein (VML). These sulfated proteins represent a ventral cue embedded in the eggshell, which, during embryogenesis, leads to the spatially-restricted activation of a serine protease cascade involving Gastrulation Defective (GD), Snake and Easter. Several important pieces of information missing from our understanding of Drosophila D-V patterning include the structures of the carbohydrates borne by the Pipe targets that represent the direct substrates for Pipe and how the Pipe-sulfated ventral cue triggers the spatially-regulated activation of the serine protease cascade. Two major goals of my studies on VML are to elucidate the structures of Pipe-sulfated carbohydrates associated with VML and to identify proteins that interact with VML in a Pipe-dependent manner. To achieve the first goal, I explored different purification systems to isolate VML and eventually found a way of partially purifying VML from Drosophila ovaries. Mass spectrometric analysis of the purified VML is underway to determine the carbohydrate structures on VML and the sites of Pipe-mediated sulfation. Future experiments will involve identification of putative enzymes responsible for the glycosylation of VML and examination of their requirements in D-V patterning. To identify interacting partners of VML, a strategy combining in vivo biotinylation of VML, reversible protein crosslinking and Streptavidin purification of crosslinked complexes will be used. In the second section of my studies, I have demonstrated that VML bearing a biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) tag can be efficiently biotinylated in vivo by co-expressing it with a biotin protein ligase BirA in the follicle cells. As an extension of the application of the approach, I also show that the Torso-like protein, which is localized to the poles of the vitelline membrane and whose polar localization is crucial for Drosophila terminal patterning, can also be biotinylated in vivo when the BAP-tagged protein is co-expressed with BirA in the follicle cells. / text

For Scots and non-Scots alike, the sounds of the bagpipes and the pipe band serve as a cultural metaphor for Scottish identity: the skirl of the pipes, the crisp sound of the snare drums, and the unique lilt of the music conjure an imagined Scotland of fierce, kilted clansmen and rugged, picturesque Highland scenery. This nearly global association appears to have been constructed on a series of transformations of cultural practices within Scotland itself, as well as throughout greater Britain and the lands of the Scottish diaspora, that began with the early “kiltophiles” in the late eighteenth century. Then, in the nineteenth century, its appeal was rendered greater by the romanticization of the Highlander in British literature, Queen Victoria's affinity for summer holidays at Balmoral Castle, expanded pipe band use in the British Army, and the formation of Scottish heritage societies embracing Highland dress, music, and sport. The turn of the twentieth century saw the pipe band move beyond military spheres to serve a range of civic and social purposes within Scotland, and throughout the subsequent hundred-plus year period, pipe bands as community musical ensembles have spread throughout the lands of the Scottish diaspora and other areas of the globe. Although there were and are a range of organizations, practices, and trends that offer insight into cultural developments within Scotland and the Scottish diaspora, the primary goal of this dissertation is to study the role of the pipe band in the construction and transformation of Scottish identity through an examination of the meanings, values, and musical practices that are built into ideas of "Scottishness" from the mid-nineteenth through the twenty-first century in the British Isles and North America. In its consideration of late twentieth- to twenty-first-century North American pipe bands, it will cast special light on selected bands of the Southeast and Ohio Valley regions, using two ensembles, the Kentucky United Pipes and Drums and the Knoxville Pipes and Drums, and one Highland festival, the Scotland County Highland Games, as case studies of present-day practices, but also as windows into identity formation within and through bands of the past.

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