La présente thèse, intitulée « De chaînes en trames: histoire nationale et vie privée dans le roman naturaliste et vériste », traite des liens d'ordre métaphorique et symbolique par lesquels la mise en scène de l'espace familial et du corps exprime la dynamique sociopolitique dans Les Rougon-Macquart (1871-1893) d'Émile Zola, I Vinti (1881-1889) de Giovanni Verga, I Viceré (1894) de Federico De Roberto et I vecchi e i giovani (1913) de Luigi Pirandello. À la jonction d'un certain nombre d'articles et d'essais critiques ayant interrogé, depuis le début des années 2000, l'écriture de la sphère domestique et de la « mécanique » biologique humaine dans le roman français et italien du long XlXe siècle, l'analyse comparatiste effectuée aborde divers motifs et figures du privé et de l'intime à l'intérieur des oeuvres à l'examen. Elle embrasse, plus particulièrement, quatre avenues de recherche principales, soit: 1) la dynamique intergénérationnelle et les rituels sociaux se déployant dans l'enceinte du logis ouvrier, de la casa patrimoniale, de l'hôtel bourgeois ou du palazzo aristocratique; 2) le mode d'inscription narrative du « personnage-mémoire » et des actants féminins, qui, dans les fictions envisagées, laissent entrevoir le sens de la fiumana deI progresso [du « fleuve du progrès »]; 3) la description des édifices et des espaces privés, qui gardent la trace de l'évolution des clans et de la mouvance des « strates » sociales; 4) enfin, le caractère expressionniste des pathologies, des dégénérescences physiques et des décès qui, à l'intérieur des récits considérés, renvoient l'image des « convulsions » historiques nationales. Privilégiant une approche avant tout sociohistorique et thématique, la réflexion critique entreprise s'appuie, notamment, sur les développements de Michelle Perrot, Marzio Barbagli et Michela De Giorgio sur la vie privée, la famille et la condition féminine en Europe et, notamment, en France et en Italie au XlXe siècle. Elle met également à profit des éléments de rhétorique et des concepts psychanalytiques lors même qu'elle adopte, ponctuellement, la méthode ethnocritique d'appréhension du texte romanesque, qui permet de déceler la marque de traditions populaires tels le carnaval et le charivari dans la structure dramatique des narrations à l'étude. Les conclusions dégagées en fin de parcours analytique s'accordent pour prouver que les intrigues du corpus, nourries de sujets historiques plus ou moins contemporains de l'époque de leur genèse -soit le Second Empire (1852-1870) en France de même que l'avant et l'après fondation du royaume d'Italie (1861) -, déploient un imaginaire littéraire associant intimement histoire sociopolitique et chronique familiale. Plusieurs facteurs sociaux majeurs, desquels on citera les révolutions française et darwinienne, l'ébranlement de l'idée de transcendance, la mutation des visées de l' histoire et l'essor de sciences humaines comme la sociologie et l'anthropologie, expliquent, en effet, que les auteurs à l'étude ait révélé, au travers de la dynamique des corps et de l'évolution des clans, la physionomie différenciée de leur époque. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Naturalisme, Vérisme, Émile Zola, Giovanni Verga, Federico De Roberto, Luigi Pirandello, Littérature, XIXe siècle, Vie privée, Histoire, Politique, Société, Corps, Représentation.

This doctoral dissertation, «The Retrospective Novel: The Romance of the Self,» focuses on the relationship between literary genres, ideology, and history. The novels I analyze are widely regarded as masterpieces of the last two centuries of Western literature. They include works by authors such as Melville, Conrad, Gide, Pirandello, Svevo, Roth, Faulkner, and Mann. All these novels present a biographical structure, in which the life of the protagonist is narrated retrospectively either by the hero himself (like in Pirandello’s Mattia Pascal) or by one of his friends (as in Thomas Mann’s Doctor Faustus). The research aims to examine the relationship between the retrospectivity of these novels and the rise of modern bourgeois society. The goal is to define the retrospective novel as a genre that, by continuing the Romantic tradition, reacts to Western ideas of modernity and to the realist novel. The dissertation discusses the formal features of retrospective novels to investigate the relationship between the crisis of linear plots and the existence of tragic heroes. The analysis takes into consideration the tension between polyphony and monologism, the combination of essayism and narration, and the importance of a centralized moral point of view that questions the predominant moral discourse of society. The discussion of these formal aspects of retrospective novels lets emerge the craving for epic anti-bourgeois heroes that characterizes retrospective novels. By employing a novel theoretical framework, the dissertation aims to reappraise capital texts of the Western canon and to reevaluate the underestimated influence of Romanticism on the development of the modern Western novel.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Berilo Luigi Deiro Nosella.pdf: 517440 bytes, checksum: d451e316214cec8d93a007e898878fb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master degree main objective is the analysis and the study of the dramatical workmanship composition Six Personages in Search of an Author , witch is studied here as Seis Personagens em Busca de um Autor by Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), staged for the first time in 1921, in Rome / Italy, reaching success in the entire world and deeply influencing the art of the teatral representation of the century XX. The objectives of the research send to analyze the modern elements gifts in the text Six Personages in Search of an Author and to the verification of the specific items on this modern pirandellian text in debate with modernity and contemporality. Basically, here, the analysis if guideline in the reflection on the existence of a tension between tradition and renewal, characteristic of the modernity in general way and specific way of the workmanship of Pirandello. It is treated, therefore, of formal examining the renewal as crisis of the tradition while factor of revelation and denudation as crisis of the modern world that is present like a mean form in the workmanship of Pirandello and in the Modern Drama . The literary analysis of the pirandellian text was based, initially, in the theoretical debate on the question of the literary sorts for the definition of the concept of Modern Drama . For this issue, this thought followed a line that begins with Hegel, goes to Georg Lukács and finishes with Peter Szondi. Advancing in this way, it was turned back to the proper theoretical texts of Pirandello, mainly O Humorismo , wrote in 1903, that involves the modernity of the drama and how it would be articulated, later, in an artistic form. A critical historical pillar helped to support the recital of this work that had as purpose understand and context this workmanship of Pirandello in its time and the present time. It was established, a parallel between two authors: the Italian, contemporary Pirandello, Antonio Gramsci and the german, Walter Benjamin. This debate in allowed in such a way to invest them in the analysis of the tension between form and content, renewing the art of drama of Pirandello culturally (as content) and the respective esthetic way (as form) / Trata, a presente dissertação, da análise e do estudo da obra dramática Seis Personagens em Busca de um Autor, de Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), encenada pela primeira vez em 1921, em Roma, Itália, alcançando sucesso no mundo todo e influenciando profundamente a dramaturgia do século XX. Os objetivos da pesquisa remetem à analise dos elementos modernos presentes no texto Seis Personagens em Busca de um Autor e à verificação das especificidades desse moderno pirandelliano em debate com a modernidade e a contemporaneidade. Basicamente, aqui, a análise se pauta na reflexão sobre a existência de uma tensão entre tradição e renovação, característica da modernidade de modo geral e de modo específico da obra de Pirandello. Trata-se, portanto, de formalmente examinar a renovação como crise da tradição enquanto fator de revelação e desnudamento de uma crise do mundo moderno que se apresentaria como uma forma fundamental na obra de Pirandello e no Drama Moderno . A análise literária do texto pirandelliano alicerçou-se, inicialmente, no debate teórico sobre a questão dos gêneros literários para a definição do conceito de Drama Moderno . Para tanto, esse pensamento seguiu uma linha que parte de Hegel, passa por Gyorgy Lukács e se finaliza com Peter Szondi. Avançando neste caminho, voltou-se aos próprios textos teóricos de Pirandello, principalmente O Humorismo, escrito em 1903, que compreende a modernidade do drama e como se articularia, posteriormente, numa forma artística. Sustentou ainda a fundamentação deste trabalho um pilar crítico-histórico que teve como finalidade compreender e contextualizar a obra de Pirandello em seu tempo e na atualidade. Estabeleceu-se, assim, um paralelo entre dois autores: o italiano, contemporâneo a Pirandello, Antonio Gramsci e o alemão Walter Benjamin. Esse debate nos permitiu investir na análise da tensão entre forma e conteúdo, renovando a dramaturgia de Pirandello tanto culturalmente (como conteúdo) quanto esteticamente (como forma)