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Simulação do crescimento da cana-de-açucar pelo modelo agrohidrológico SWAP/WOFOST / Sugarcane growth simulation by hydrological model SWAP/WOFOSTScarpare, Fábio Vale 31 August 2011 (has links)
Modelos de simulação têm sido utilizados em estudos agronômicos e ecológicos como ferramenta de pesquisa, possibilitando organizar o entendimento das respostas das plantas a diferentes condições ambientais e, consequentemente predizer a produtividade das culturas. O sucesso na aplicação de modelos depende de sua calibração e das avaliações efetuadas por meio da estimação dos índices morfofisiológicos e dos parâmetros tecnológicos de rendimento da cultura. No presente estudo os objetivos foram: utilizar o conjunto composto por um modelo agrohidrológico (SWAP, Soil Water Atmosphere and Plant) com um modelo genérico de crescimento de cultura (WOFOST, WOrld FOod STudies) adaptando-o para a cultura da cana-deaçúcar; usar o programa PEST (Parameter ESTimation) para calibrar e realizar a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros desse modelo; avaliar a eficácia do modelo calibrado e validado para a estimação de massa fresca de colmos industrializáveis por hectare (TCH) e avaliar a eficácia do modelo estimando as propriedades hidráulicas do solo por funções de pedotransferência (PTFs). Dados experimentais da cultivar SP 81- 3250 foram utilizadas para a calibração (4 ciclos de produção: cana planta e 3 socas conduzidas na usina Santa Adélia), na análise de sensibilidade (cana planta conduzida na usina Santa Adélia) e validação do modelo (8 ciclos de produção: cana planta e 3 socas conduzidas em 2 usinas). A produtividade média de 25 cultivares em 10 locais da região Centro-Sul foi utilizada para avaliar a eficiência do modelo validado na previsão de colheita. A avaliação desses procedimentos foi realizada por meio dos índices estatísticos: raiz quadrada dos quadrados dos desvios (RMSE), coeficiente de regressão linear (R2), índice de concordância (d) e índice de eficiência (E) em dados de matéria seca simuladas pelo modelo versus dados observados a campo. Bons resultados foram obtidos na calibração e validação do modelo, portanto conclui-se o SWAP/WOFOST apto na utilização da simulação da massa seca da parte aérea. De modo geral, o modelo mostrou alta sensibilidade relativa aos parâmetros do grupo de assimilação de CO2 para a massa seca final da parte aérea. Ainda, o programa PEST foi eficaz na otimização dos parâmetros hidráulicos confrontando o conteúdo de água no solo medido a campo pelo método gravimétrico versus simulado pelo modelo. A previsão de safra realizada pelo SWAP/WOFOST apresentou valores de RMSE semelhantes aos obtidos com o APSIM-Sugarcane. Contudo, por meio de outros índices estatísticos o desempenho do SWAP/WOFOST foi intermediário. A eficiência do modelo em simular a massa seca da parte aérea em ambos os ciclos estudados, cana planta e socas, não foi afetada quando os parâmetros hidráulicos do solo foram obtidos por meios de PTFs. / Simulation models have been used in agricultural and ecological studies as a research tool allowing to organize and comprehend crop response under different environmental conditions, and to predict crop yield. The successful application of models depends on its calibration and assessment performed through morphophysiological index estimation and technological parameters of crop yield. The aims of this study were: to use the combination of a hydrological model (SWAP, Soil Water Atmosphere and Plant) with a generic crop growth model (WOFOST, WOrld FOod STudies) adapted to the sugarcane crop; to use PEST software (Parameter ESTimation) to calibrate and perform the sensitivity analysis of the model parameters; to appraise the model efficiency in estimating fresh weight of cane stems per hectare (TCH) and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the model when estimating soil hydraulic properties generated by pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Experimental data from SP 81-3250 cultivar were used for calibration (4 production cycles: first year cane and 3 ratoons at Santa Adélia sugarcane mill planting area), sensitivity analysis (first year cane at Santa Adélia sugarcane mill planting area) and validation (8 production cycles: 2 first year cane and 6 ratoons at two other sugarcane mill planting areas). Average yield from 25 cultivars grown among 10 different sites in Brazilian South-Central region were used to evaluate the model efficiency on yield prediction. The root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), index of agreement (d) and coefficient of efficiency (E) were used to evaluate these procedures comparing above ground dry weight simulated by the model versus dry weight measured on the field. Good results were obtained during calibration and validation procedure; hence we may conclude that the SWAP/WOFOST model was able to predict sugarcane above ground dry weight. Model sensitivity analysis showed the group of CO2 assimilation parameters to be the most relevant determining final biomass. PEST software was effective in optimizing the hydraulic parameters by comparing the soil water content simulated by the model against water content measured on the field by the gravimetric method. TCH forecasts made by SWAP/WOFOST showed a similar RMSE as those obtained with the APSIMSugarcane model. However, evaluated by other statistical indexes, the SWAP/WOFOST model performance was intermediate. The model efficiency to simulate the above ground dry weight in crop cycles, first year cane and ratoon, was not affected when the hydraulic input parameters were generated by PTFs.
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Simulação do crescimento da cana-de-açucar pelo modelo agrohidrológico SWAP/WOFOST / Sugarcane growth simulation by hydrological model SWAP/WOFOSTFábio Vale Scarpare 31 August 2011 (has links)
Modelos de simulação têm sido utilizados em estudos agronômicos e ecológicos como ferramenta de pesquisa, possibilitando organizar o entendimento das respostas das plantas a diferentes condições ambientais e, consequentemente predizer a produtividade das culturas. O sucesso na aplicação de modelos depende de sua calibração e das avaliações efetuadas por meio da estimação dos índices morfofisiológicos e dos parâmetros tecnológicos de rendimento da cultura. No presente estudo os objetivos foram: utilizar o conjunto composto por um modelo agrohidrológico (SWAP, Soil Water Atmosphere and Plant) com um modelo genérico de crescimento de cultura (WOFOST, WOrld FOod STudies) adaptando-o para a cultura da cana-deaçúcar; usar o programa PEST (Parameter ESTimation) para calibrar e realizar a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros desse modelo; avaliar a eficácia do modelo calibrado e validado para a estimação de massa fresca de colmos industrializáveis por hectare (TCH) e avaliar a eficácia do modelo estimando as propriedades hidráulicas do solo por funções de pedotransferência (PTFs). Dados experimentais da cultivar SP 81- 3250 foram utilizadas para a calibração (4 ciclos de produção: cana planta e 3 socas conduzidas na usina Santa Adélia), na análise de sensibilidade (cana planta conduzida na usina Santa Adélia) e validação do modelo (8 ciclos de produção: cana planta e 3 socas conduzidas em 2 usinas). A produtividade média de 25 cultivares em 10 locais da região Centro-Sul foi utilizada para avaliar a eficiência do modelo validado na previsão de colheita. A avaliação desses procedimentos foi realizada por meio dos índices estatísticos: raiz quadrada dos quadrados dos desvios (RMSE), coeficiente de regressão linear (R2), índice de concordância (d) e índice de eficiência (E) em dados de matéria seca simuladas pelo modelo versus dados observados a campo. Bons resultados foram obtidos na calibração e validação do modelo, portanto conclui-se o SWAP/WOFOST apto na utilização da simulação da massa seca da parte aérea. De modo geral, o modelo mostrou alta sensibilidade relativa aos parâmetros do grupo de assimilação de CO2 para a massa seca final da parte aérea. Ainda, o programa PEST foi eficaz na otimização dos parâmetros hidráulicos confrontando o conteúdo de água no solo medido a campo pelo método gravimétrico versus simulado pelo modelo. A previsão de safra realizada pelo SWAP/WOFOST apresentou valores de RMSE semelhantes aos obtidos com o APSIM-Sugarcane. Contudo, por meio de outros índices estatísticos o desempenho do SWAP/WOFOST foi intermediário. A eficiência do modelo em simular a massa seca da parte aérea em ambos os ciclos estudados, cana planta e socas, não foi afetada quando os parâmetros hidráulicos do solo foram obtidos por meios de PTFs. / Simulation models have been used in agricultural and ecological studies as a research tool allowing to organize and comprehend crop response under different environmental conditions, and to predict crop yield. The successful application of models depends on its calibration and assessment performed through morphophysiological index estimation and technological parameters of crop yield. The aims of this study were: to use the combination of a hydrological model (SWAP, Soil Water Atmosphere and Plant) with a generic crop growth model (WOFOST, WOrld FOod STudies) adapted to the sugarcane crop; to use PEST software (Parameter ESTimation) to calibrate and perform the sensitivity analysis of the model parameters; to appraise the model efficiency in estimating fresh weight of cane stems per hectare (TCH) and also to evaluate the effectiveness of the model when estimating soil hydraulic properties generated by pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Experimental data from SP 81-3250 cultivar were used for calibration (4 production cycles: first year cane and 3 ratoons at Santa Adélia sugarcane mill planting area), sensitivity analysis (first year cane at Santa Adélia sugarcane mill planting area) and validation (8 production cycles: 2 first year cane and 6 ratoons at two other sugarcane mill planting areas). Average yield from 25 cultivars grown among 10 different sites in Brazilian South-Central region were used to evaluate the model efficiency on yield prediction. The root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), index of agreement (d) and coefficient of efficiency (E) were used to evaluate these procedures comparing above ground dry weight simulated by the model versus dry weight measured on the field. Good results were obtained during calibration and validation procedure; hence we may conclude that the SWAP/WOFOST model was able to predict sugarcane above ground dry weight. Model sensitivity analysis showed the group of CO2 assimilation parameters to be the most relevant determining final biomass. PEST software was effective in optimizing the hydraulic parameters by comparing the soil water content simulated by the model against water content measured on the field by the gravimetric method. TCH forecasts made by SWAP/WOFOST showed a similar RMSE as those obtained with the APSIMSugarcane model. However, evaluated by other statistical indexes, the SWAP/WOFOST model performance was intermediate. The model efficiency to simulate the above ground dry weight in crop cycles, first year cane and ratoon, was not affected when the hydraulic input parameters were generated by PTFs.
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Integrated watershed modeling in Central Brazil / Integrierte Einzugsgebietsmodellierung in Zentralbrasilien: Beiträge zur robusten prozessbasierten ModellsimulationStrauch, Michael 03 July 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Over the last decades, fast growing population along with urban and agricultural sprawl has drastically increased the pressure on water resources of the Federal District (DF), Brazil. Various socio-environmental problems, such as soil erosion, non-point source pollution, reservoir silting, and conflicts among water users evoked the need for more efficient and sustainable ways to use land and water. Due to the complexity of processes relevant at the scale of river basins, a prior analysis of impacts of certain land use and/or land management changes is only feasible by means of modeling. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been proven to be useful in this context, across the globe and for different environmental conditions. In this thesis, the SWAT model is utilized to evaluate the impact of Best Management Practices (BMPs) on catchment hydrology and sediment transport.
However, model applications in tropical regions, such as the DF, are hampered by severe challenges, (i) the lack of input and control data in an adequate temporal and spatial resolution and (ii) model structural failures in representing processes under tropical conditions. The present (cumulative) thesis addresses these challenges in model simulations for two contrasting watersheds, which both are important sources of the DF’s drinking water supply, i.e. (i) the agriculture-dominated Pipiripau river basin where conflicting demands put immense pressure on the available water resources and (ii) the Santa Maria / Torto river basin, which is to large parts protected as national park and, thus, covered by native vegetation of the Cerrado biome.
Perhaps one of the most challenging issues facing watershed modelers in tropical regions is the fact that rain gauge networks can usually not reflect the high spatio-temporal variability of mostly convective precipitation patterns. Therefore, an ensemble of different reasonable input precipitation data-sets was used to examine the uncertainty in parameterization and model output. Acceptable streamflow and sediment load predictions could be achieved for each input data-set. However, the best-fit parameter values varied widely across the ensemble. Due to its enhanced consideration of parameter uncertainty, this ensemble approach provides more robust predictions and hence is reasonable to be used also for scenario simulations. BMP scenarios for the Pipiripau River Basin revealed that erosion control constructions, such as terraces and small retention basins along roads (Barraginhas) are promising measures to reduce sediment loads (up to 40%) while maintaining streamflow. Tests for a multi-diverse crop rotation system, in contrast, showed a high vulnerability of the hydrologic system against any increase in irrigation. Considering the BMP implementation costs, it was possible to estimate cost-abatement curves, which can provide useful information for watershed managers, especially when BMPs are supported by Payments for Environmental Services as it is the case in the study area due to the program Produtor de Água.
While for agricultural areas the model has proven to generate plausible results, the plant growth module of SWAT was found to be not suitable for simulating perennial tropical vegetation, such as Cerrado (savanna) or forest, which can also play a crucial role in river basin management. For temperate regions SWAT uses dormancy to terminate growing seasons of trees and perennials. However, there is no mechanism considered to reflect seasonality in the tropics, i.e. the phenological change between wet and dry season. Therefore, a soil moisture based approach was implemented into the plant growth module to trigger new growing cycles in the transition period from dry to wet season. The adapted model was successfully tested against LAI and ET time series derived from remote sensing products (MODIS). Since the proposed changes are process-based but also allow flexible model settings, the modified plant growth module can be seen as a fundamental improvement useful for future model application in the tropics.
The present thesis shows insights into the workflow of a watershed model application in the semi-humid tropics – from input data processing and model setup over source code adaptation, model calibration and uncertainty analysis to its use for running scenarios. It depicts region-specific challenges but also provides practical solutions. Hence, this work might be seen as one further step toward robust and process-based model predictions to assist land and water resources management. / Starkes Bevölkerungswachstum, ungeplante Suburbanisierung und Landnutzungsänderungen (z.B. Intensivierung in der Landwirtschaft) verstärkten innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte zunehmend den Druck auf die Wasserressourcen des Bundesdistrikts Brasilien (zentralbrasilianisches Hochland), in dessen Mitte die junge Hauptstadt Brasília liegt. Damit verbundene negative Umweltauswirkungen, wie Bodenerosion, Stoff- und Sedimenteinträge in Fließgewässer und Talsperren sowie Konflikte zwischen den Wassernutzern erfordern daher dringend effektive und nachhaltige Lösungen im Land- und Wasserressourcen-management.
Der Einfluss von möglichen zukünftigen Landnutzungs- und Bewirtschaftungsänderungen auf Wasserverfügbarkeit und -qualität hängt vom jeweiligen, oftmals sehr komplexen, landschaftsökologischen Prozessgefüge ab und kann nur mithilfe von prozessbasierten Simulationsmodellen quantitativ auf der Ebene von Einzugsgebieten abgeschätzt werden. Das “Soil and Water Assessment Tool” (SWAT) ist ein solches Modell. Es findet weltweite Anwendung für verschiedene Umweltbedingungen in Einzugsgebieten der Meso- bis Makroskala, um Landnutzungseffekte auf den Wasserhaushalt und den Transport von Nährstoffen, Pestiziden und Sedimenten zu prognostizieren. Seine Anwendung in tropischen Regionen, wie etwa in Zentralbrasilien, ist jedoch mit erheblichen Herausforderungen verbunden. Das betrifft sowohl die Verfügbarkeit von Eingangs- und Referenzdaten in ausreichender raum-zeitlicher Auflösung, als auch modellstrukturelle Unzulänglichkeiten bei der Prozessabbildung. Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation zeigt dies anhand von Modellanwendungen für zwei unterschiedliche wasserwirtschaftlich relevante Einzugsgebiete (EZG): Das landwirtschaftlich intensiv genutzte EZG des Rio Pipiripau mit aktuell besonders konfliktträchtiger Wassernutzung, und das Santa Maria/Torto-EZG, welches - geschützt als Nationalpark - durch größtenteils natürliche Vegetationsformationen der brasilianischen Savanne (Cerrado) gekennzeichnet ist.
Eine der größten Herausforderungen für die Einzugsgebietsmodellierung in tropischen Regionen liegt in der Abschätzung des Gebietsniederschlages, da vorhandene Messstationsdichten oft nicht ausreichen, um die hohe räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität der meist konvektiven Niederschläge zu erfassen. Mithilfe eines Ensembles verschiedener, plausibel generierter Niederschlagsreihen ist der Einfluss von Niederschlagsdaten-Unsicherheit auf die Modellparametrisierung und -vorhersage explizit berücksichtigt und untersucht worden. Zufriedenstellende Abfluss- und Sedimentfrachtsimulationen waren mit jeder der als Modelinput verwendeten Niederschlagsreihen möglich, jedoch nur bei entsprechender, z.T. stark voneinander abweichender Einstellung der Kalibrierungsparameter. Da diese umfassendere Betrachtung von Parameterunsicherheit zu robusteren Modellvorhersagen führt, wurde der Ensemble-Ansatz auch in der Simulation von Bewirtschaftungsszenarien, dem eigentlichen Modellzweck, verwendet. Die Szenariosimulationen zeigten, dass Maßnahmen zur Erosionsvermeidung (Terrassierung) und zum Sedimentrückhalt (kleine Sedimentrückhaltebecken entlang von Straßen - Barraginhas) die Sedimentfracht des Rio Pipiripau durchschnittlich um bis zu 40% reduzieren können, ohne dabei die Wasserverfügbarkeit zu beeinträchtigen.
Modellszenarien mit einer vielgliedrigen Fruchtfolge auf großer Fläche verdeutlichten dagegen die hohe Vulnerabilität des Niedrigwasserabflusses in der Trockenzeit gegenüber jedweder Erhöhung der Bewässerungsmenge. Auf Grundlage von Kostenschätzungen für einzelne Maßnahmen konnten Kostenkurven zur Verringerung der Sedimentfracht und damit nützliche Informationen für das Wasserressourcen-Management abgeleitet werden, insbesondere weil eine Auswahl solcher Agrar-Umweltmaßnahmen im Pipiripau-EZG durch das Programm Produtor de Água finanziell gefördert werden sollen. Während das Modell in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Gebieten plausible Ergebnisse produzierte, wurden erhebliche Schwachstellen in der Simulation ausdauernder Vegetation (z.B. Cerrado) identifiziert. Zur Unterbrechung jährlicher Vegetationszyklen verwendet SWAT eine tageslängenabhängige Dormanzperiode. Diese ist zwar zweckmäßig zur Abbildung der Vegetationsdynamik in den gemäßigten Breiten, steuert aber nicht tropische Vegetationszyklen. Um den Wechsel zwischen Trocken- und Regenzeit in der pflanzenphänologischen Simulation in SWAT abzubilden, wurde daher im Rahmen dieser Arbeit das Pflanzenwachstumsmodul modifiziert, und zwar unter anderem durch Einbeziehung der simulierten Bodenfeuchte zur Unterbrechung der Wachstumszyklen. Das angepasste Modul wurde erfolgreich anhand von Fernerkundungsdaten (MODIS) zum zeitlichen Verlauf von Blattflächenindex und Evapotranspiration getestet. Es ist prozessbasiert und erlaubt flexible Einstellungen, so dass es als grundlegende Modellverbesserung auch für andere SWAT-Anwender von großem Nutzen sein kann.
Die vorliegende Dissertation bringt neue Einsichten in verschiedene wichtige Aspekte der integrierten Modellierung tropischer Einzugsgebiete, von der Eingangsdatenaufbereitung über Quellcode-Anpassung, Modellkalibrierung und Unsicherheitsanalyse bis hin zu Szenariosimulationen. Sie veranschaulicht regionsspezifische Herausforderungen, liefert gleichzeitig aber auch praktikable Lösungen und damit einen wichtigen Beitrag für robustere prozessbasierte Modellanwendungen als Entscheidungsunterstützung im Bereich Land- und Wasserressourcenmanagement.
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Integrated watershed modeling in Central Brazil: Toward robust process-based predictionsStrauch, Michael 16 April 2014 (has links)
Over the last decades, fast growing population along with urban and agricultural sprawl has drastically increased the pressure on water resources of the Federal District (DF), Brazil. Various socio-environmental problems, such as soil erosion, non-point source pollution, reservoir silting, and conflicts among water users evoked the need for more efficient and sustainable ways to use land and water. Due to the complexity of processes relevant at the scale of river basins, a prior analysis of impacts of certain land use and/or land management changes is only feasible by means of modeling. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been proven to be useful in this context, across the globe and for different environmental conditions. In this thesis, the SWAT model is utilized to evaluate the impact of Best Management Practices (BMPs) on catchment hydrology and sediment transport.
However, model applications in tropical regions, such as the DF, are hampered by severe challenges, (i) the lack of input and control data in an adequate temporal and spatial resolution and (ii) model structural failures in representing processes under tropical conditions. The present (cumulative) thesis addresses these challenges in model simulations for two contrasting watersheds, which both are important sources of the DF’s drinking water supply, i.e. (i) the agriculture-dominated Pipiripau river basin where conflicting demands put immense pressure on the available water resources and (ii) the Santa Maria / Torto river basin, which is to large parts protected as national park and, thus, covered by native vegetation of the Cerrado biome.
Perhaps one of the most challenging issues facing watershed modelers in tropical regions is the fact that rain gauge networks can usually not reflect the high spatio-temporal variability of mostly convective precipitation patterns. Therefore, an ensemble of different reasonable input precipitation data-sets was used to examine the uncertainty in parameterization and model output. Acceptable streamflow and sediment load predictions could be achieved for each input data-set. However, the best-fit parameter values varied widely across the ensemble. Due to its enhanced consideration of parameter uncertainty, this ensemble approach provides more robust predictions and hence is reasonable to be used also for scenario simulations. BMP scenarios for the Pipiripau River Basin revealed that erosion control constructions, such as terraces and small retention basins along roads (Barraginhas) are promising measures to reduce sediment loads (up to 40%) while maintaining streamflow. Tests for a multi-diverse crop rotation system, in contrast, showed a high vulnerability of the hydrologic system against any increase in irrigation. Considering the BMP implementation costs, it was possible to estimate cost-abatement curves, which can provide useful information for watershed managers, especially when BMPs are supported by Payments for Environmental Services as it is the case in the study area due to the program Produtor de Água.
While for agricultural areas the model has proven to generate plausible results, the plant growth module of SWAT was found to be not suitable for simulating perennial tropical vegetation, such as Cerrado (savanna) or forest, which can also play a crucial role in river basin management. For temperate regions SWAT uses dormancy to terminate growing seasons of trees and perennials. However, there is no mechanism considered to reflect seasonality in the tropics, i.e. the phenological change between wet and dry season. Therefore, a soil moisture based approach was implemented into the plant growth module to trigger new growing cycles in the transition period from dry to wet season. The adapted model was successfully tested against LAI and ET time series derived from remote sensing products (MODIS). Since the proposed changes are process-based but also allow flexible model settings, the modified plant growth module can be seen as a fundamental improvement useful for future model application in the tropics.
The present thesis shows insights into the workflow of a watershed model application in the semi-humid tropics – from input data processing and model setup over source code adaptation, model calibration and uncertainty analysis to its use for running scenarios. It depicts region-specific challenges but also provides practical solutions. Hence, this work might be seen as one further step toward robust and process-based model predictions to assist land and water resources management. / Starkes Bevölkerungswachstum, ungeplante Suburbanisierung und Landnutzungsänderungen (z.B. Intensivierung in der Landwirtschaft) verstärkten innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte zunehmend den Druck auf die Wasserressourcen des Bundesdistrikts Brasilien (zentralbrasilianisches Hochland), in dessen Mitte die junge Hauptstadt Brasília liegt. Damit verbundene negative Umweltauswirkungen, wie Bodenerosion, Stoff- und Sedimenteinträge in Fließgewässer und Talsperren sowie Konflikte zwischen den Wassernutzern erfordern daher dringend effektive und nachhaltige Lösungen im Land- und Wasserressourcen-management.
Der Einfluss von möglichen zukünftigen Landnutzungs- und Bewirtschaftungsänderungen auf Wasserverfügbarkeit und -qualität hängt vom jeweiligen, oftmals sehr komplexen, landschaftsökologischen Prozessgefüge ab und kann nur mithilfe von prozessbasierten Simulationsmodellen quantitativ auf der Ebene von Einzugsgebieten abgeschätzt werden. Das “Soil and Water Assessment Tool” (SWAT) ist ein solches Modell. Es findet weltweite Anwendung für verschiedene Umweltbedingungen in Einzugsgebieten der Meso- bis Makroskala, um Landnutzungseffekte auf den Wasserhaushalt und den Transport von Nährstoffen, Pestiziden und Sedimenten zu prognostizieren. Seine Anwendung in tropischen Regionen, wie etwa in Zentralbrasilien, ist jedoch mit erheblichen Herausforderungen verbunden. Das betrifft sowohl die Verfügbarkeit von Eingangs- und Referenzdaten in ausreichender raum-zeitlicher Auflösung, als auch modellstrukturelle Unzulänglichkeiten bei der Prozessabbildung. Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation zeigt dies anhand von Modellanwendungen für zwei unterschiedliche wasserwirtschaftlich relevante Einzugsgebiete (EZG): Das landwirtschaftlich intensiv genutzte EZG des Rio Pipiripau mit aktuell besonders konfliktträchtiger Wassernutzung, und das Santa Maria/Torto-EZG, welches - geschützt als Nationalpark - durch größtenteils natürliche Vegetationsformationen der brasilianischen Savanne (Cerrado) gekennzeichnet ist.
Eine der größten Herausforderungen für die Einzugsgebietsmodellierung in tropischen Regionen liegt in der Abschätzung des Gebietsniederschlages, da vorhandene Messstationsdichten oft nicht ausreichen, um die hohe räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität der meist konvektiven Niederschläge zu erfassen. Mithilfe eines Ensembles verschiedener, plausibel generierter Niederschlagsreihen ist der Einfluss von Niederschlagsdaten-Unsicherheit auf die Modellparametrisierung und -vorhersage explizit berücksichtigt und untersucht worden. Zufriedenstellende Abfluss- und Sedimentfrachtsimulationen waren mit jeder der als Modelinput verwendeten Niederschlagsreihen möglich, jedoch nur bei entsprechender, z.T. stark voneinander abweichender Einstellung der Kalibrierungsparameter. Da diese umfassendere Betrachtung von Parameterunsicherheit zu robusteren Modellvorhersagen führt, wurde der Ensemble-Ansatz auch in der Simulation von Bewirtschaftungsszenarien, dem eigentlichen Modellzweck, verwendet. Die Szenariosimulationen zeigten, dass Maßnahmen zur Erosionsvermeidung (Terrassierung) und zum Sedimentrückhalt (kleine Sedimentrückhaltebecken entlang von Straßen - Barraginhas) die Sedimentfracht des Rio Pipiripau durchschnittlich um bis zu 40% reduzieren können, ohne dabei die Wasserverfügbarkeit zu beeinträchtigen.
Modellszenarien mit einer vielgliedrigen Fruchtfolge auf großer Fläche verdeutlichten dagegen die hohe Vulnerabilität des Niedrigwasserabflusses in der Trockenzeit gegenüber jedweder Erhöhung der Bewässerungsmenge. Auf Grundlage von Kostenschätzungen für einzelne Maßnahmen konnten Kostenkurven zur Verringerung der Sedimentfracht und damit nützliche Informationen für das Wasserressourcen-Management abgeleitet werden, insbesondere weil eine Auswahl solcher Agrar-Umweltmaßnahmen im Pipiripau-EZG durch das Programm Produtor de Água finanziell gefördert werden sollen. Während das Modell in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Gebieten plausible Ergebnisse produzierte, wurden erhebliche Schwachstellen in der Simulation ausdauernder Vegetation (z.B. Cerrado) identifiziert. Zur Unterbrechung jährlicher Vegetationszyklen verwendet SWAT eine tageslängenabhängige Dormanzperiode. Diese ist zwar zweckmäßig zur Abbildung der Vegetationsdynamik in den gemäßigten Breiten, steuert aber nicht tropische Vegetationszyklen. Um den Wechsel zwischen Trocken- und Regenzeit in der pflanzenphänologischen Simulation in SWAT abzubilden, wurde daher im Rahmen dieser Arbeit das Pflanzenwachstumsmodul modifiziert, und zwar unter anderem durch Einbeziehung der simulierten Bodenfeuchte zur Unterbrechung der Wachstumszyklen. Das angepasste Modul wurde erfolgreich anhand von Fernerkundungsdaten (MODIS) zum zeitlichen Verlauf von Blattflächenindex und Evapotranspiration getestet. Es ist prozessbasiert und erlaubt flexible Einstellungen, so dass es als grundlegende Modellverbesserung auch für andere SWAT-Anwender von großem Nutzen sein kann.
Die vorliegende Dissertation bringt neue Einsichten in verschiedene wichtige Aspekte der integrierten Modellierung tropischer Einzugsgebiete, von der Eingangsdatenaufbereitung über Quellcode-Anpassung, Modellkalibrierung und Unsicherheitsanalyse bis hin zu Szenariosimulationen. Sie veranschaulicht regionsspezifische Herausforderungen, liefert gleichzeitig aber auch praktikable Lösungen und damit einen wichtigen Beitrag für robustere prozessbasierte Modellanwendungen als Entscheidungsunterstützung im Bereich Land- und Wasserressourcenmanagement.
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