• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 152
  • 46
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • Tagged with
  • 251
  • 251
  • 132
  • 130
  • 66
  • 57
  • 43
  • 41
  • 40
  • 39
  • 34
  • 31
  • 30
  • 29
  • 27
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Some studies on the aster-yellows virus and transmission by the six-spotted leafhopper Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål.)

Lee, Peter Elliot, January 1961 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-87).
72

Strains of aster-yellows virus and their transmission by the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal)

Granados, Robert R. January 1965 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.
73

Studies of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as a potential vector of tobacco ringspot virus

Stornetta, Mary Elizabeth. January 1982 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-56).
74

Influence of hairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner) on the Potato leafroll virus pathosystem /

Srinivasan, Rajagopalbabu. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Idaho, 2006. / Abstract. "May 2006." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online in PDF format.
75

MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO ANALYZE HORIZONTAL RESISTANCE AMONG PLANT SPECIES (MAIZE, SOYBEAN, AND ARABIDOPSIS) TO SYNTENIC FUSARIAL PATHOGENS (F. GRAMINEARUM AND F. VIRGULIFORME)

Yuan, Jiazheng 01 December 2010 (has links)
Numerous evidences showed that the resistance to syntenic fungal species Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium virguliforme infection in plants was partial, quantitative, and strongly influenced by environmental conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance are still not fully understood. The objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance in different plant species (mainly in maize, soybean, and Arabidopsis); identify and clone disease resistance genes; decipher their quantitative responses to Fusarial pathogens and mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON); identified genes that were transcriptionally regulated when the plants were treated with the pathogens and toxin. Methods were used to achieve these objectives including mapping, isolation, characterization, and functional analyses of genes implicated in disease resistance; analysis of microsynteny at their encoding loci; and identification of orthologs that might be associated with resistance to pathogen Fusaria across plant species etc. First, a maize gene that encoded a putative guanylyl cyclase-like protein (ZmGC1; EC 4.6.1.2) was characterized and shown to be associated with resistance to Gibberella ear rot caused by F. graminearum. The putative ZmGC1 amino acid sequence was 53% identical and 65% similar to AtGC1, one of the two Arabidopsis proteins known to possess an active and substrate specific guanylyl cyclase enzymatic function. Using a probe derived from the maize guanylyl cyclase-like gene (Zmgc1) to screen a recombinant inbred population developed from `CO387' (a partially resistant variety) X `CG62' (a partially susceptible variety), several polymorphic molecular markers were identified and four of them were significantly associated with Gibberella ear rot resistance in different environments. Polymorphisms were functional since the amount of Zmgc1 transcripts accumulating in ears increased more quickly and to a higher amount in the resistant genotype compared to the susceptible genotype after inoculation with F. graminearum. Furthermore, transcripts were responding to fungicidal activity when the maize seedlings (CO387) were treated with a fungicide, probenazole (3-allyloxy-1,2-benzothiazole-1,1-dioxide, PBZ). The transcript abundance (TA) of the maize Zmgc1 gene was increased more than 10 fold 8 hours after PBZ treatment. In contrast, the TA of Zmnbslrr1 (a NBS-LRR gene) transcript was significantly reduced in the Gibberella ear rot resistant genotype CO387 after the treatment with PBZ in the time-course study. Therefore, natural resistance and fungicide induced resistance may share common transcript abundance changes in maize plants. Second, to examine global effects of Fusarial pathogens on transcript abundance, cDNA microarrays from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana were used. After Arabidopsis thaliana cv 'Columbia' was infested with Fusarium virguliforme, 168 transcripts were increased, nearly four times more than that of decreased. A. thaliana seedling growth was reduced by the pathogen in a proportional response to increasing spore concentrations. A set of putative resistance pathways involved in responding to the pathogen infection in A. thaliana was identified. Functional analyses of the orthologs of the responding genes between soybean and A. thaliana showed that the resistance responses had both common elements in some pathways (primary metabolism) and species specific differences in others (secondary metabolism). For example, the phenylpropanoid pathway response was different between the two species. In contrast to soybean, the phenylpropanoid pathway was not fully activated during the resistance response in Arabidopsis. Therefore, soybean and Arabidopsis did not share completely overlapping strategies in the specific pathways induced during resistance to F. virguliforme. Resistance to Fusarial toxins is a common mechanism for plant resistance. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Gibberella zeae (the teleomorph of F. graminearum), was known to be both a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of wheat and an inhibitor of Arabidopsis seed germination. A. thaliana seedling growth was reduced by the toxin in a proportional response to increasing concentrations. A parallel comparison with a set of resistance pathways involved in response to the DON toxicity in A. thaliana was performed. The alterations of transcript abundances in the Arabidopsis plants treated with the toxin suggest that DON plays a significant role affecting the key primary metabolisms in Arabidopsis plants. The alterations ranged from the protein metabolism to redox production. New putative resistance pathways involved in responding to both pathogen and DON infestation in soybean and A. thaliana were described.
76

Development and assessment of a warning system for coffee rust management and its use for disease risk evaluation / Desenvolvimento e aplicação de sistemas de alerta fitossanitário para o manejo da ferrugem do cafeeiro

Fernando Dill Hinnah 29 March 2018 (has links)
Coffee crop is of major importance to Brazil, being cultivated on more than 2 million hectares. It is a strategic commodity for the country, which is the main world producer. Several factors influence the yields, mainly a disease known as coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatarix. This disease can reduce yield up to 35% and the most common strategy for CLR controlling is by spraying fungicides, with interval based on the residual period and according to regional CLR intensity. This traditional way does not consider the climate influence on disease development. With the aim of developing a forecast system (FS) for CLR management, employing weather data from CLR field assessments since 1998, several steps were performed: a) CLR epidemiology analysis; b) correlation between disease progress rates and weather variables; c) development of a forecast system, in order to rationalize chemical control; d) assessment of the FS performance on field trials; e) generation of an agro-climatic index for CLR risk assessment in Brazilian coffee areas; and f) evaluation of possible El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence on CLR epidemics. Analising 88 siteseason CLR epidemics, from Varginha, Boa Esperança and Carmo de Minas, MG, the best fit was obtained by Gompertz model. Using stepwise method, CLR infection rates were estimated with multiple linear regressions, using minimum temperature and relative humidity as inputs. The model performed well, presenting less than 9.5% of false negatives in the months assessed. To evaluate CLR forecast system, two field trials were performed during 2015-16 season (Varginha and Boa Esperança), and five during 2016-17 season (Varginha, Boa Esperança, Uberlândia, Buritizal, and Campinas). The FS treatments performed better than the calendar spray system in six trials, with the exception for Campinas. The poor FS performance in Campinas evidenced the necessity of FS threshold calibration at sites different from the region where the FS was developed, once it is empirical. In order to assess the risk, the estimated CLR infection rate was evaluated for 46 different sites in Brazilian coffee producing region. Historical weather data since 1961 to 2015 for each site was used to estimate daily values of cumulative infection rate (CIR). Each site and season were classified into five CIR scores from Very Low (score 0) to Very High (score 4). The risk was spatialized using multiple linear regression based on geographical coordinates and altitude. The Brazilian coffee region was classified into four risk classes, being most of them between Medium to High risks in the area currently cultivated with coffee. For the same historical serie, CIR was estimated for 45 locations and then classified by ENSO phases: El Niño (EN); Neutral (NT); and La Niña (LN). A predominant absence of ENSO effect on CLR in Brazil was observed. Only in Paraná and São Paulo states there was ENSO effect, with higher CIR during EN seasons. / O cultivo do cafeeiro é de grande importância para o Brasil, sendo cultivado em mais de 2 milhões de hectares. Diversas doenças influenciam a produtividade, sendo a ferrugem do cafeeiro (CLR), a principal. Ocasionada pelo fungo Hemileia vastatrix, a CLR é capaz de reduzir a produtividade em até 35%. A estratégia mais comum de controle dessa doença é a aplicação de fungicidas foliares, baseado no período residual e de acordo com a intensidade da doença na região. Este método tradicional não considera a influência do clima no desenvolvimento da doença. Com o objetivo de desenvolver um sistema de previsão (FS) para o manejo da CLR utilizando dados de experimentos de campo obtidos desde 1998, diversas etapas foram realizadas: a) análise epidemiológica; b) relação da taxa de progresso da doença com variáveis ambientais; c) desenvolvimento do FS, visando racionalizar o controle químico; d) avaliação do desempenho do FS, em experimentos de campo; e) geração de índices agroclimáticos de favorabilidade para a ocorrência da CLR nas áreas produtoras de café do Brasil; e f) avaliar efeitos do fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) nas epidemias de CLR. Foram analisadas 88 epidemias de CLR, em Varginha, Boa Esperança e Carmo de Minas, MG, sendo o modelo de Gompertz o que resultou em melhor ajuste à curva de progresso da doença. Usando metodologia stepwise, as taxas de progresso mensais da doença foram estimadas com regressões lineares múltiplas, baseada em dados de temperatura mínima e umidade relativa do ar. O melhor modelo de estimativa resultou em menos de 9.5% de ocorrências de falso negativos, durante os meses avaliados. Para avaliar o desempenho do FS, dois experimentos foram realizados na safra 2015-16 (Varginha e Boa Esperança, MG) e cinco na safra 2016-17 (Varginha, Boa Esperança, Uberlândia, Buritizal e Campinas). Os tratamentos baseados no FS resultaram em melhor desempenho que o sistema tradicional em seis experimentos, à exceção de Campinas. Este desempenho inferior evidenciou a necessidade de calibração de limiares em diferentes locais, diferentes da região onde o FS foi desenvolvido, devido a sua base empírica. Para avaliar o risco da doença, a taxa de progresso diária foi estimada em 46 locais da região produtora de café, durante as estações de cultivo disponíveis, em uma base de dados históricos de 1961 a 2015, gerando as taxas de progresso acumuladas (CIR). Para cada local e estação, cinco classes com pontuação de Muito Baixo (0) a Muito Alto (4) foram atribuídas, gerando valores de risco. Utilizando regressão linear múltipla, o risco para a CLR foi espacializado em função dos valores de coordenadas geográficas e altitude. Os riscos Médio e Alto foram os mais comuns onde atualmente se cultiva café. No mesmo período de dados meteorológicos, a CIR de 45 locais foi estimada, sendo as estações classificadas em função das possíveis fases de ENOS: El Niño (EN), Neutro (NT) e La Niña (LN). Houve predominio da ausência de efeito do ENOS na CLR no Brasil. Apenas nos estados do PR e SP o EN induziu a uma maior CIR.
77

Efeitos fisiológicos da aplicação de triazol e estrobilurina em soja / Physiological effects of triazole and strobilurin application on soybean

Paula Caroline Silva Moura 18 February 2013 (has links)
Com o aumento da população mundial, torna-se necessário a busca de tecnologias para o incremento da produção de alimentos. O cultivo da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) destaca-se entre as atividades econômicas mundiais que apresentam crescimentos expressivos nas últimas décadas e apesar da crescente expansão territorial e produção agrícola, tem a produtividade influenciada por fatores externos e internos durante o cultivo, sendo o principal deles, a incidência de doenças. Atualmente, a doença mais preocupante é a ferrugem da soja, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow. Para o controle desta doença devastadora, recomenda-se a aplicação concomitante de fungicidas triazóis e estrobilurinas, que, conforme alguns dados da literatura, além de atuarem de forma protetora e curativa, apresentam efeitos na produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi esclarecer o efeito fisiológico do triazol ciproconazol e da estrobilurina azoxistrobina em plantas de soja sem incidência de ferrugem. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da ESALQ/ USP, em Piracicaba, SP no período entre dezembro de 2008 a maio de 2009 com plantas de soja cultivar Pintado. As condições hídricas e do solo foram mantidas conforme as recomendações para a cultura. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos fungicidas Ciproconazol (triazol), Azoxistrobina (estrobilurina) e Óleo mineral (Nimbus) e as aplicações realizadas nos estádios R1, R4 (duas aplicações) e R1, R4 R5,4 (três aplicações). Foram analisados aspectos de produção (Número, massa fresca, seca e média das vagens, massa seca de grãos e peso de 100 grãos) e aspectos anatômicos (espessura do limbo foliar, espessura e largura da nervura central, espessura do xilema e do floema), sendo que nestas análises, foram utilizados apenas os tratamentos em que foram realizados três aplicações do fungicida. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente ao acaso, com 9 tratamentos e 5 blocos. Os resultados apontam redução no número de vagens por planta, massa fresca e seca das vagens, número de grãos e massa seca de grãos tratados com a mistura entre o triazol e a estrobilurina. Sob o aspecto anatômico, houve incremento na espessura do limbo foliar, espessura e largura da nervura central e a espessura do sistema vascular (xilema e floema). Com base nos dados obtidos no trabalho, conclui-se que, nas condições em que foi realizado, a aplicação do triazol e da estrobilurina em plantas de soja restringe o potencial de produção de grãos no cultivar Pintado. / With increasing world population, it is necessary to search for technologies to increase food production. The cultivation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) stands out among the economic activities that present significant growth worldwide in recent decades, and despite the increasing territorial expansion and agricultural production, productivity is influenced by external and internal factors during cultivation , the main one being, the incidence of diseases. Currently, the disease more worrying soybean is rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow. To control this devastating disease, we recommend the application of triazole and strobilurin fungicides, which, according to some literature data, act so protective and curative, and have effects on productivity. The objective of this study was to clarify the physiological effect of the triazole cyproconazole and strobilurin azoxystrobin in soybean without rust incidence. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Biological Sciences ESALQ / USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil in the period between December 2008 and May 2009 with soybean cultivar Pintado. The soil and water conditions were maintained as recommended for the crop. The treatments consisted of fungicides cyproconazole (triazole), azoxystrobin (strobilurin) and mineral oil (Nimbus) under applications at the stages R1, R4 (two applications) and R1, R4, R5, 4 (three applications). We analyzed aspects of production (number, fresh, dry and average pod dry grain and 100-grain weight) and anatomical aspects (leaf thickness, width and thickness of the midrib, thickness of xylem and phloem), and in these analyzis, we used only the treatments that were performed three applications of fungicide. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 9 treatments and 5 blocks. The results showed a reduction in the number of pods per plant, fresh and dry weight of pods, number of grains and dry grain treated with the mixture of triazole and strobilurin. Under the anatomical aspect, there was an increase in leaf thickness, width and thickness of the midrib and the thickness of the vascular system (xylem and phloem). By the data obtained in the study, it was concluded that, under the conditions in which it was performed, the application of triazole and strobilurin in soybean plants restricts the potential for grain production in the cultivar Pintado.
78

Relações entre espectroscopia de fluorescência, fotossíntese e severidade do cancro cítrico (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) / Relationships between fluorescence spectroscopy, photosynthesis and severity of citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri)

Maria Cândida de Godoy Gasparoto 06 February 2007 (has links)
O cancro cítrico (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) é uma das mais importantes doenças dos citros e seu controle é feito com medidas de exclusão e erradicação do patógeno. As chances de detecção de plantas doentes diminuem em pomares com baixa incidência da doença. Considerando-se as dificuldades da diagnose visual do cancro cítrico e as vantagens de uma tecnologia que possa melhorar o processo de detecção desta doença no campo, procurou-se identificar características espectroscópicas únicas de uma planta com esta doença. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram verificar as características espectroscópicas de folhas com cancro cítrico e correlacioná-las às alterações na eficiência fotossintética do tecido foliar doente e relacionar severidade da doença à eficiência fotossintética. Os perfis espectroscópicos e a eficiência fotossintética de plantas das espécies Citrus sinensis (?Hamlin?), Citrus reticulata (?Ponkan?) e Citrus limonia (?Cravo?) foram avaliados antes e após a inoculação com Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. O modelo y = (1 - x) ?, onde y representa a assimilação líquida relativa de CO2 e x, a severidade da doença, foi ajustado aos dados por meio de regressão não-linear. O modelo monomolecular foi ajustado à relação entre assimilação líquida relativa de CO2 e razões espectroscópicas da região do vermelho, também por regressão não-linear. Concluiu-se que a doença afeta a eficiência fotossintética de ?Ponkan? e ?Hamlin?. Em ?Hamlin?, a doença não apenas reduz a área foliar, mas também reduz a fotossíntese do tecido verde remanescente. Há relação positiva entre as razões espectroscópicas da região do vermelho e a fotossíntese nas variedades testadas. / Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) is one of the most important diseases of citrus. Regulatory control is applied by means of exclusion and eradication of the pathogen. Possibilities of detection of infected trees decrease in orchards with low disease incidence. Considering the difficulties in visual diagnosis of citrus canker and the advantages of a technology that can improve the process of its detection in the field, single spectroscopic characteristics of a plant with this disease was searched. The objectives of the present work were to verify the spectroscopic characteristics of leaves with citrus canker and to correlate them to photosynthetic efficiency of these diseased leaves, and to relate disease severity to photosynthetic efficiency. Spectroscopic profiles and photosynthetic efficiency of Citrus sinensis (?Hamlin?), Citrus reticulata (?Ponkan?) and Citrus limonia (?Cravo?) were assessed before and after the inoculation with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The model y = (1 - x) ?, in which y represents relative net assimilation of CO2 and x, disease severity, was fitted to the data by nonlinear regression. The monomolecular model was fitted to the relationships between relative net assimilation of CO2 and spectroscopic reasons of the red region, also by nonlinear regression. It was concluded that the disease affects the photosynthetic efficiency of ?Ponkan? and ?Hamlin?. In ?Hamlin?, the disease not only reduces the amount of leaf area, but also reduces the photosynthesis of the remaining green leaf tissue. There is a positive relationship between spectroscopic reasons of the red region and photosynthesis in ?Hamlin?, ?Ponkan?, and ?Cravo?.
79

Caracterização epidemiológica da resistência parcial e análise da tolerância de genótipos de soja à ferrugem asiática / Epidemiological characterization of partial resistance and evaluation of tolerance to Soybean Asian Rust on soybean genotypes

Luciana Celeste Carneiro 28 August 2007 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência parcial e a tolerância à ferrugem asiática, em sete cultivares comerciais e três linhagens de soja. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no município de Jataí, GO, no ano agrícola de 2005/2006. Ensaios distintos foram realizados para avaliação da resistência parcial e para avaliação da tolerância, todos repetidos em três épocas de plantio, a fim de se obter intensidade variável da doença em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura. Nos ensaios para avaliação da resistência parcial, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos cazualizados com cinco repetições e cada parcela experimental foi composta por cinco linhas de seis metros de comprimento. A severidade da doença foi estimada em intervalos semanais, a partir do surgimento dos primeiros sintomas até a desfolha completa. Os dados foram analisados por meio de regressão não linear e o modelo logístico foi o que apresentou melhor ajuste. As curvas de progresso da doença para os cultivares EMGOPA-315, Luziânia, Pintado, Conquista, COODETEC-219 e para as linhagens 1, 2, e, 3 não apresentaram estabilização assintótica da severidade em função da desfolha precoce, ficando evidente apenas a fase exponencial de crescimento da doença. As epidemias apresentaram comportamento explosivo e foram muito semelhantes, demonstrando que esses genótipos foram igualmente susceptíveis ao patógeno. Os cultivares Tianá e EMGOPA-313 foram os únicos que apresentaram estabilização assintótica da severidade, em níveis muito abaixo de 1, o que evidenciou a presença de resistência parcial nesses cultivares. Nos ensaios para avaliação da tolerância, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, com delineamento dos tratamentos em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas (5 linhas de 12 m de comprimento) foram compostas pelos genótipos, e as subparcelas (5 linhas de 6 m de comprimento), pelo tratamento ou não com fungicida tebuconazole (0,5 L.ha-1) para controle da ferrugem. A severidade da doença foi estimada uma única vez e a tolerância foi avaliada pela análise estatística da diferença de produtividade, peso de mil grãos e de número de vagens e grãos por planta, entre subparcelas tratadas e não tratadas com fungicida, em cada época de plantio. Nenhum genótipo avaliado mostrou-se tolerante à ferrugem asiática da soja. / This work aimed the evaluation of partial resistance and tolerance to soybean asian rust on seven soybean genotypes and 3 lines. The research was conducted at Jataí, GO, during the growing season of 2005/2006. Experiments for partial resistance evaluation were carried out separately from experiments to evaluate tolerance, and in order to have different levels of disease severity, on different soybean growth stages, three trials for each experiment were carried out, each one with a different planting date during the season. Experiments for partial resistance evaluation were arranged on a randomized block design and each experimental unit was made by five soybean lines, 6 m long. The disease severity was estimate on week intervals from the first pustules appearance to the total defoliation. Analyses were done by non linear regression and the logistic model presented the best fitness to the observed data. The early defoliation on cultivars EMGOPA-315, Luziânia, Pintado, Conquista, COODETEC-219 and on lines 1, 2, e, 3 did not allowed the disease progress curves to reach asymptotical stabilization and for such genotypes, just the exponential part of the disease growth could be seen. Epidemics presented an explosive growth and the disease progress curves for such genotypes were similar, suggesting that they were similarly susceptible to the pathogen. The cultivars Tianá e E-313 were the only ones that presented asymptotical stabilization of disease and that happened on severity levels much smaller than 1, what was considered an evidence of partial resistance on those cultivars. Experiments conducted for tolerance evaluation were arranged in a split plot design with five replicates. The main plots (5 soybean rows, 12 m long) were composed by the soybean genotypes and the subplots (5 soybean rows, 6 m long) were those with or without fungicide (tebuconazole 500 mL.ha-1) application for rust control. Disease severity was estimate only once and tolerance was evaluated by the statistical analyses of difference of yield, thousand grain weight and pod and grain numbers, between treated and untreated subplots. None soybean genotypes analyzed presented tolerance to soybean asian rust.
80

Progresso temporal e padrão espacial de epidemias da podridão parda do pessegueiro / Temporal progress and spacial pattern of brown rot epidemics on peach

Davi Carvalho de Souza 07 February 2007 (has links)
A podridão parda do pessegueiro é uma das principais doenças da cultura no Estado de São Paulo e na maioria das regiões produtoras do mundo. No Brasil, seu agente causal é o fungo Monilinia fructicola (Wint) Honey, que infecta ramos, flores e frutos tanto em pré como em pós-colheita. A compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da podridão parda do pessegueiro em condições tropicais é fundamental para o estabelecimento de estratégias de controle mais eficientes nos pomares brasileiros. Neste contexto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o progresso temporal e a distribuição espacial da epidemia da podridão parda do pessegueiro, em pomares comerciais sob condições naturais de infecção. O estudo foi realizado em áreas comerciais não tratadas e tratadas com fungicidas, em dois pomares no Estado de São Paulo, em 2005 e 2006. Realizaram-se amostragens quinzenais de frutos durante 3 meses após o florescimento. Foram colhidos, pelo menos, 300 frutos por amostragem, os quais foram tratados com o herbicida gramoxone para detecção da infecção latente. A análise temporal dos dados foi realizada por regressão não-linear entre a incidência da doença e o tempo, enquanto a distribuição espacial de frutos doentes foi avaliada por meio do índice de dispersão (D) e da lei de Taylor modificada, que relacionam variâncias observada e binomial. Nos dois anos e locais estudados, a podridão parda apresentou tendência de crescimento exponencial, com baixa incidência no início das amostragens e aumento expressivo no início da maturação dos frutos. O modelo exponencial apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados, nos dois anos e locais de estudo. Em 2005, a incidência da doença chegou a valores máximos no ponto de colheita, atingindo 70% em frutos de plantas tratadas e 66,4% nos de não tratadas. Nesse ano, a incidência da podridão parda em frutos de plantas sem e com fungicidas não diferiram entre si (P>0,05), tanto nos parâmetros do modelo quanto na área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AUDPC). Em 2006, as curvas de progresso da doença, para frutos de plantas não tratadas com fungicidas, foram semelhantes entre si e caracterizaram-se pelo rápido aumento da incidência de infecções a partir da maturação dos frutos, chegando, na última avaliação, a 59,17% em Holambra II e 74,37% em Jarinu. O controle químico foi eficiente em 2006, havendo baixa incidência de podridão parda em frutos de plantas tratadas, durante toda safra e nos dois locais. No pomar avaliado em 2005, a agregação de frutos doentes (4,7<D<6,8) foi observada a partir da metade da safra e atribuída a pilhas de frutos mumificados na proximidade do pomar. O padrão espacial aleatório predominou na safra de 2006 nos dois pomares avaliados (0,88<D<1,52). Agregação de frutos doentes foi observada apenas por ocasião da colheita, quando a doença estava distribuída em todo o pomar, indicando haver árvores com muitos frutos doentes e outras com predominância de frutos sadios. O rápido progresso e a distribuição heterogênea da epidemia mostram a importância da eliminação das fontes de inóculo para o controle da doença. / The brown rot of peach is one of the main diseases in peach orchards in the State of São Paulo and in most peach producing regions in the world. In Brazil, brown rot is caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola and it attacks stems, blossoms and fruits in the pre and post harvest periods. The understanding of the brown rot epidemiologic behavior in tropical conditions is essential to the establishment of more efficient control strategies in Brazilian orchards. In this context, the present work aimed to characterize the temporal progress and the spatial distribution of the peach brown rot in commercial orchards under natural infection conditions. The study was carried out in untreated and fungicide-sprayed commercial areas in Paranapanema and Jarinu, SP, in 2005 and 2006. Fruit samplings were performed fortnightly during 3 months after blooming. At least 300 fruits were collected in each sampling and treated with gramoxone herbicide to detect latent infection. Temporal data analysis was done by non-linear regression between disease incidence (y) and time (x). The spatial pattern of diseased fruit was assessed by the dispersion index (D) and the modified Taylor?s power law which relate observed and binomial variances. During these two years in the area studied, brown rot presented a tendency for exponential growth with low incidence in the beginning of the season and expressive increase in the beginning of fruit ripening. The exponential model presented a better fit to the data for the two year study period. In 2005, the brown rot incidence reached maximum values during the harvest: 70% in treated trees and 66,4% in untreated trees. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in brown rot incidence in trees with or without fungicide treatment in model parameters as well as in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). In 2006, the disease progress curves for treated and untreated trees were not similar. Disease progress curves for untreated trees were characterized by the rapid increase in infections incidence after the ripening of the fruit, reaching in the last evaluation, 59,17% for Holambra II and 74,37% in Jarinu. Chemical control was effective in 2006, with low brown rot incidence in treated trees throughout the harvest in both sites. In the orchard evaluated in 2005, the aggregation of diseased fruit (4,7<D<6,8) was observed in the second half of the season and attributed to piles of mummified fruit in the orchard?s vicinity. The random spacial pattern was predominant in the 2006 harvest in both orchards evaluated (0,88<D<1,52). Diseased fruit aggregations were observed only at harvest time, while the disease was spread throughout the orchard, indicating that some trees had many diseased fruits while in others the healthy fruit predominated. The quick progress and the heterogeneous distribution of the epidemics demonstrate the importance of eliminating the inoculum sources for the control of this disease.

Page generated in 0.058 seconds