Authorship attribution of source code is the task of deciding who wrote a program, given its source code. Applications include software forensics, plagiarism detection, and determining software ownership. A number of methods for the authorship attribution of source code have been presented in the past. A review of those existing methods is presented, while focusing on the two state-of-the-art methods: SCAP and Burrows. The primary goal was to develop a new method for authorship attribution of source code that is even more effective than the current state-of-the-art methods. Toward that end, a comparative study of the methods was performed in order to determine their relative effectiveness and establish a baseline. A suitable set of test data was also established in a manner intended to support the vision of a universal data set suitable for standard use in authorship attribution experiments. A data set was chosen consisting of 7,231 open-source and textbook programs written in C++ and Java by thirty unique authors. The baseline study showed both the Burrows and SCAP methods were indeed state-of-the-art. The Burrows method correctly attributed 89% of all documents, while the SCAP method correctly attributed 95%. The Burrows method inherently anonymizes the data by stripping all comments and string literals, while the SCAP method does not. So the methods were also compared using anonymized data. The SCAP method correctly attributed 91% of the anonymized documents, compared to 89% by Burrows. The Burrows method was improved in two ways: the set of features used to represent programs was updated and the similarity metric was updated. As a result, the improved method successfully attributed nearly 94% of all documents, compared to 89% attributed in the baseline. The SCAP method was also improved in two ways: the technique used to anonymize documents was changed and the amount of information retained in the source code author profiles was determined differently. As a result, the improved method successfully attributed 97% of anonymized documents and 98% of non-anonymized documents, compared to 91% and 95% that were attributed in the baseline, respectively. The two improved methods were used to create an ensemble method based on the Bayes optimal classifier. The ensemble method successfully attributed nearly 99% of all documents in the data set.

Plagiat är en välkänd utmaning inom skolvärlden och är inte på något sätt ett nytt fenomen.Tidigare studier vittnar om att det finns olika anledningar till varför elever plagierar samt att det inte alltid är lätt att avgöra hur mycket och vad som är plagiat. Tvärtom kan plagiat vara omedveten och då blir det en fråga om utbildning snarare än om elevens moral.Denna studies syfte är att undersöka lärarnas uppfattningar av plagiat och hur lärare kan arbeta med att hjälpa elever att undvika plagiat. För att uppnå syftet intervjuas fem gymnasielärare som undervisar i gymnasiegemensamma ämnen och studiens analys och resultat utgår från den fenomenografiska metoden. På så sätt urskiljs och identifieras olika uppfattningar av plagiat. Studiens resultat visar att det finns olika uppfattningar gällande plagiat, bland annat skiljer sig uppfattningarna åt i fråga om mängd och innehåll i ett plagierat elevarbete. Vidare visar resultatet även att lärarna uppfattar inställningen till plagiat som en generationsfråga och att Internet och tillgängligheten till information påverkat sättet att arbeta på i skolan, för både dem och eleverna. Plagiat kopplas också till,av lärarna upplevd förändrad kunskapssyn hos elever vars fokus är betyg snarare än kunskap. / Plagiarism is a well-known challenge in education and is by no means a new phenomenon.Previous studies testify that there are various reasons why students plagiarize and that it is not always easy to determine what and how much counts as plagiarism. On the contrary, plagiarism can be unconscious and then it perhaps becomes a matter of education rather than about the student's morality. The purpose of this study is to examine the teachers' perceptions of plagiarism and how teachers can work with helping pupils avoid plagiarism. In order to achieve the purpose, five high school teachers who teach upper secondary school subjects are interviewed and the study's analysis and results are based on the phenomenographic method. In this way, different perceptions of plagiarism are identified. The study's results show that there are different perceptions regarding plagiarism, among other things the perceptions differ in terms of quantity and content of plagiarized studentwork. Furthermore, the results show that the teachers perceive the attitude to plagiarism as a generation issue and that the Internet and accessibility to information have influenced the way in which they work at school, for both them and the students. Plagiarism is also linked to, by the teachers perceived, a changed knowledge view where students focus more on grades rather than knowledge.

Academic writing is an important part of undergraduate study that tutors recognise as central to success in higher education. Across the academy, writing is used to assess, develop and facilitate student learning. However, there are growing concerns that students appropriate written work from other sources and present it as their own, committing the academic offence of plagiarism. Conceptualising plagiarism as literary theft, current institutional practices concentrate on deterring and detecting behaviours that contravene the rules of the academy. Plagiarism is a topic that often elicits an emotional response in academic tutors, who are horrified that students commit these ‘crimes’. Recently, educators have suggested that deterring and detecting plagiarism is ineffective and described moralistic conceptualisations of plagiarism as unhelpful. These commentaries highlight the need for credible alternative approaches to plagiarism that include pedagogic aspects of academic writing. The authorial identity approach to reducing plagiarism concentrates on developing understanding of authorship in students using pedagogy. This thesis presents three studies that contribute to the authorial identity approach to student plagiarism. Building on the findings of previous research, the current studies used a sequential mixed-methods approach to expand psychological knowledge concerning authorial identity in higher education contexts. The first, qualitative, study used thematic analysis of interviews with 27 professional academics teaching at institutions in the United Kingdom. The findings from this multidisciplinary sample identified that academics understood authorial identity as composed of five themes; an individual with authorial identity had confidence; valued writing; felt attachment and ownership of their writing; thought independently and critically; and had rhetorical goals. In addition, the analysis identified two integrative themes representing aspects of authorial identity that underlie all of the other themes: authorial identity as ‘tacit knowledge’ and authorial identity as ‘negotiation of identities’. The themes identified in the first study informed important aspects of the two following quantitative studies. The second study used findings from the first study to generate a pool of questionnaire items, assess their content validity and administer them to a multidisciplinary sample of 439 students in higher education. Psychometric analyses were used to identify a latent variable model of student authorial identity with three factors: ‘authorial confidence’, ‘valuing writing’ and ‘identification with author’. This model formed the basis of a new psychometric tool for measuring authorial identity. The resultant Student Attitudes and Beliefs about Authorship Scale (SABAS) had greater reliability and validity when compared with alternative measures. The third study used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the SABAS model with a sample of 306 students. In addition, this study identified aspects of convergent validity and test-retest reliability that allow the SABAS to be used with confidence in research and pedagogy. The overall findings of the combined studies present a psycho-social model of student authorial identity. This model represents an important contribution to the theoretical underpinnings of the authorial identity approach to student plagiarism. Differing from previous models by including social aspects of authorial identity, the psycho-social model informs future pedagogy development and research by outlining a robust, empirically supported theoretical framework.

Do Campo a Cidade é uma reflexão sobre o estatuto da obra e do artista contemporâneos. Trata da comparação entre o percurso dos jovens artistas Marcelo do Campo (1951 - ?) e Marcelo Cidade (1979 - ?). Por meio da investigação e reprodução do corpo de trabalhos de ambos, explora questões fundamentais para a arte: qual a natureza do autor contemporâneo, qual a importância do contexto de produção da obra para sua interpretação, e quais os limites entre a obra de arte, a documentação, a citação, a falsificação e o plágio. Do Campo a Cidade é um objetolivro. Concebido como um textoimagem, propõe uma experiência de arte disfarçada de narrativa. Em sua apresentação gráfica, como em seu conteúdo textual, expõe uma reflexão sobre a relação entre o artista e a universidade, eliminando a lacuna entre a prática e a teoria, entre o fazer artístico e sua investigação acadêmica. Pretende responder, assim, às exigências da área de Poéticas Visuais, que privilegia pesquisas tanto teóricas quanto experimentais sobre os processos artísticos. / Do Campo to Cidade is a reflection on the status of contemporary artists and their work. It is a comparison between the trajectories of the young artists, Marcelo do Campo (1951 ?) and Marcelo Cidade (1979 ?). By means of the investigation and reproduction of the body of work of each one of them, it explores fundamental questions about art: what is the nature of the contemporary author; what is the importance of the context in which the work of art is produced for its interpretation; and what defines the borders between a work of art, a documentation, a quotation, a falsification and a plagiarism. Do Campo to Cidade is a book-object. It was conceived as a text-image to propose an art experience disguised as a narrative. In its graphic presentation as well as in its textual content, it exposes the relation between the artist and the university, eliminating the gap between practice and theory, between the making of art and its academic investigation. In this way, it aims to meet the demands of the Visual Poetics field that favors both theoretical and experimental researches about the artistic processes.

Do Campo a Cidade é uma reflexão sobre o estatuto da obra e do artista contemporâneos. Trata da comparação entre o percurso dos jovens artistas Marcelo do Campo (1951 - ?) e Marcelo Cidade (1979 - ?). Por meio da investigação e reprodução do corpo de trabalhos de ambos, explora questões fundamentais para a arte: qual a natureza do autor contemporâneo, qual a importância do contexto de produção da obra para sua interpretação, e quais os limites entre a obra de arte, a documentação, a citação, a falsificação e o plágio. Do Campo a Cidade é um objetolivro. Concebido como um textoimagem, propõe uma experiência de arte disfarçada de narrativa. Em sua apresentação gráfica, como em seu conteúdo textual, expõe uma reflexão sobre a relação entre o artista e a universidade, eliminando a lacuna entre a prática e a teoria, entre o fazer artístico e sua investigação acadêmica. Pretende responder, assim, às exigências da área de Poéticas Visuais, que privilegia pesquisas tanto teóricas quanto experimentais sobre os processos artísticos. / Do Campo to Cidade is a reflection on the status of contemporary artists and their work. It is a comparison between the trajectories of the young artists, Marcelo do Campo (1951 ?) and Marcelo Cidade (1979 ?). By means of the investigation and reproduction of the body of work of each one of them, it explores fundamental questions about art: what is the nature of the contemporary author; what is the importance of the context in which the work of art is produced for its interpretation; and what defines the borders between a work of art, a documentation, a quotation, a falsification and a plagiarism. Do Campo to Cidade is a book-object. It was conceived as a text-image to propose an art experience disguised as a narrative. In its graphic presentation as well as in its textual content, it exposes the relation between the artist and the university, eliminating the gap between practice and theory, between the making of art and its academic investigation. In this way, it aims to meet the demands of the Visual Poetics field that favors both theoretical and experimental researches about the artistic processes.

To the Editor. Recently, Dr. DiPiro published an article in the Journal1 that discussed several aspects pertinent to the process of faculty recruitment, emphasizing an individual's “fit” within the culture of the hiring institution. In the present article, we discuss another aspect of “fitness” that became evident to our search committee during the 2010-2011 academic year...

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This qualitative study was designed to explore undergraduate second language writers’ perceptions of and experiences with source-based writing and plagiarism. Grounded Theory (GT) was employed to systematically collect and analyze data throughout the study. By adopting Activity Theory (AT) as a theoretical framework, I was able to identify and analyze points of contradiction and tension that arose within the activity systems of my participants. The findings that emerged from GT showed that my participants were concerned with adapting to their new academic communities, and the L1 communities from whence they came played little to no role in hindering that adaptation. The findings that emerged from AT revealed that several of the struggles my participants faced with their source-based writing assignments stemmed not from a lack of understanding of plagiarism-related variables (e.g. paraphrase), but how these variables functioned within a larger systemic context (e.g. how paraphrase might differ across disciplines or assignments). This study provides the impetus for further investigation into how extant university policies, procedures, and guidelines affect students’ ability to construct meaning of source-based writing and plagiarism. Additionally, this study has the potential to open conversations regarding how universities can play a more positive and active role in students’ efforts to become new members of the academic community.

Senior Student Affairs Officers (SSAOs) play an important role in post-secondary institutions ensuring their institutions’ policies, goals and strategic plans are respected while simultaneously supporting students’ academic and campus life needs. Their work is complex, challenging and constantly changing; the decisions they make can impact reputations, academic careers and the integrity of programs and institutions. It would be assumed, then, that the literature is replete with first-hand accounts of how SSAOs do their jobs, what skills they need, and what tools they use. Surprisingly, this is not the case. While the literature is not lacking research about the profession generally, it has limited personal accounts by practitioners describing the work they do, and how they make their complex decisions. This dissertation addresses this issue by presenting a first hand account of my work as a SSAO. In addition to a commitment to add to the student affairs literature base, the purpose of this study was to develop a decision-making model that would provide a structure to my practice and guide a process to develop consistent and fair courses of action. I began the task by reviewing existing decision-making models and making a series of adaptations that would create a framework that would be useful in my decision-making efforts. I then constructed four vignettes, exemplifying the types of issues I encounter in my role as a SSAO. Each vignette was used sequentially to test and critique the decision-making framework thereby indicating places where refinements were needed. The first three vignettes were instrumental in illustrating and exposing the shortcomings of the framework. The fourth vignette provided a scenario that challenged the model and suggested where limitations lie not just in the framework, but also in the work of SSAOs. The end result of this iterative process is a refined two-stage decision-making framework. This work has added to the literature of the student affairs profession; it provides a much needed tool, a decision-making framework that can assist practitioners in their role of providing consistent and fair decisions in an environment fraught with change and uncertainties.

With the highly development of Internet, it¡¦s much easier than ever for student to commit plagiarism. However, there¡¦s still no related research regarding Internet plagiarism in Taiwan. Therefore, this study will be focused on student¡¦s Internet plagiarizing behaviors, which are committed by college students, and trying to understand the relationship among students¡¦ personality traits, learning styles, demographic characteristics, and their Internet plagiarizing behaviors. In this study, Internet plagiarism is given a definition by three different types: (1) after reading the contents of Internet materials, students paraphrase and put them in the papers without citation. (2) Students copy texts or data directly from the Internet materials then paste them in the papers without paraphrase and citation. (3)Students not only paraphrase some materials from Internet, but also copy and paste texts and data in the papers directly. 433 questionnaires were distributed in seven universities/colleges in Taiwan and completed by undergraduate and graduate students. The major findings after statistic analyses are as follow: (1)For the last experience of writing papers, the rate of Internet plagiarism committed by college students is up to 86.85%. (2)Students¡¦ Internet plagiarism behaviors have significant differences in gender, age, year level of graduate school, college or graduate school, and discipline, but no significant differences in personality trait, learning style, and year level of college. (3)Students who commit Internet plagiarism, deliberately or not, have significant differences in personality trait and college or graduate school, but no significant differences in learning style, gender, age, year level of college, year level of graduate school, and discipline. (4) Types of student plagiarism have significant differences in gender, age, college or graduate school, discipline, and reasons of plagiarism, but no significant differences in personality trait and learning style. (5)Students¡¦ square root plagiarizing levels have significant differences in personality trait, discipline, and reasons of plagiarism, but no significant differences in learning style, gender, year level of college, year level of graduate school, and college or graduate school. (6)Reasons of student plagiarism have significant differences in age and college or graduate school, but no significant differences in personality trait, learning style, age, year level of college, year level of graduate school, and discipline.