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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

In Vivo Analysis of Human LHX3 Gene Regulation

Mullen, Rachel D. 14 June 2011 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / LHX3 is a transcription factor important in pituitary and nervous system development. Patients with mutations in coding regions of the gene have combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) that causes growth, fertility, and metabolic problems. Promoter and intronic elements of LHX3 important for basal gene expression in vitro have been identified, but the key regulatory elements necessary for in vivo expression were unknown. With these studies, I sought to elucidate how LHX3 gene expression is regulated in vivo. Based on sequence conservation between species in non-coding regions, I identified a 7.9 kilobase (kb) region 3' of the human LHX3 gene as a potential regulatory element. In a beta galactosidase transgenic mouse model, this region directed spatial and temporal expression to the developing pituitary gland and spinal cord in a pattern consistent with endogenous LHX3 expression. Using a systematic series of deletions, I found that the conserved region contains multiple nervous system enhancers and a minimal 180 base pair (bp) enhancer that direct expression to both the pituitary and spinal cord in transgenic mice. Within this minimal enhancer, TAAT/ATTA sequences that are characteristic of homeodomain protein binding sites are required to direct expression. I performed DNA binding experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to reveal that the ISL1 and PITX1 proteins specifically recognize these elements in vitro and in vivo. Based on in vivo mutational analyses, two tandem ISL1 binding sites are required for enhancer activity in the pituitary and spine and a PITX1 binding site is required for spatial patterning of gene expression in the pituitary. Additional experiments demonstrated that these three elements cannot alone direct gene expression, suggesting a combination of factors is required for enhancer activity. This study reveals that the key regulatory elements guiding developmental regulation of the human LHX3 gene lie in this conserved downstream region. Further, this work implicates ISL1 as a new transcriptional regulator of LHX3 and describes a possible mechanism for the regulation of LHX3 by a known upstream factor, PITX1. Identification of important regulatory regions will also enable genetic screening in candidate CPHD patients and will thereby facilitate patient treatment and genetic counseling.
2

Funktionelle Charakterisierung heterozygoter GLI2 missense Mutationen bei Patienten mit multiplem hypophysären Hormonmangel

Flemming, Gunter 03 January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Der GLI2-Transkriptionsfaktor ist eines der Haupt Effektor-Proteine des Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-Signalweges und hat vermutlich eine Schlüsselfunktion in der Entwicklung der Hypophyse. Genomische GLI2-Veränderungen welche zu abgeschnittenen Proteinen führten, wurden beschrieben als Ursache für Holoprosenzephalie (HPE) oder HPE-ähnliche Veränderungen, teilweise in Verbindung mit einer Hypophysenunterfunktion. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Ermittlung der Frequenz von GLI2-Mutationen in Patienten mit multiplem hypophysärem Hormonausfall (multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, MPHD) und eine funktionelle Untersuchung der gefunden Mutationen mittels Transkriptionsaktivitäts-Untersuchungen durch funktionelle Luciferase assays. Hierfür wählten wir Teilnehmer der GeNeSIS (Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study)-Studie. Patienten bei denen bereits Mutationen eines der etablierten Gene für MPHD nachgewiesen wurde, wurden ausgeschlossen. Insgesamt haben wir 168 Patienten mit MPHD untersucht. Bei allen Patienten waren mindestens ein GH- und ein TSH-Mangel dokumentiert, Auffälligkeiten in der zentralen Bildgebung mittels cMRT wurden bei 96 Patienten angegeben. In fünf Studienteilnehmern wurden vier verschiedene heterozygote missense Varianten nachgewiesen, hiervon wurden zwei bislang noch nicht in der Literatur beschrieben. Eine Variante, pR516P, führte in den in-vitro Experimenten zu einem kompletten Verlust der Proteinaktivität. Zusätzlich zu einem Wachstumshormonmangel hatte der Träger dieser Mutation einen Mangel an TSH und der Gonadotropine, sowie einen nichtdeszendierten Hypophysenhinterlappen und eine Polydaktylie, aber keine ersichtlichen Mittelliniendefekte. Anhand der funktionellen Untersuchung konnten wir erstmalig nachweisen, dass ein heterozygoter Aminosäuren-Austausch im GLI2-Protein zu einer möglichen Funktionseinschränkung der Transkriptionsaktivität führen kann und somit die Ursache für MPHD mit milden extrahypophysären Auffälligkeiten sein könnte. Der Phänotyp von GLI2-Mutationen ist variabel und die Penetranz ist unvollständig. GLI2-Mutationen sind assoziiert mit einer Hypoplasie des Hypophysenvorderlappens und treten gehäuft mit einem ektopen Hypophysenhinterlappen auf.
3

Estudo clínico e molecular de pacientes com displasia septo-ótica ou deficiência hormonal hipofisária (gene HESX1 e PROP1)

Cruz, Juliana de Barros [UNESP] 17 November 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_jb_me_botfm.pdf: 449482 bytes, checksum: 5627323423c217568fc73820cbf66a6a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A hipófise anterior compõe-se de cinco tipos celulares que são definidos pelos hormônios que secretam. A diferenciação desses tipos celulares resulta de uma cascata temporalmente regulada de fatores transcricionais expressos no tecido hipofisário. Mutações de um desses fatores podem resultar tanto em defeitos estruturais da glândula como em deficiências hormonais, que podem ser isoladas (Déficit de hormônio do crescimento - DGH) ou combinadas (DHHC), dependendo do papel do fator transcricional mutado. A Displasia Septo – óptica (DSO) caracteriza-se pela presença de hipoplasia hipofisária, hipoplasia de nervo óptico e/ou má formações de estruturas da linha média. Foram avaliados 11 pacientes com quadro clinico de SOD, DGH e DHHC e realizado o sequenciamento genético do gene HESX1 desses indivíduos. Nos casos de DHHC foi feita uma análise adicional do gene PROP1. A mutação missense em estado de heterozigose A1772G levando a substituição N125S foi identificada em um paciente portador de DSO, no gene HESX1. Essa troca já foi previamente relatada como um polimorfismo na população Afro-Caribenha. Encontramos três pacientes portadores da variante alélica A9A e N20S no exon 1 do gene PROP1, já descritos previamente na literatura como polimorfismos. / The anterior pituitary is made of five types of cell defined according to the hormones they secrete. Differentiation among such cell types derives from a cascade of temporally regulated transcriptional factors expressed in the pituitary tissue. Mutation in one of these factors may result in both structural gland defects and hormonal deficiencies, which may be either isolated (DGH – Growth Hormone Deficiency) or combined, depending on the role of the mutated transcriptional factor. Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is characterized by pituitary hypoplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia and/or malformation of medium line structures. Eleven patients with a clinical state of SOD, DGH and CPHD were assessed, and genetically sequenced for the HESX1 gene. For CPHD cases, an additional analysis for the PROP1 gene was also conducted. One SOD patient was found to have a missense mutation in A1772G heterozygosis state, leading to the N125S replacement, in HESX1 gene. Such replacement has already been reported as a polymorphism in the Afro-Caribbean population. We found three patients with the alelic variation A9S and N20A in exon 1 of PROP1 gene, previously described as polymorphisms.
4

Μοριακοί μηχανισμοί που εμπλέκονται στην ανεπάρκεια της αυξητικής ορμόνης

Γιαννακοπούλου, Ιωάννα 13 November 2007 (has links)
Η αυξητική ορμόνη (GH), πολυλειτουργική ορμόνη που παράγεται από τα σωματοτρόπα κύτταρα του πρόσθιου λοβού της υπόφυσης, προάγει την μεταγεννητική ανάπτυξη σκελετικών και μαλακών ιστών. Επίσης, ασκεί ποικίλες άλλες βιολογικές δράσεις, όπως ρύθμιση του μεταβολισμού των υδατανθράκων, των πρωτεϊνών και του λίπους. Κατά συνέπεια, η ανεπάρκεια της εκτός από αναπτυξιακά μπορεί να προκαλέσει και σοβαρά μεταβολικά προβλήματα. Η GH δρα στους περιφερικούς ιστούς άμεσα αλλά και έμμεσα μέσω του ινσουλινόμορφου αυξητικού παράγοντα IGF-I. Μετά από πρόσδεση της GH στον υποδοχέα της (GHR), ο IGF-I παράγεται στο ήπαρ, όπου απελευθερώνεται στην γενική κυκλοφορία, αλλά παράγεται και τοπικά στους περιφερικούς ιστούς, όπου δρα με αυτοκρινή ή παρακρινή τρόπο. Η έκκριση της GH από την υπόφυση έχει παλμική μορφή και ρυθμίζεται κυρίως μέσω τριών υποφυσιοτρόπων παραγόντων: εκλυτική ορμόνη της GH (GHRH), σωματοστατίνη (SRIF) και γκρελίνη. Η απελευθέρωση της GHRH και της SRIH από τον υποθάλαμο επηρεάζεται και από μια ποικιλία άλλων νευροδιαβιβαστών, νευροορμονών και νευροπεπτιδίων. Έχει υπολογιστεί σε διάφορες μελέτες ότι κοντό ανάστημα συσχετιζόμενο με ανεπάρκεια της αυξητικής ορμόνης (GHD) παρατηρείται με συχνότητα 1 στις 4000 έως 1 στις 10000 γεννήσεις. Παρόλο που οι περισσότερες περιπτώσεις είναι σποραδικές και θεωρούνται αποτέλεσμα περιβαλλοντικών εγκεφαλικών προσβολών ή αναπτυξιακών ανωμαλιών, γενετική αιτιολογία προτείνεται περίπου στο 10% των GHD περιπτώσεων, λόγω του ότι έχει προσβληθεί ένας τουλάχιστον πρώτου βαθμού συγγενής. Η διάγνωση της GHD είναι μια πολύπλευρη διαδικασία που απαιτεί εκτενή κλινική εκτίμηση, αξιολόγηση σωματομετρικών παραμέτρων, βιοχημικές δοκιμασίες του GH-IGF άξονα, και ακτινολογική εκτίμηση. Η GHD μπορεί να παρουσιάζεται είτε ως μεμονωμένο πρόβλημα (IGHD) είτε σε συνδυασμό με πολλαπλές ορμονικές ανεπάρκειες (CPHD). Μοντέλα ζώων έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί για μελέτη της φυσιολογικής λειτουργίας του υποθαλαμικού-GH άξονα και των πιθανών διαταραχών που οδηγούν σε IGHD/CPHD στους ανθρώπους. Σύμφωνα με τα κλινικά χαρακτηριστικά, τον τρόπο κληρονομικότητας και την ανταπόκριση στην εξωγενή θεραπεία, τέσσερις τύποι οικογενούς IGHD έχουν περιγραφεί στον άνθρωπο. Μεταλλαγές έχουν βρεθεί να συμβαίνουν στο GH γονίδιο (GH1) και στο γονίδιο του υποδοχέα της GHRH (GHRH-R). Πολυμορφισμοί στον υποκινητή του GH1 γονιδίου μειώνουν επίσης την έκφραση του. Πρόσφατα, μεταλλαγές στο γονίδιο του υποδοχέα της γκρελίνης (GHS-R) συσχετίστηκαν με IGHD. Μεταλλαγές σε διακριτά γονίδια μεταγραφικών παραγόντων, που είναι βασικά για την ανάπτυξη και διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων του πρόσθιου λοβού της υπόφυσης, όπως Pit1/POU1F1, PROP1, HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, έχουν αναγνωρισθεί μέχρι σήμερα σε ανθρώπους με CPHD. Καθώς μεγάλο ποσοστό οικογενών περιπτώσεων IGHD/CPHD δεν οφείλεται σε μεταλλαγές σε κάποιο από τα ήδη γνωστά γονίδια, φαίνεται να εμπλέκονται μεταλλαγές σε επιπρόσθετα υποψήφια γονίδια. Περαιτέρω γενετικές μελέτες μπορούν να συμβάλλουν σε καλύτερη κατανόηση της GHD, σε πρώιμη διάγνωση και βελτίωση της θεραπευτικής αγωγής στα άτομα με GHD. / Growth hormone (GH), a multifunctional hormone which is synthesized in the somatotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland, promotes postnatal development of skeletal and soft tissues. In addition, GH exerts multiple biological actions, such as regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fat. Consequently, GH deficiency (GHD) apart from causing developmental disorders can also have a deleterious effect on the body’s metabolism. GH acts on peripheral tissues both directly and indirectly, through the mediation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Upon binding of GH to its receptor (GHR), IGF-1 is produced both in the liver, from where it is released into the general circulation, and locally in the peripheral tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle, where it acts in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. GH is secreted from the pituitary gland in a pulsatile fashion. Major regulatory factors include three hypophysiotropic factors: GH releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SRIF), and ghrelin. Moreover, GH secretion can be affected by a variety of other neurotransmitters, neurohormones and neuropeptides. The diagnosis of GHD demands detailed clinical, auxological, radiological and biochemical evaluation of the GH-IGF axis. GHD may occur as isolated GHD (IGHD) or in combination with other pituitary hormone deficiencies (Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency, CPHD). The physiological actions of the hypothalamic-GH axis and the possible disorders leading to IGHD/CPHD in humans have been extensively studied in animal models. Short stature associated with GHD has been estimated to occur in about 1/4000-1/10000 in various studies. Whereas most cases are sporadic and believed to result from environmental cerebral insults or developmental anomalies, approximately 10% of the affected individuals have a first-degree relative with the same disorder, suggesting a hereditary trend and genetic factors affecting the disorder. Four types of familial IGHD have been described in humans according to clinical characteristics, the mode of inheritance and the response to exogenous therapy. Mutations reducing gene expression have been described in the GH1 gene and in the GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) gene. Polymorphisms found in the promoter of the GH1 gene can also reduce its expression. Recently, mutations in the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) gene were associated with IGHD. Mutations in discrete genes of transcriptional factors necessary for the development and differentiation of anterior pituitary cells, such as Pit1/POU1F1, PROP1, HESX1, LHX3, LHX4 have been recognized in individuals with CPHD. Considering that a large proportion of familial cases of IGHD/CPHD are not caused by mutations in any of the known genes, mutations in additional candidate genes may be involved. Further genetic studies may contribute to a better understanding of GHD, earlier diagnosis and better therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
5

Estudo clínico e molecular de pacientes com displasia septo-ótica ou deficiência hormonal hipofisária (gene HESX1 e PROP1) /

Cruz, Juliana de Barros. January 2008 (has links)
Resumo: A hipófise anterior compõe-se de cinco tipos celulares que são definidos pelos hormônios que secretam. A diferenciação desses tipos celulares resulta de uma cascata temporalmente regulada de fatores transcricionais expressos no tecido hipofisário. Mutações de um desses fatores podem resultar tanto em defeitos estruturais da glândula como em deficiências hormonais, que podem ser isoladas (Déficit de hormônio do crescimento - DGH) ou combinadas (DHHC), dependendo do papel do fator transcricional mutado. A Displasia Septo - óptica (DSO) caracteriza-se pela presença de hipoplasia hipofisária, hipoplasia de nervo óptico e/ou má formações de estruturas da linha média. Foram avaliados 11 pacientes com quadro clinico de SOD, DGH e DHHC e realizado o sequenciamento genético do gene HESX1 desses indivíduos. Nos casos de DHHC foi feita uma análise adicional do gene PROP1. A mutação missense em estado de heterozigose A1772G levando a substituição N125S foi identificada em um paciente portador de DSO, no gene HESX1. Essa troca já foi previamente relatada como um polimorfismo na população Afro-Caribenha. Encontramos três pacientes portadores da variante alélica A9A e N20S no exon 1 do gene PROP1, já descritos previamente na literatura como polimorfismos. / Abstract: The anterior pituitary is made of five types of cell defined according to the hormones they secrete. Differentiation among such cell types derives from a cascade of temporally regulated transcriptional factors expressed in the pituitary tissue. Mutation in one of these factors may result in both structural gland defects and hormonal deficiencies, which may be either isolated (DGH - Growth Hormone Deficiency) or combined, depending on the role of the mutated transcriptional factor. Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is characterized by pituitary hypoplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia and/or malformation of medium line structures. Eleven patients with a clinical state of SOD, DGH and CPHD were assessed, and genetically sequenced for the HESX1 gene. For CPHD cases, an additional analysis for the PROP1 gene was also conducted. One SOD patient was found to have a missense mutation in A1772G heterozygosis state, leading to the N125S replacement, in HESX1 gene. Such replacement has already been reported as a polymorphism in the Afro-Caribbean population. We found three patients with the alelic variation A9S and N20A in exon 1 of PROP1 gene, previously described as polymorphisms. / Orientador: Célia Regina Nogueira / Coorientador: Denise Perone / Mestre
6

Funktionelle Charakterisierung heterozygoter GLI2 missense Mutationen bei Patienten mit multiplem hypophysären Hormonmangel

Flemming, Gunter 11 December 2013 (has links)
Der GLI2-Transkriptionsfaktor ist eines der Haupt Effektor-Proteine des Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-Signalweges und hat vermutlich eine Schlüsselfunktion in der Entwicklung der Hypophyse. Genomische GLI2-Veränderungen welche zu abgeschnittenen Proteinen führten, wurden beschrieben als Ursache für Holoprosenzephalie (HPE) oder HPE-ähnliche Veränderungen, teilweise in Verbindung mit einer Hypophysenunterfunktion. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Ermittlung der Frequenz von GLI2-Mutationen in Patienten mit multiplem hypophysärem Hormonausfall (multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, MPHD) und eine funktionelle Untersuchung der gefunden Mutationen mittels Transkriptionsaktivitäts-Untersuchungen durch funktionelle Luciferase assays. Hierfür wählten wir Teilnehmer der GeNeSIS (Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study)-Studie. Patienten bei denen bereits Mutationen eines der etablierten Gene für MPHD nachgewiesen wurde, wurden ausgeschlossen. Insgesamt haben wir 168 Patienten mit MPHD untersucht. Bei allen Patienten waren mindestens ein GH- und ein TSH-Mangel dokumentiert, Auffälligkeiten in der zentralen Bildgebung mittels cMRT wurden bei 96 Patienten angegeben. In fünf Studienteilnehmern wurden vier verschiedene heterozygote missense Varianten nachgewiesen, hiervon wurden zwei bislang noch nicht in der Literatur beschrieben. Eine Variante, pR516P, führte in den in-vitro Experimenten zu einem kompletten Verlust der Proteinaktivität. Zusätzlich zu einem Wachstumshormonmangel hatte der Träger dieser Mutation einen Mangel an TSH und der Gonadotropine, sowie einen nichtdeszendierten Hypophysenhinterlappen und eine Polydaktylie, aber keine ersichtlichen Mittelliniendefekte. Anhand der funktionellen Untersuchung konnten wir erstmalig nachweisen, dass ein heterozygoter Aminosäuren-Austausch im GLI2-Protein zu einer möglichen Funktionseinschränkung der Transkriptionsaktivität führen kann und somit die Ursache für MPHD mit milden extrahypophysären Auffälligkeiten sein könnte. Der Phänotyp von GLI2-Mutationen ist variabel und die Penetranz ist unvollständig. GLI2-Mutationen sind assoziiert mit einer Hypoplasie des Hypophysenvorderlappens und treten gehäuft mit einem ektopen Hypophysenhinterlappen auf.:1. Bibliographische Beschreibung S. 4 2. Abkürzungen (alphabetisch sortiert) S. 6 3. Hintergrund S. 8 3.1 Minderwuchs S. 8 3.2 GeNeSIS-Programm S. 10 3.3 Entwicklung, Aufbau und Funktion der Hypophyse S. 11 3.4 Molekularbiologie der Hypophysenentwicklung S. 12 3.4.1 Signalmoleküle, die die Stratifizierung der Rathke-Tasche und die Festlegung der hypophysären Zelllinien bestimmen S. 12 3.4.2 Transkriptionsfaktoren, welche die frühen Phasen der Anlage kontrollieren S. 13 3.5 Hedgehog-Gen Familie S. 15 3.5.1 SHH-Prozessierung und Freisetzung S. 16 3.5.2 SHH-Rezeptorbindung S. 17 3.5.3 SHH-Signaltransduktion S. 17 3.6 GLI-Proteine S. 18 3.6.1 GLI2 S. 19 3.6.2 GLI2-Mutationen bei Menschen S. 20 3.7 Rationale für die Promotionsarbeit S. 20 4. Publikation S. 22 4.1. Druckversion S. 22 4.2 Supplemental Material S. 32 5. Zusammenfassung und Interpretation S. 40 5.1 Screening S. 41 5.2 GLI2-Varianten S. 41 5.3 Experimentelle Untersuchungen S. 42 5.4 Interpretation und Diskussion S. 43 6. Referenzen S. 45 7. Anlagen S. 54 7.1 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit S. 54 7.2 Lebenslauf S. 55 7.3 Publikationen und Auszeichnungen S. 56 7.3.1 Publikationen S. 56 7.3.1 Auszeichnungen S. 56 7.5 Danksagung S. 57
7

Long-Term Outcomes, Genetics, and Pituitary Morphology in Patients with Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency and Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies: A Single-Centre Experience of Four Decades of Growth Hormone Replacement

Rohayem, Julia, Drechsel, Hendrik, Tittel, Bettina, Hahn, Gabriele, Pfäffle, Roland, Hübner, Angela 22 May 2020 (has links)
Background: Growth hormone (GH) has been used to treat children with GH deficiency (GHD) since 1966. Aims: Using a combined retrospective and cross-sectional approach, we explored the long-term outcomes of patients with GHD, analysed factors influencing therapeutic response, determined persistence into adulthood, investigated pituitary morphology, and screened for mutations in causative genes. Methods: The files of 96 GH-deficient children were reviewed. In a subset of 50 patients, re-assessment in adulthood was performed, including GHRH-arginine testing, pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and mutational screening for the growth hormone-1 gene (GH1) and the GHRH receptor gene (GHRHR) in isolated GHD (IGHD), and HESX1 , PROP1 , POU1F1 , LHX3 , LHX4 , and GLI2 in multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) patients. Results: GH was started at a height SDS of –3.2 ± 1.4 in IGHD patients and of –4.1 ± 2.1 in MPHD patients. Relative height gain was 0.3 SDS/year, absolute gain 1.6 SDS, and 1.2/2.6 SDS in IGHD/MPHD, respectively. Mid-parental target height was reached in 77%. Initial height SDS, bone age retardation and duration of GH replacement were correlated with height SDS gain. GHD persisted into adulthood in 19 and 89% of subjects with IGHD and MPHD, respectively. In 1/42 IGHD patients a GH1 mutation was detected; PROP1 mutations were found in 3/7 MPHD subjects. Anterior pituitary hypoplasia, combined with posterior pituitary ectopy and pituitary stalk invisibility on MRI, was an exclusive finding in MPHD patients. Conclusions: GH replacement successfully corrects the growth deficit in children with GHD. While the genetic aetiology remains undefined in most cases of IGHD, PROP1 mutations constitute a major cause for MPHD. Persistence of GHD into adulthood is related to abnormal pituitary morphology.

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