With the increased use of teleworkers, it is important to understand how teleworker attitudes are related to the willingness to accept and follow guidelines that maintain data security in the telework environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the idea of subjective norms as a means of explaining teleworker compliance in using information technology (IT) security guidelines in a telework environment. A sample of 150 respondents who considered themselves formal and informal teleworkers and were eligible for membership in The Telework Exchange completed an original Teleworker Security Survey. Descriptive and linear regression analyses were used to determine relationships existing between willingness to follow organizational teleworker data information security guidelines and practices. The findings of the analyses demonstrated that Personal Attitude, Social Pressure, and Sense of Control represented a weak to moderate model for explaining teleworker willingness to follow an organization’s security guidelines. This study is significant to organizations with teleworkers by identifying insight on attitudes of teleworkers regarding data security, sense of control and sense of responsibility teleworkers have regarding the confidentiality and integrity of data, and the intent of teleworkers to follow security protocols in a telework environment.

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With the increased use of teleworkers, it is important to understand how teleworker attitudes are related to the willingness to accept and follow guidelines that maintain data security in the telework environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the idea of subjective norms as a means of explaining teleworker compliance in using information technology (IT) security guidelines in a telework environment. A sample of 150 respondents who considered themselves formal and informal teleworkers and were eligible for membership in The Telework Exchange completed an original Teleworker Security Survey. Descriptive and linear regression analyses were used to determine relationships existing between willingness to follow organizational teleworker data information security guidelines and practices. The findings of the analyses demonstrated that Personal Attitude, Social Pressure, and Sense of Control represented a weak to moderate model for explaining teleworker willingness to follow an organization’s security guidelines. This study is significant to organizations with teleworkers by identifying insight on attitudes of teleworkers regarding data security, sense of control and sense of responsibility teleworkers have regarding the confidentiality and integrity of data, and the intent of teleworkers to follow security protocols in a telework environment.

The Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 made safety and efficacy testing of dietary supplements the responsibility of the consumer. Currently, there exists little data on safety and efficacy of supplements, and there is virtually no data regarding safety and efficacy of supplements in individuals under the age of 18 years. Sales indices suggest sports supplement consumption continues to increase among young athletes, and research indicates young athletes have become the key target for marketing. Additionally, pressures to achieve greater athletic performance or an ideal body image are strong motivators for young athletes. These factors create an environment in which adolescents are likely to consume dangerous sports supplements without being aware of risks associated with supplements. This study was conducted as an attempt to understand factors that motivate young athletes to consume sports supplements. The sample for this study consisted of 207 female collegiate athletes participating in basketball, soccer, cross country, volleyball, and swimming during the 2005-2006 NCAA season. A survey instrument containing four scales measured participants'€™ behavioral intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding the consumption of sports supplements. Behavioral intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) components that, in theory, measure an individual's internal motivations for performance of a behavior. The dependent variable was defined as the intention to consume sports supplements (Behavioral Intention), and attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were predictor variables. Findings from this study revealed a poor fit for the TPB measurement model. However, the components of the TPB were able to explain 61% of variance in behavioral intention. Additionally, subjective norms were the strongest predictor and perceived behavioral control the weakest. Furthermore, the average female collegiate athlete did not regularly consume sports supplements. Participants claiming to use sports supplements regularly indicated weight loss and gain, fat loss and looking better as primary motivations for consumption. Results indicated the TPB was able to explain a considerable amount of variance in intention to consume sports supplements with body image concerns being primary motivators.

Denna studie handlar om befolkningens attityd mot kollektivtrafik och bilism i Nacka. Ämnet är framför allt intressant då det sker stora satsningar i området som kommer att leda till en omfattande utveckling av kollektivtrafiken. Studiens syfte är att undersöka attityder och beteende (även förväntat beteende) mot bilism och kollektivtrafik i Nacka. Med hjälp av kvantitativa metoder ska dessa besvaras, mer detaljerat har en enkät formats som delades ut till hushåll i Nacka. Vidare undersöks också om det finns någon skillnad i åsiker mellan åldersgrupper. Resultatet visar att respondenterna har en positiv attityd mot kollektivtrafiken och dess framtida utveckling och förstår bilens olika negativa konsekvenser, dock känner sig de flesta väldigt beroende av bilen, framför allt pensionärer som inte ser sig själva byta transportmedel. Detta gäller även deras förväntningar efter kollektivtrafiken har utvecklats med nya tunnelbanan (och Tvärbanan). Den åldersgrupp som ansåg sig vara minst beroende av bilen låg i åldersgruppen 26-35 år.

Träning medför såväl fysiska som psykiska hälsofördelar. Trots att detta är vedertaget, tränar människor olika mycket och det finns även en andel människor som tränar otillräckligt. I föreliggande studie användes Self-Determination Theory (SDT) och Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), för att undersöka om faktorer inom dessa teorier kan förutsäga hur mycket människor i åldern 18 – 30 tränar i veckan. Data från personer som tränade olika mycket (n= 196, Målder= 24.94, SD= 2.69) samlades in genom ett elektroniskt självskattningsformulär som bestod av frågor om träning, Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) och Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire. Multipla regressionsanalyser genomfördes för att undersöka hur väl SDT, TPB och en kombination av dessa predicerade träningsmängd. Resultatet visade att SDT och TPB såväl enskilt som tillsammans förklarade en signifikant andel av variansen i träningsmängd, samt att autonom motivation från SDT och upplevd beteendekontroll från TPB var de bästa prediktorerna för träningsmängd. Detta pekar på att en upplevelse av att träning är lätt, glädjefyllt och en integrerad del av en själv, förutsäger hög träningsmängd i veckan. Framtida forskning kan med fördel undersöka vilka andra faktorer utöver SDT och TPB som kan förklara varför människor tränar olika mycket. / Exercise entails both physical and mental health benefits. Despite this being common knowledge, people differ in the amount of exercise performed and some even exercise insufficiently. In the present study Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were used to examine if factors within these theories can predict the amount of exercise performed in a week by people in the age of 18 to 30 years. Data from people that differed in the amount of exercise (n= 196, Mage= 24.94, SD= 2.69) was gathered through an electronic survey consisting of questions regarding exercise, Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) and Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine to what extent SDT, TPB and a combination of these were able to predict the amount of exercise. Results showed that SDT and TPB, both together and on their own, explained a significant amount of the variance in the amount of exercise performed and that autonomous motivation from SDT and perceived behavioral control from TPB were the best predictors for the amount of exercise performed. This suggests that the experience of exercise being easy, joyful and an integrated part of the self, predicts a high amount of exercise. Future research could examine other factors beyond SDT and TPB that can explain the difference in the amount of exercise people perform.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in two different exercise settings structured versus unstructured. Owing to the assumption that individuals may perceive less volitional control in a structured setting versus an unstructured setting, it was hypothesized that perceived behavioural control would be a stronger predictor of exercise behaviour in the structured setting. A secondary purpose of the current study was to assess the utility of using two different exercise outcomes energy expenditure and exercise frequency to assess exercise behaviour. Participants (N = 207) were recruited from a first-year kinesiology university class. Data collection occurred over two time periods, nine days apart, and was conducted during class periods. During the first testing session, participants were provided with a questionnaire that assessed TPB constructs and physical activity level in the two settings (structured versus unstructured) using the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ). Half of the participants were requested to complete the TPB constructs using energy expenditure as the outcome measure and half were requested to complete the constructs using exercise frequency as the outcome measure. In the second testing session, all participations were asked to report their exercise levels over the previous seven days using the MAQ. In terms of predicting intention, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, contrary to the hypothesis, perceived behavioural control was more predictive in the unstructured setting versus the structured setting. Although not predicted, it also was found that subjective norms were a significant predictor of activity intention in the structured but not the unstructured setting. The results using the two different outcome measures (e.g., energy expenditure versus frequency) also revealed differences; however, no consistent pattern emerged. One relationship that did emerge was the finding that perceived behavioural control was found to be a stronger predictor of intention in the unstructured setting using energy expenditure as an outcome versus exercise frequency. <p> Finally, the results revealed little support for the TPB constructs predicting self-reported physical activity behaviour. Practical implications and future directions are discussed.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in two different exercise settings structured versus unstructured. Owing to the assumption that individuals may perceive less volitional control in a structured setting versus an unstructured setting, it was hypothesized that perceived behavioural control would be a stronger predictor of exercise behaviour in the structured setting. A secondary purpose of the current study was to assess the utility of using two different exercise outcomes energy expenditure and exercise frequency to assess exercise behaviour. Participants (N = 207) were recruited from a first-year kinesiology university class. Data collection occurred over two time periods, nine days apart, and was conducted during class periods. During the first testing session, participants were provided with a questionnaire that assessed TPB constructs and physical activity level in the two settings (structured versus unstructured) using the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ). Half of the participants were requested to complete the TPB constructs using energy expenditure as the outcome measure and half were requested to complete the constructs using exercise frequency as the outcome measure. In the second testing session, all participations were asked to report their exercise levels over the previous seven days using the MAQ. In terms of predicting intention, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, contrary to the hypothesis, perceived behavioural control was more predictive in the unstructured setting versus the structured setting. Although not predicted, it also was found that subjective norms were a significant predictor of activity intention in the structured but not the unstructured setting. The results using the two different outcome measures (e.g., energy expenditure versus frequency) also revealed differences; however, no consistent pattern emerged. One relationship that did emerge was the finding that perceived behavioural control was found to be a stronger predictor of intention in the unstructured setting using energy expenditure as an outcome versus exercise frequency. <p> Finally, the results revealed little support for the TPB constructs predicting self-reported physical activity behaviour. Practical implications and future directions are discussed.

The increasing population diversity in the United States and in public schools signifies a need for principals to promote diversity awareness as mandated by principal standards. A means to quantify and measure the principals’ diversity intentions empirically is required. This study researched the possibility that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) could provide a theoretical basis for an operation measurement model. The instrument for the study was an electronic survey administered via e-mail to a random sample of 151 principals. This instrument incorporated the Professional Beliefs About Diversity Scale (Pohan & Aguilar, 2001) with the operationalized General Principal’s Diversity Model and the Professional Diversity Intentions sub-models. Three research questions guided the study: 1) Can a theory of planned behavior approach be used to assess school principals’ professional intentions to promote diversity awareness? 2) What are the intentions of Texas principals to promote diversity awareness in general and among the five diversity dimensions of disabilities, gender, language, racial/ethnic, and social class in their campus community? and 3) Do these intentions differ among five demographic characteristics of race/ethnicity, gender, age, degree, and campus type? Findings of the study were: 1. The results of this study provided the scientific validation that the TPB approach can be used to assess public school principals’ professional intentions to promote diversity awareness. 2. At present, Texas principals’ intentions are only slightly more positive than the neutral midpoint, a 3.38 average score out of a possible 5.00 regarding intention to promote diversity awareness. Frequency analysis of the submodels indicated positive intentions for Gender (58 cases or 38.41 percent); Race/Ethnicity (78 cases or 51.66 percent); Social Class (79 cases or 52.32 percent); and Disabilities and Language each had 89 cases (58.95 percent). 3. Principals’ intent to implement diversity decreases with age and higher academic degree held. 4. Hispanic principals are more likely than African American or White principals to promote diversity awareness. This study concluded that a Theory of Planned Behavior approach as operationalized in this study may be used to assess school principals’ professional intentions to promote diversity beyond the level recommended by their district.

Sport organizations have a negative impact on the environment but these organizations have begun environmental initiatives to decrease their impact. Introducing recycling programs not only offers visible environmental effort to decrease the organization’s impact but such programs can provide financial savings for the organization. Thus, my dissertation’s purpose is to understand the recycling intentions of sport spectators by the means of three studies theoretically framed using the theory of planned behavior. Study 1 examined the recycling intentions of individuals after consuming plastic water bottles within a campus environment. Participants were undergraduate students (N = 144) enrolled in physical activity classes at a southwestern university in the United States (males n=83, 57.6 percent, females n=60, 41.7 percent; mostly White n=96, 66.7 percent; age M=19.6, SD=1.33). The results indicate that subjective norms (β = .29, p < .001) and attitudes (β = .14, p < .05) towards recycling significantly predicted intentions to recycle plastic bottles after consumption. Study 2 analyzed the recycling intentions within a sport context. Participants (N=129) were adult spectators attending a weekend long youth baseball tournament in the Southwest United States (women n=85, 65.9 percent, men n=40, 31.0 percent; predominately White n=97, 75.2 percent; age M=44.47 years, SD=10.20). Similar to Study 1, subjective norms (β = .27, p < .01) significantly predicted intentions to recycle. However, unlike Study 1, perceived behavioral controls (β = .21, p < .05) were significant in predicting intentions to recycle. Lastly, Study 3 augmented my investigation to understand the unique context of recycling intentions among sport spectators. I used qualitative research methods to understand recycling intentions of spectators during a large scale-sporting event. Participants (N=16) were adults that regularly attend college football games at a large southwestern university (men n=10, women n=6; age M=37.44). The results indicate that recycling within a sport context is unique considering the game day atmosphere. Collectively, the findings from the three studies are discussed as to influence decision-making policies within sport organizations to improve recycling programs and to decrease the organization’s negative environmental impact. Finally, recommendations are made for future research to understand recycling behaviors of sport spectators.