Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Mitchell L. Neilsen / ImageJ and its recent upgrade, Fiji, are image processing tools that provide extensibility via Java plug-ins and recordable macros [2]. The aim of this project is to develop a plug-in compatible with ImageJ/Fiji, which extracts length information from images for scale factor determination used in 3-D Photogrammetry for plant analysis [5]. Plant images when processed using Agisoft software, gives an image consisting of the images processed merged into a single 3-D model. The coordinate system of the 3-D image generated is a relative coordinate system. The distances in the relative coordinate system are proportional to but not numerically the same as the real world distances. To know the length of any feature represented in 3-D model in real world distance, a scale factor is required. This scale factor when multiplied by some distance in the relative coordinate system, yields the actual length of that feature in the real coordinate system. For determining the scale factor we process images consisting of unsharpened yellow colored pencils which are all the same shape, color and size. The plug-in considers each pencil as a unique region by assigning unique value and unique color to all its pixels. The distance between the end midpoints of each pencil is calculated. The date and time on which the image file gets processed, name of the image file, image file creation and modification date and time, total number of valid (complete) pencils processed, the midpoints of ends of each valid pencil, length (distance) i.e., the number of pixels between the two end midpoints are all written to the output file. The length of the pencils written to the output file is used by the researchers to calculate the scale factor. Plug-in was tested on real images and the results obtained were same as the expected result.

The goal of this Diploma thesis is to analyze market for cogeneration plants, make an external and internal analysis of specific company and illustrate the advantages for each production option and subsequent sale or lease of the product. It is also necessary to take in consideration all aspects and risks. The realization of such a vast project is difficult for capital, therefore financial analysis is also performed.

No description available.

Hedgerows of the fodder tree legume Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose Zárate) (leucaena) planted with companion grass (leucaena-grass pasture) form a productive, profitable and sustainable tropical pasture in northern Australia. Leucaena is renowned for its longevity (>30 years) and productivity under regular grazing, and this is a key factor in its profitability. To-date graziers and researchers have not been concerned about the sustainability of commercial leucaena-grass pastures, which are rarely fertilized. However, nutrient depletion could be expected after many years of nutrient removal under heavy grazing without replenishment, even on soils of moderate initial fertility. This study investigated the long-term productivity of leucaena-grass pastures in relation to nutrient depletion in Queensland. Experimental trials were conducted at 3 research stations and 6 commercial cattle properties. Prior to conducting field trials, a postal survey of leucaena growers ascertained perceived changes in leucaena, grass and livestock productivity over time. Physical and management factors influencing long-term pasture productivity were also explored. Graziers reported that leucaena productivity had declined in 58% of aging pastures. Lower livestock productivity was associated with declining leucaena growth, even though grass growth remained vigorous. Leucaena growth decline was more frequent on soil types of marginal initial fertility. Maintenance fertilizer was not applied to most (98%) leucaena pastures surveyed despite significant amounts of nutrient removal, particularly phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S), occurring over prolonged periods of moderate to high grazing pressure. It was predicted that under current management practices large areas of commercial leucaena pasture will be affected by soil nutrient depletion over the next 10 years. The effect of age of leucaena plants on pasture productivity was investigated in pastures aged from 8 to 38 years. Leucaena growth, expressed as rainfall use efficiency (RUE), declined with age (from 4.0 to 1.9 kg total dry matter (DM)/ha/mm), as did leaf nitrogen (N), P and S concentrations. Leucaena productivity decline was attributed to P and S deficiency restricting growth and symbiotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation. Composition of interrow grass changed from native grass dominance before leucaena establishment to green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume) dominance in the aging leucaena pastures, particularly adjacent to leucaena hedgerows. This was attributed to increased soil Navailability. Leucaena and grass roots were concentrated in the topsoil; however, leucaena roots did extend beyond 1 m depth while grass roots did not. Changes in topsoil organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) resulting from the planting of leucaena hedgerows into native grass pastures and previously cropped soils were studied. Topsoil OC and TN contents increased significantly under leucaena pasture (OC from 81-290 kg/ha/year and TN from 12-24 kg/ha/yr). Since TN and OC showed similar trends, there was no significant effect on carbon:N ratios. Leucaena contributed to soil OC both directly via plant part decomposition, and indirectly, via enhanced grass growth in the inter-row. Lower topsoil OC accumulation rates (81 kg/ha/yr) were observed in the older leucaena-grass pastures related to the decline in yield and vigour of leucaena in these aging pastures. The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) accumulated in soil OC in productive leucaena-grass pasture was estimated to be higher than the amount of CO2-e emitted in methane from beef production from these pastures, thus positively impacting on their greenhouse gas balance. Leucaena responses to P and/or S applications were evaluated in a 30 year-old leucaenagrass pasture. Leucaena RUE and symbiotic N2 fixation were restricted by S deficiency. Sulfur concentration in leaf tissue and high N:S ratio were useful indicators of S deficiency. Although leucaena growth and its nutritional status were little affected by P application, symbiotic N2 fixation did respond significantly to P application. Leucaena and grass responses to fertiliser applications were further evaluated at a variety of soil types and environments on 8 sites in Queensland. Increased leucaena RUE (from 3.1 to 4.6 kg total DM/ha/mm) and enhanced nutritional status at most sites showed that leucaena plants were restricted by P and/or S deficiency. The major factors contributing to the P and S deficiencies were: a) inherent low soil P and/or S fertility, b) nutrient removal by cropping and grazing, c) shallow soils, d) acid soils, and e) grass competition for available water and nutrients. Inter-row cultivation (with or without fertiliser) had little effect on leucaena growth but significantly increased grass RUE (from 4.7 to 7.0 kg total DM/ha/mm) at some sites probably due to enhanced mineralization of N. Leaf P and S concentrations were not reliable indicators of deficiencies of these nutrients, possibly due to inadequate leaf sampling conditions. The effects of ambient temperature, water stress and phenological development of plant on nutrient concentrations in leucaena leaf was investigated to determine whether leaf tissueanalysis can reliably predict nutrient deficiencies. The youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) was established as the most appropriate leaf tissue for predicting nutritional status of leucaena plants since the YFEL: (a) was an easily identifiable tissue in which nutrient shifts were at a minimum; (b) provided information for readily mobile (N, P and potassium) and variably mobile (S, copper and zinc) nutrients, thus simplifying leaf collection; and (c) facilitated comparison of data from leaves of similar physiological age in different growing conditions and sites. Nutrient concentrations in YFEL were significantly influenced by water stress and phenological stage of plant development (particularly flowering and pod filling) through the mechanism of rate of leaf appearance. Chronological age of the YFEL, an indicator of leaf appearance, varied from 12 to >70 days depending upon plant phenological stage, being >140 days under prolonged water stress. It was found that nutrient concentrations in leucaena YFEL can only be interpreted against critical concentrations if plants are actively growing (October-April) in a vegetative stage and YFEL are <20 days old. This will occur if there is no water stress for ≥28 days prior to sampling. A close correlation existed between chronological age of YFEL and leaf calcium (Ca) concentration. Calcium concentration could be used to assess the age of YFEL and thereby determine the suitability of tissue samples for nutrient analysis and interpretation. Leaves with Ca concentrations >0.7% DM should be discarded as they are likely to be too old (>20 days). The research program has identified that leucaena established on non-alluvial soils need to be provided with regular maintenance P and S fertiliser to promote symbiotic N2 fixation and to maintain high RUE. At present, many leucaena pastures are likely to be suffering undiagnosed nutrient deficiencies that will be limiting pasture and animal productivity and enterprise profitability. Youngest fully expanded leaf analysis can be used as a predictive tool to diagnose nutrient deficiencies provided the recommended protocol is followed. Further investigation is required to: a) assess the duration of responses to applied fertiliser to determine frequency of application; b) investigate the rate of maintenance fertiliser P and S that has to be applied to maintain leucaena symbiotic N2 fixation and RUE at a desired level to benefit both forage quality and quantity, and soil fertility; c) study methods of fertiliser placement for adequate and timely supply of nutrients, particularly P, to leucaena roots; and d) confirm the use of Ca concentration in YFEL as a predictor of optimum leaf age for the range of soils and areas where leucaena is grown.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelo_av_me_jabo.pdf: 629434 bytes, checksum: c8c52d678b56187ddb8c2e98eeffc55d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A rotação de culturas em sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) promove vários benefícios ao sistema, pois os resíduos das culturas, ao se decomporem, podem alterar os atributos químicos do solo e, como conseqüência, influenciarem a cultura em sucessão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de culturas de inverno nos atributos químicos do solo, no estado nutricional e na produtividade das culturas de soja, milho e arroz, cultivadas no verão em SSD. O experimento foi realizado no município de Jaboticabal, SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições no esquema em faixas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de quatro seqüências de culturas de verão (monoculturas de milho e de soja e as rotações soja/milho e arroz/feijão/algodão) com sete culturas de inverno (milho, girassol, nabo forrageiro, milheto, guandu, sorgo e crotalária). Após o manejo das culturas de inverno e antes da semeadura das culturas de verão do ano agrícola 2006/2007, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-2,5; 2,5-5,0; 5-10; 10-20 e 20-30 cm. Nas amostras de solo, foram determinados: matéria orgânica (MO), pH, P (resina), K, Ca, Mg, H+Al e calculados CTC e V. Nas culturas de verão, coletaram-se amostras foliares para a determinação das concentrações foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A produtividade das culturas de verão foi avaliada. Foram observados no solo, maiores teores de P após nabo forrageiro e crotalária e menores teores de MO após milho, girassol e guandu no inverno. O SSD apresentou gradientes de fertilidade ao longo do perfil para todos os atributos químicos avaliados... / The crop rotation practice in no-tillage system promotes lots of benefits to the system. The crop residues can change the soil chemical attributes, consequentially influencing the performance of following crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of winter crops on the soil chemical attributes, nutritional state and yield summer crops (soybean, corn and rice) in no-tillage system. A field experiment has been carried out on a eutrophic Red Oxisol at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. A completely randomized block design with three replications was used, in strips. The treatments were the combination of four summer crops sequences (corn and soybean monocultures, rotation soybean/corn and rotation rice/bean/cotton) with seven winter crops (corn, sunflower, oilseed radish, millet, pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp). After the winter crops management and before the summer crops sowing at the crop season 2006/2007, the soil was sampled at 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil depths. Organic matter, pH, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, H+Al were determined, and cation capacity exchange and bases saturation values were calculated in each soil samples. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn uptake were determined in summer crops. Also, the summer crops yield was obtained. In the soil, the oilseed radish and sunn hemp provide the highest P contents and corn, sunflower and pigeon pea provide the lowest organic matter contents. The no-tillage system showed gradient of fertility in the soil profile. The soybean (rotation soybean/corn) showed lower S uptake after corn and sorghum. The soybean (monoculture) showed higher N, P and S uptake after oilseed radish and sunn hemp. In the corn, Zn uptake were lower after oilseed radish. The oilseed radish and sunn hemp provides the highest soybean yield. In the corn, the highest yields were observed after oilseed radish, millet and pigeon pea. The sorghum provides suppressor effect on the rice yield.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_dma_me_ilha.pdf: 304690 bytes, checksum: 0178bdbbeca92dbc4df68c46ef62ade9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desse presente trabalho foi desenvolver um método de recomendação de adubação nitrogenada com as leituras de clorofilômetro, para o campo, avaliando doses crescentes de N, em algodoeiro cv. DeltaOpal. Foi desenvolvido em dois anos, instalados na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa (FEP), no município de Selvíria - MS, pertencente a Faculdade de Engenharia Campus de Ilha Solteira. Utilizando um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, utilizando os fatores modo de aplicação (Única e Parcelada), doses de N em cobertura ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg de N ha-1, para o ano 2004/05) e ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 120 kg de N ha-1, para o ano 2005/6), a fonte de N foi uréia, a aplicação de N nos tratamentos, foram realizadas, de dois modos: única aos 30 d.a.e. com doses totais e os parcelados com metade da dose aplicada aos 30 d.a.e. e o restante aos 45 d.a.e. As leituras SPAD foram efetuadas na 5ª folha da haste principal e em toda a planta (2005/06), para que, no final do estudo houvesse uma recomendação de N, através das leituras. As doses crescentes de N, proporcionaram uma maior altura da planta, e afetaram positivamente os teores foliares de P, K, e para a produtividade somente houve diferença significativa no primeiro ano agrícola onde se aplicou N de forma parcelada. Com relação às leituras SPAD, houve eficiência em determinar o teor de N presente na planta, podendo ser adotado como metodologia ao determinar carência do N na planta. / The objective of this work was to develop a method of nitrogen recommendation by chorophyll readings, in field conditions, using N levels in cotton cv. DeltaOpal. It was developed during two growth seasons, at the Experimental Station of the São Paulo State University/Unesp/Ilha Solteira Campus, at Selvíria - MS. The Trials have used the completely blocks design with four repetitions, using two factors: a- methods of N application (Single or split), N levels in covering (first year: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg of N ha-1 , second year: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 kg of N ha-1). The Nitrogen source was urea applied: a- 30 days after emergency (total amount) and b- 30 and 45 days after emergency (splited). The SPAD readings were realized in the fifth true leaf of the main monopodial branch and in all leaves of this plant. The plant height was affected by the nitrogen levels but the leaf level of P, K, were positively affected. The yield was affected by the nitrogen levels just in the first season. The chorophyll readings showed an useful key to evaluate the nitrogen deficiency in cotton.

Nos últimos anos, o aumento progressivo de áreas cultivadas no sistema plantio direto no Brasil, tem gerado incremento na demanda de informações sobre a variabilidade dos índices de fertilidade do solo utilizados nas recomendações de calagem e adubação. A utilização de adubação fosfatada em linha, pode gerar dois padrões de concentração de fósforo, um na linha e outro na entrelinha, bem como gradiente vertical de fertilidade do solo em sistema de plantio direto, diferenciado do sistema convencional. Deste modo, a amostragem deve ser realizada de modo adequado e representativo à esta situação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes formas de amostragem do solo, em termos de localizações e profundidade e, a disponibilidade de fósforo em função de doses de P2O5 em área total (fosfatagem) e de P2O5 aplicados no sulco, em um solo argiloso na fase de implantação do plantio direto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental pertencente a Fundação MS, localizada no município de Maracajú - MS, utilizando como cultura a soja, com preparo inicial no sistema convencional e os sucessivos em sistema de plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas em esquema fatorial 3x5, utilizando-se de três doses para fosfatagem (0, 100 e 200 kg ha -1 de P2O5) e cinco doses de P2O5 no sulco de plantio (0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha -1 de P2O5), com quatro repetições. Nos anos agrícolas de 2000/2001 e 2001/2002, foram realizados coletas de amostras nas linhas de plantio, nas entrelinhas e tipo mistura (linha e entrelinha na proporção de 1:1), nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 0-20 cm. No ano agrícola de 2001/2002, foi realizada também amostragem em trincheira (de uma entrelinha à outra, com a linha de plantio centralizada na faixa de coleta). O solo foi analisado quimicamente quanto aos teores de fósforo por dois métodos de extração (resina e Mehlich-1), matéria orgânica, potássio, pH, saturação por bases, CTC e soma de bases. Foram também analisados a produção de soja e os teores de fósforo na planta. Verificou-se que amostragem do solo realizadas nas linhas e amostragem do tipo mistura (linhas e entrelinha) apresentaram maiores teores de fósforo no solo, sendo mais eficientes na quantificação dos teores de fósforo no solo em função da aplicação das doses em fosfatagem e no sulco de plantio. Com a aplicação de P2O5 em área total e em sulco de plantio, os teores de fósforo no solo, principalmente nas profundidades de 0-10 cm e 0-20cm, aumentaram de forma linear. Os teores de fósforo no solo, extraídos pela resina trocadora de íons, em amostras coletadas nas linhas de plantio e as tipo mistura, nas profundidades 0-10 e 0-20 cm, apresentaram melhor correlação (positiva e significativa) com os teores de fósforo na planta, obtidos pela técnica da diagnose foliar, e com a produção de grãos de soja, em relação ao método de extração Mehlich-1. / In the latest years the increase in areas cultivated under the no-tillage system in Brazil has generated an increment in the demand for information related to the variability in the soil fertility attributes used as parameters for recommendations of fertilizers and lime. The localized phosphate fertilization, can create two standards of phosphorus concentration, one in the line and another in the space between lines, as well as a vertical gradient of soil fertility, used in the no tillage system, which differs from the tillage system. The soil sampling must be carried out in a representative way to really predict the soil fertility under the no tillage system. The present work had the objective to evaluate different forms of soil sampling, in terms of localization and depth, to correctly predict the phosphorus availability as a function of phosphorus levels applied broadcast and in row, in the implantation of the no-tillage system. The work was developed at the experimental station of Fundação MS, located in the city of Maracajú/MS, using soybean as the testing crop, with initial preparation in the tillage system followed by the no-tillage system. The experimental design was of a split-plot in a factorial 3x5, using three levels of phosphorus applied broadcast (0, 100 and 200 kg ha -1 of P2O5) and 5 levels of phosphorus applied in the row (0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha -1 of P2O5), with four repetitions. In the agricultural years of 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, samples were collected in row, inter row and the mixture of the two (row and inter row in the ratio of 1:1), in the depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 0-20 cm. In the agricultural year of 2001/2002, samples were also collected from the middle of one row to the other. The phosphorus by two extraction methods, resin and Mehlich-1, organic matter, potassium, pH, base saturation, ECC (exchange cationic capacity) and base sum, were determined in the soil samples. Also the soybean yield and the phosphorus concentration in the plant were determined. It was verified that sampling the soil in the row and by mixing presented higher contents of phosphorus in the soil, being more efficient in the quantification of the content of phosphorus in the soil as a function of the application rates applied broadcast and in row. With the application of phosphorus levels broadcast and in row, the content of phosphorus in the soil, mainly in the depths of 0-10 and 0-20cm, increased in a linear form. The relations between the phosphorus concentration in the soil with phosphorus concentration in the plant or yield of soybean were better with the resin extractor, as compared to the Mehlich 1, and when soil samples were collected from 0-10 and 0-20 cm in the row or by mixing samples from the row and inter row.

Orientador: Jose Eduardo Cora / Banca: Maria Cristina Pessoa da Cruz / Banca: Carolina Fernandes / Resumo: A rotação de culturas em sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) promove vários benefícios ao sistema, pois os resíduos das culturas, ao se decomporem, podem alterar os atributos químicos do solo e, como conseqüência, influenciarem a cultura em sucessão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de culturas de inverno nos atributos químicos do solo, no estado nutricional e na produtividade das culturas de soja, milho e arroz, cultivadas no verão em SSD. O experimento foi realizado no município de Jaboticabal, SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições no esquema em faixas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de quatro seqüências de culturas de verão (monoculturas de milho e de soja e as rotações soja/milho e arroz/feijão/algodão) com sete culturas de inverno (milho, girassol, nabo forrageiro, milheto, guandu, sorgo e crotalária). Após o manejo das culturas de inverno e antes da semeadura das culturas de verão do ano agrícola 2006/2007, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-2,5; 2,5-5,0; 5-10; 10-20 e 20-30 cm. Nas amostras de solo, foram determinados: matéria orgânica (MO), pH, P (resina), K, Ca, Mg, H+Al e calculados CTC e V. Nas culturas de verão, coletaram-se amostras foliares para a determinação das concentrações foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A produtividade das culturas de verão foi avaliada. Foram observados no solo, maiores teores de P após nabo forrageiro e crotalária e menores teores de MO após milho, girassol e guandu no inverno. O SSD apresentou gradientes de fertilidade ao longo do perfil para todos os atributos químicos avaliados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The crop rotation practice in no-tillage system promotes lots of benefits to the system. The crop residues can change the soil chemical attributes, consequentially influencing the performance of following crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of winter crops on the soil chemical attributes, nutritional state and yield summer crops (soybean, corn and rice) in no-tillage system. A field experiment has been carried out on a eutrophic Red Oxisol at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. A completely randomized block design with three replications was used, in strips. The treatments were the combination of four summer crops sequences (corn and soybean monocultures, rotation soybean/corn and rotation rice/bean/cotton) with seven winter crops (corn, sunflower, oilseed radish, millet, pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp). After the winter crops management and before the summer crops sowing at the crop season 2006/2007, the soil was sampled at 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil depths. Organic matter, pH, P, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, H+Al were determined, and cation capacity exchange and bases saturation values were calculated in each soil samples. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn uptake were determined in summer crops. Also, the summer crops yield was obtained. In the soil, the oilseed radish and sunn hemp provide the highest P contents and corn, sunflower and pigeon pea provide the lowest organic matter contents. The no-tillage system showed gradient of fertility in the soil profile. The soybean (rotation soybean/corn) showed lower S uptake after corn and sorghum. The soybean (monoculture) showed higher N, P and S uptake after oilseed radish and sunn hemp. In the corn, Zn uptake were lower after oilseed radish. The oilseed radish and sunn hemp provides the highest soybean yield. In the corn, the highest yields were observed after oilseed radish, millet and pigeon pea. The sorghum provides suppressor effect on the rice yield. / Mestre

Orientador: Enes Furlani Junior / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Luiz Henrique Carvalho / Resumo: O objetivo desse presente trabalho foi desenvolver um método de recomendação de adubação nitrogenada com as leituras de clorofilômetro, para o campo, avaliando doses crescentes de N, em algodoeiro cv. DeltaOpal. Foi desenvolvido em dois anos, instalados na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa (FEP), no município de Selvíria - MS, pertencente a Faculdade de Engenharia Campus de Ilha Solteira. Utilizando um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, utilizando os fatores modo de aplicação (Única e Parcelada), doses de N em cobertura ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg de N ha-1, para o ano 2004/05) e ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 120 kg de N ha-1, para o ano 2005/6), a fonte de N foi uréia, a aplicação de N nos tratamentos, foram realizadas, de dois modos: única aos 30 d.a.e. com doses totais e os parcelados com metade da dose aplicada aos 30 d.a.e. e o restante aos 45 d.a.e. As leituras SPAD foram efetuadas na 5ª folha da haste principal e em toda a planta (2005/06), para que, no final do estudo houvesse uma recomendação de N, através das leituras. As doses crescentes de N, proporcionaram uma maior altura da planta, e afetaram positivamente os teores foliares de P, K, e para a produtividade somente houve diferença significativa no primeiro ano agrícola onde se aplicou N de forma parcelada. Com relação às leituras SPAD, houve eficiência em determinar o teor de N presente na planta, podendo ser adotado como metodologia ao determinar carência do N na planta. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a method of nitrogen recommendation by chorophyll readings, in field conditions, using N levels in cotton cv. DeltaOpal. It was developed during two growth seasons, at the Experimental Station of the São Paulo State University/Unesp/Ilha Solteira Campus, at Selvíria - MS. The Trials have used the completely blocks design with four repetitions, using two factors: a- methods of N application (Single or split), N levels in covering (first year: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg of N ha-1 , second year: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 kg of N ha-1). The Nitrogen source was urea applied: a- 30 days after emergency (total amount) and b- 30 and 45 days after emergency (splited). The SPAD readings were realized in the fifth true leaf of the main monopodial branch and in all leaves of this plant. The plant height was affected by the nitrogen levels but the leaf level of P, K, were positively affected. The yield was affected by the nitrogen levels just in the first season. The chorophyll readings showed an useful key to evaluate the nitrogen deficiency in cotton. / Mestre

Nos últimos anos, o aumento progressivo de áreas cultivadas no sistema plantio direto no Brasil, tem gerado incremento na demanda de informações sobre a variabilidade dos índices de fertilidade do solo utilizados nas recomendações de calagem e adubação. A utilização de adubação fosfatada em linha, pode gerar dois padrões de concentração de fósforo, um na linha e outro na entrelinha, bem como gradiente vertical de fertilidade do solo em sistema de plantio direto, diferenciado do sistema convencional. Deste modo, a amostragem deve ser realizada de modo adequado e representativo à esta situação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes formas de amostragem do solo, em termos de localizações e profundidade e, a disponibilidade de fósforo em função de doses de P2O5 em área total (fosfatagem) e de P2O5 aplicados no sulco, em um solo argiloso na fase de implantação do plantio direto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em área experimental pertencente a Fundação MS, localizada no município de Maracajú – MS, utilizando como cultura a soja, com preparo inicial no sistema convencional e os sucessivos em sistema de plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas em esquema fatorial 3x5, utilizando-se de três doses para fosfatagem (0, 100 e 200 kg ha -1 de P2O5) e cinco doses de P2O5 no sulco de plantio (0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha -1 de P2O5), com quatro repetições. Nos anos agrícolas de 2000/2001 e 2001/2002, foram realizados coletas de amostras nas linhas de plantio, nas entrelinhas e tipo mistura (linha e entrelinha na proporção de 1:1), nas profundidades de 0–10, 10–20 e 0–20 cm. No ano agrícola de 2001/2002, foi realizada também amostragem em trincheira (de uma entrelinha à outra, com a linha de plantio centralizada na faixa de coleta). O solo foi analisado quimicamente quanto aos teores de fósforo por dois métodos de extração (resina e Mehlich-1), matéria orgânica, potássio, pH, saturação por bases, CTC e soma de bases. Foram também analisados a produção de soja e os teores de fósforo na planta. Verificou-se que amostragem do solo realizadas nas linhas e amostragem do tipo mistura (linhas e entrelinha) apresentaram maiores teores de fósforo no solo, sendo mais eficientes na quantificação dos teores de fósforo no solo em função da aplicação das doses em fosfatagem e no sulco de plantio. Com a aplicação de P2O5 em área total e em sulco de plantio, os teores de fósforo no solo, principalmente nas profundidades de 0-10 cm e 0-20cm, aumentaram de forma linear. Os teores de fósforo no solo, extraídos pela resina trocadora de íons, em amostras coletadas nas linhas de plantio e as tipo mistura, nas profundidades 0-10 e 0-20 cm, apresentaram melhor correlação (positiva e significativa) com os teores de fósforo na planta, obtidos pela técnica da diagnose foliar, e com a produção de grãos de soja, em relação ao método de extração Mehlich-1. / In the latest years the increase in areas cultivated under the no-tillage system in Brazil has generated an increment in the demand for information related to the variability in the soil fertility attributes used as parameters for recommendations of fertilizers and lime. The localized phosphate fertilization, can create two standards of phosphorus concentration, one in the line and another in the space between lines, as well as a vertical gradient of soil fertility, used in the no tillage system, which differs from the tillage system. The soil sampling must be carried out in a representative way to really predict the soil fertility under the no tillage system. The present work had the objective to evaluate different forms of soil sampling, in terms of localization and depth, to correctly predict the phosphorus availability as a function of phosphorus levels applied broadcast and in row, in the implantation of the no-tillage system. The work was developed at the experimental station of Fundação MS, located in the city of Maracajú/MS, using soybean as the testing crop, with initial preparation in the tillage system followed by the no-tillage system. The experimental design was of a split-plot in a factorial 3x5, using three levels of phosphorus applied broadcast (0, 100 and 200 kg ha -1 of P2O5) and 5 levels of phosphorus applied in the row (0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha -1 of P2O5), with four repetitions. In the agricultural years of 2000/2001 and 2001/2002, samples were collected in row, inter row and the mixture of the two (row and inter row in the ratio of 1:1), in the depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 0-20 cm. In the agricultural year of 2001/2002, samples were also collected from the middle of one row to the other. The phosphorus by two extraction methods, resin and Mehlich-1, organic matter, potassium, pH, base saturation, ECC (exchange cationic capacity) and base sum, were determined in the soil samples. Also the soybean yield and the phosphorus concentration in the plant were determined. It was verified that sampling the soil in the row and by mixing presented higher contents of phosphorus in the soil, being more efficient in the quantification of the content of phosphorus in the soil as a function of the application rates applied broadcast and in row. With the application of phosphorus levels broadcast and in row, the content of phosphorus in the soil, mainly in the depths of 0-10 and 0-20cm, increased in a linear form. The relations between the phosphorus concentration in the soil with phosphorus concentration in the plant or yield of soybean were better with the resin extractor, as compared to the Mehlich 1, and when soil samples were collected from 0-10 and 0-20 cm in the row or by mixing samples from the row and inter row.