Experimental plans identify the treatment allocated to each unit and they are necessary for the supervision of most comparative experiments. Few computer programs have been written for constructing experimental plans but many for analysing data arising from designed experiments. In this thesis the construction of experimental plans is reviewed so as to determine requirements for a computer program. One program, DSIGNX, is described. Four main steps in the construction are identified: declaration, formation of the unrandomized plan (the design), randomization and output. The formation of the design is given most attention. The designs considered are those found to be important in agricultural experimentation and a basic objective is set that the 'proposed' program should construct most designs presented in standard texts (e.g. Cochran and Cox (1957)) together with important designs which have been developed recently. Topics discussed include block designs, factorial designs, orthogonal Latin squares and designs for experiments with non-independent observations. Some topics are discussed in extra detail; these include forming standard designs and selecting defining contrasts in symmetric factorial experiments, general procedures for orthogonal Latin squares and constructing serially balanced designs. Emphasis is placed on design generators, especially the design key and generalized cyclic generators, because of their versatility. These generators are shown to provide solutions to most balanced and partially balanced incomplete block designs and to provide efficient block designs and row and column designs. They are seen to be of fundamental importance in constructing factorial designs. Other versatile generators are described but no attempt is made to include all construction techniques. Methods for deriving one design from another or for combining two or more designs are shown to extend the usefulness of the generators. Optimal design procedures and the evaluation of designs are briefly discussed. Methods of randomization are described including automatic procedures based on defined block structures and some forms of restricted randomization for the levels of specified factors. Many procedures presented in the thesis have been included in a computer program DSIGNX. The facilities provided by the program and the language are described and illustrated by practical examples. Finally, the structure of the program and its method of working are described and simplified versions of the principal algorithms presented.

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) has been practiced in Canada since the early 1970s. However, its added value to policies plans and programs (PPPs) has yet to be fully realized. Consequently, many planners and decision makers are skeptical about the benefits of SEA, in part because of the lack of cases to indicate its added value to PPP development or downstream assessment. Much of the SEA evaluation research to date has focused on the procedural requirements and process elements of SEA rather than on its outputs and outcomes. The overall purpose of this research was to examine the efficacy of SEA and “SEA like” processes in Canada. The research examined how SEA practices have influenced PPP development, decision-making and subsequent actions in Canada. Data were collected using SEA efficacy evaluation criteria through semi-structured interviews with experts and non-experts across Canada based on their experience with and perspectives on the ‘impact’ of SEA. There has not been any study into the efficacy of SEA that is based on its added value. Most studies so far have focused on SEA inputs and process rather than outputs and broader outcomes in Canada. This research contributed not only to SEA efficacy studies, but also to improved SEA application and value added for PPP development in Canada.

The subject of this project is the development of a computer program that assists in the preliminary selection of wooden beams for residential scale buildings. It is a useful project because the program is intended to assist the architectural designer; it does not provide comprehensive engineering. With this purpose in mind, the intention is to simplify the process of sizing wooden members, to generate graphic visualization, and to make clear the analytic and decision making process incorporated in the program's construction. The user is presumed to be a designer or architectural student. Efforts towards the design of the program have been aimed at making the software effective for designers and students. This project deals with such issues as logical sequence or flow, decision points, and conceptual organization of display screens for the purpose of focusing the users attention on vital information. / Master of Architecture

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6715.pdf: 6146079 bytes, checksum: feeb40b58372b527046493d3f4e8d2cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is an important tool for the integration of environmental dimension to elaborate Policies, Plans and Programs (PPPs). The SEA may contribute to the elaboration of Plans and Programs (PPs) in the agricultural sector, inserting values which are led to sustainability. In SEA, the scope is crucial for the proper fulfillment of the other steps, ensuring that the planning process from the start integrates environmental and social issues. The stage of the scoping establishes the focus and content of the SEA and the basic and relevant criteria for evaluation. In this context, the present study aims to present subsidies, through a proposal for guidelines for the development of SEAs scope step for plans and programs - PPs - the agricultural sector in the Brazilian Amazon, more specifically in the North and Northeast State of Mato Grosso, which are inserted in agricultural frontier areas in the Cerrado and in their transition to the Amazon biome. Due to the expansion of the agricultural sector in these regions, critical situations were identified in relation to environmental issues, such as accelerated deforestation, fires, loss of biodiversity and the decline in the level of quality of water and soil. These critical situations are related to actions induced by many PPs deployed in the region and SEA is a proper tool to evaluate the relationship between the development options of the agricultural sector in a sustainable manner in relation to natural resources and the effects resulting therefrom. The methodology used in the research was literature review, identifying support methodologies for the preparation of defining the scope of an SEA in the national and international context, collection of secondary data in government institutions, preparation of an environmental baseline and to hold two workshops with a multidisciplinary team of experts. Using driven approach baseline (baseline-led) a sequence of procedures was developed to provide subsidies to the definition of SEAs scope. It was sought to observe both the guiding principles of the European Directive 042/2001/CE and the a practical guide to the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive of Office of the Deputy Prime Minister-ODPM of 2005, as well as to be based on the current good practices, checked in the bibliography review and in the analyzed case studies. The research main results are the context definition for SEA, the survey of the main PPs of the agricultural sector and the Interfering strategic actions, such as the energy and transportation, the environmental baseline construction, the identification of fundamental environmental themes and their indicators; and the elaboration of a matrix of identification and valuation of the environmental effects, which assist to identify relevant issues to define the SEA strategic objectives. / A Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) é um instrumento importante para a integração da dimensão ambiental na elaboração de Políticas, Planos e Programas (PPPs). A AAE pode contribuir na elaboração de Planos e Programas (PPs) do setor agrícola, inserindo valores direcionados para a sustentabilidade. Em AAE, a etapa de definição de escopo é determinante para o cumprimento adequado das outras etapas, garantindo que o processo de planejamento integre desde o início questões ambientais e sociais. O escopo deve estabelecer o foco e o conteúdo da AAE e os critérios básicos e relevantes para a avaliação. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo apresentar subsídios, por meio de uma proposta de orientações para o desenvolvimento da etapa do escopo de AAEs para planos e programas PPs - do setor agrícola na Amazônia Brasileira, mais especificamente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Estado de Mato Grosso, as quais estão inseridas em áreas de fronteira agrícola no Bioma Cerrado e na sua transição para o Bioma Amazônico. Em decorrência da expansão do setor agrícola nesta região, foram identificadas situações críticas em relação à questão ambiental, como o desmatamento acelerado, as queimadas, perda da biodiversidade e o declínio do nível de qualidade dos recursos hídricos e dos solos. Estas situações críticas estão relacionadas a ações induzidas por diversos PPs implantados na região e a AAE é uma ferramenta indicada para avaliar a relação entre as opções de desenvolvimento do setor agrícola de forma sustentável em relação aos recursos naturais e os efeitos delas resultantes. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi a revisão bibliográfica, com a identificação de metodologias de suporte à elaboração da definição do escopo de uma AAE no contexto nacional e internacional, levantamento de dados secundários em instituições governamentais, elaboração de uma baseline ambiental e a realização de dois workshops com uma equipe multidisciplinar de especialistas. Utilizando a abordagem orientada pela linha de base (baseline-led) foi desenvolvida uma sequência de procedimentos para fornecer os subsídios à definição do escopo de AAEs. Procurou-se também observar os princípios orientadores da Diretiva Européia 042/2001/CE e do Guia Prático para Diretiva de Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica do Office of the Deputy Prime Minister-ODPM de 2005 e se basear nas boas práticas atuais, verificadas em revisão bibliográfica e em estudos de caso analisados. Os principais resultados do trabalho são a definição do contexto para a AAE, o levantamento dos principais PPs do setor agrícola e das ações estratégicas que nele interferem, como o de transporte e de energia; a construção da baseline ambiental; a identificação dos temas ambientais fundamentais e de seus indicadores; e a elaboração de um modelo de matriz de identificação e valoração dos efeitos ambientais que auxiliam na identificação das questões relevantes para a definição dos objetivos estratégicos da AAE.

L’étude d’impact des projets d’ouvrages et de travaux a fait ses preuves en tant qu’outil de prévention des atteintes à l’environnement et qu’instrument d’information du public et de démocratie participative. Toutefois, l’expérience acquise dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la directive européenne EIE du 27 juin 1985 et de la Convention d’Espoo du 25 février 1991, a très tôt mis en évidence que, bien souvent, l’évaluation environnementale intervenait trop tardivement dans le processus décisionnel, à un stade où les possibilités de changements significatifs sont limitées, alors qu’il est possible de mettre en doute l'existence d'une autorisation administrative impartiale tenant pleinement compte d'une évaluation des incidences sur l'environnement et des observations du public dès lors que les instances politiques responsables se sont déjà clairement prononcées en faveur d’un projet. Il fallait aller plus loin, car c’est en fait au niveau des options stratégiques que les choix structurants, souvent irréversibles, sont effectués, autrement dit, au niveau de documents tels que les plans locaux d’urbanisme pour n’évoquer que les plus courants. C’est la raison pour laquelle ont été adoptés la directive ESE du 27 juin 2001 relative à l’évaluation de certains plans et programmes sur l’environnement, ainsi que le Protocole de Kiev de mai 2003 sur l’« évaluation stratégique environnementale », deux textes très ambitieux qui concernent un vaste pan de la prise de décision dans le secteur public. Aussi, ce n’est qu’après avoir pris soin de déterminer le champ de la procédure et les nombreuses difficultés que ce dernier soulève, qu’il sera ensuite possible d’apprécier de façon plus circonspecte les apports « stratégiques » de l’exigence, les dix années d’expérience française, et une transposition à tâtons, révélant à cet égard que le chemin pourrait encore être long à parcourir avant de satisfaire pleinement aux nouvelles sujétions européennes et onusiennes. / The Environmental Impact Assessment has proven itself as a tool for prevention of environmental damage and as a tool for public information and participatory democracy. However, experience gained in the implementation of the Directive EIA of 27 June 1985 and of the Espoo Convention of 25 February 1991, has quickly highlighted that in many cases, environmental assessment intervened too late in the decision making process, at a stage where the possibilities for significant changes are limited, so that it is possible to doubt the existence of an impartial administrative authorization taking full account of any impact assessment on the environment and public comments since the responsible political authorities have already decided clearly in favor of a project. You had to go further, because it is in fact at the level of strategic options that structural choices, often irreversible, are carried out, in other words at the level of documents such as town and country planning, to mention only the most current. That's why were adopted Directive SEA of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of certain plans and programs on the environment, as well as the Kiev Protocol of May 2003 on "Strategic Environmental Assessment", two very ambitious texts concerning a large pan of decision making in the public sector. It is also, only after having carefully determined the scope of the procedure and many difficulties it raises, it will then be possible to appreciate, in a more circumspect way, the "strategic" contributions or legal perspectives of the new requirement, the French ten years experience and a groping transposition, revealing in this regard that the path could still be long to go before full compliance with European and UN constraints.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Este estudo discute as possibilidades de se operacionalizar na prática de educadores as reflexões e propostas teórico-metodológicas no campo da educação em saúde, centradas nas críticas às abordagens educativas normatizadoras e medicalizantes. Para tanto, o trabalho analisa as práticas educativas sobre saúde e drogas de um grupo de educadores que participaram do Projeto Saúde e Drogas: Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Ações Educativas em Programas Sociais , desenvolvido pelo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, com o apoio do Instituto C&A de Desenvolvimento Social, no período de 2006 a 2007. Objetiva-se descrever os fundamentos teórico-metodológicos do referido projeto e investigar como os educadores se apropriaram de tais concepções e quais as suas facilidades e dificuldades na implementação das ações educativas previstas. Esta discussão teve por base a produção acadêmica sobre educação popular em saúde e as especificidades jurídicas, econômicas e sociais envolvidas no controle e prevenção do uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Orientado por uma abordagem qualitativa, que envolveu a análise documental do projeto Saúde e Drogas , entrevistas com educadores e observações de práticas institucionais, o estudo analisou a trajetória e as práticas profissionais dos educadores, o grau de integração da equipe, as condições de trabalho e as parcerias estabelecidas. Os achados revelaram que houve apropriação e ressignificação pelos educadores dos conceitos abordados no Projeto relativos à educação para autonomia, redução de danos e vulnerabilidade individual, programática e social. O empenho dos educadores e o aporte de recursos humanos e financeiros por parte da instituição favoreceu o desenvolvimento dos planos de ações previstos. Dado que o consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas se configura um problema social relevante na atualidade faz-se necessário investir em ações educativas voltados para o controle do uso abusivo, conforme preconizado no Projeto Saúde e Drogas. Compreende-se que os eixos de análise propostos pelo estudo poderão subsidiar análises e monitoramentos de programas sociais em educação saúde, drogas e temas afins. / This study discusses the possibilities of working with health education practices guided by theoretical proposals that focuses on the critics to medicalization and normative approaches. The paper examines the educational practices on health and drugs of a group of educators who participated in the Project Health and Drugs, Development and Evaluation of Educative Actions in Social Programs, developed by Oswaldo Cruz Institute, with the support of C&A Social Development Institute, from 2006 to 2007. It aims to describe the theoretical and methodological references of the project and to investigate how educators have understood these concepts and what were the strengths and difficulties in the implementation of educational measures. This discussion was based on academic research on popular health education and the specific legal, economic and social questions involved in monitoring and preventing the use of licit and illicit drugs. Guided by a qualitative approach, which involved a documentary analysis of institutional practices, the study examined the practice of the educators, the level of integration of their staffs, the conditions of work and partnerships. The findings revealed that there was appropriation and interpretation by educators of the concepts presented in the project on education for autonomy, harm reduction, and individual, social and programmatic vulnerability. The commitment of educators and the contribution of human and financial resources by the institution helped the development of actions planned. Nowadays, the consumption of licit and illicit drugs is considered a serious social problem, so it is necessary to develop more educational activities directed to control the abuse as indicated by the Health and Drugs Project. It is understood that the axes of analysis proposed by this study will support analysis and monitoring of social programs in health education, drugs and related topics.