Abstract of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1911. / From: University of Wisconsin. Abstracts of theses, vol. 1 (1917).

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L'utilisation de l'éclaircie commerciale (EC) permet de réduire la densité des arbres de façon à atténuer la compétition pour les ressources et à favoriser, par la suite, la croissance des arbres résiduels. Dans ce cadre, cette étude vise à mettre en évidence l'effet de différentes modalités de l'éclaircie commerciale sur une espèce indigène et largement répandue au Québec, l'épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). L'objectif de ce présent manuscrit est de comparer la productivité des éclaircies commerciales hâtives et tardives appliquées selon trois modes d'application (par le haut, par le bas et neutre) et deux intensités de prélèvement (20 ou 33 % de la surface terrière initiale) dans une plantation d'épinette blanche. Pour y arriver, nous avons utilisé les données d'inventaires d'une expérience sylvicole qui a été établie en 2007 par la Direction de la recherche forestière (DRF) du ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) du Québec dans une plantation d'épinette blanche mise en terre en 1987 au nord-ouest de Rivière-à-Pierre. Le dispositif est composé de 65 placettes représentant 5 répétitions complètement aléatoires de 13 traitements d'éclaircie commerciale. Les mesures dendrométriques récoltées de 2007 à 2017 ont été complétées par des mesures de hauteur et de longueur de cime en 2021. Les données ont fait l'objet d'une analyse statistique en utilisant des modèles linéaires mixtes. Les résultats montrent qu'à l'échelle de la placette, les modalités appliquées ne diffèrent pas significativement entre elles en termes d'accroissement en volume marchand des peuplements. En effet, le taux de mortalité et l'accroissement en volume étaient similaires entre les placettes éclaircies et non éclaircies. À l'échelle de l'arbre, l'éclaircie a permis de réduire la compétition, surtout pour les petits arbres. Ceci a permis d'augmenter l'efficacité de la croissance et l'accroissement en volume marchand des petits arbres. Finalement, bien que l'épinette blanche ait réagi positivement aux traitements d'éclaircie commerciale, il n'a pas été possible d'identifier la meilleure modalité à appliquer. / Commercial thinning (CT) reduces tree density such that competition for resources between trees is reduced, which generally promotes the growth of residual trees. This study aims to compare the effect of different modalities of commercial thinning applied to a white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) plantation, a species that is widespread and common in Canada. The main purpose of this document is to compare the productivity of early and late commercial thinning applied according to three modes of application (high, low and neutral) and two intensities (20 or 33% of the initial basal area) in a white spruce plantation. The experimental design of this silvicultural experiment was established in 2007 by the Direction de la recherche forestière (DRF) of the Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) of Quebec, in a white spruce plantation established in 1987 at about 100 km northwest of Quebec City. The experimental design is composed of 65 circular plots within which 13 commercial thinning treatments were randomly applied 5 times. Usual inventory measurements were taken in these plots at 5-year intervals from 2007 to 2017 while we measured tree height and crown length in 2021. Mixed linear models revealed that at the plot level, tree mortality and volume growth rates were statistically equal among all treatments. At the tree level, the competition between trees was particularly reduced for small trees by the thinning treatments, which led to increases in their growth efficiency and merchantable volume. However, because of similar responses between treatments, we were unable to determine the thinning treatment that maximizes tree growth volume.

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Eucalyptus pellita is a commercially important plantation hardwood species for the humid tropics of north Queensland. This species is favoured by both small-scale growers for use in mixed species woodlots targeting low-volume high-value sawn timber, and also by industrial forest companies growing monocultures for integrated pulp – sawn timber regimes. This study investigated whether mixed-species designs can increase the growth of this tropical eucalypt when compared to monocultures.A replacement series experiment with monocultures of Eucalyptus pellita (E) and Acacia peregrina (A) and mixtures in various proportions (75E:25A, 50E:50A, 25E:75A) was used to examine questions about growth and productivity. The trial was located on the Atherton Tablelands of north Queensland, Australia. High mortality in the establishment phase due to repeated damage by tropical cyclones altered the trial design. Effects of experimental designs on tree growth were estimated using a linear mixed effects model with restricted maximum likelihood analysis (REML). Volume growth of individual eucalypt trees were positively affected by the presence of acacia trees at age five years and this effect generally increased with time up to age 10 years. However, the stand volume and basal area increased with increasing proportions of E. pellita, due to its larger individual tree size. Conventional analysis did not offer convincing support for mixed-species designs. Preliminary individual-based modelling using a modified Hegyi competition index offered a solution and an equation that indicates acacias have positive ecological interactions (facilitation or competitive reduction), and definitely do not cause competition like E. pellita. These results suggest that significantly increased growth rates could be achieved with mixed-species designs over E. pellita monocultures. This statistical methodology could enable a better 4 understanding of species interactions in similarly altered experiments, or undesigned mixed-species plantations.The effects of trees on soils are highly variable and highly site and species specific. That trees can change soil chemistry over time is well established. The soil chemical properties under the eucalypt: acacia experiment were compared to several potential baseline data sources: the reference description of this soil type; those measured at 7 months after planting; and with those of soils under two adjacent vegetation types (forest and pasture) when the experiment was aged 9 years. At 9 years after planting soil total nitrogen increased with increasing proportion of acacias in the treatment. The mean total N under the acacia monoculture was significantly higher (P = 0.041) than that of either the eucalypt monoculture, or the surrounding pasture. The proportion of acacia in the treatment was positively linearly correlated with soil total N (r2 = 0.46; P = 0.018). Soils under the eucalypt monocultures were more similar to those under pasture for a range of soil chemical properties, compared with soils under treatments containing acacias. Results from this site show that the two species alter the soil chemistry in different ways. It is possible that the increased total N under the acacias could be facilitating the growth of the E. pellita, however without n-fixation analysis or tissue sampling it is not possible to confirm that the eucalypt is using the N. Similar cause and effect (or ‘supply and use’) questions also remain for soil pH and available phosphorus changes with increasing acacia in treatment. This study also demonstrates the difficulty in monitoring changes in soil properties over long cycles of forest plantations.The photosynthetic response to light was assessed in the stratified canopy of the mixed species field trial of the eucalypt: acacia experiment, and among commonly planted taxa of E. pellita in glasshouse pot trials. In the field trial photosynthetic capacity of fully5 expanded sun and shade leaves of both species was measured. E. pellita has a wide natural distribution with considerable variation in morphology and growth within the species, with several provenances commonly planted in north Queensland. Photosynthetic capacity and leaf nutrient content of three of these taxa (two from northern occurrences and one from southern occurrences of E. pellita) were measured on two occasions in glasshouse pot trials. A non rectangular hyperbolic function was used to describe the light response curves, and analysis of variance was used to determine differences in the biologically relevant curve parameters between treatments. In the field trial sun and shade leaves of E. pellita produced similar light saturated photosynthetic rates, and experienced little competition for light from the acacia crowns. In contrast there was significant variation in the photosynthetic response between acacia sun and shade leaves. In the glasshouse trials, differences in leaf and petiole morphology were observed, which were coupled with differences in leaf nutrient content and highly significant variation in light saturated photosynthetic rate between the three taxa. This study characterised the light response of E. pellita and suggests that differences in physiological responses to resource availability should be expected among taxa within this species, which may be important for forest productivity models which endeavour to predict tree growth and resource use.An empirical model of growth of E. pellita from a designed monocultures vs. mixedspecies experiment has been used to explore system behaviour rather than predict production of this species from specific forests. This approach has allowed examination of the effect of plantation design on competition, soil nutrient pool change with time and physiological responses to light; leading to a greater understanding of why mixtures can lead to greater productivity than monocultures.

In Canada, willow (Salix spp.) short rotation intensive cultures (SRIC) have been established to investigate their potential to produce biomass for bioenergy. Since root-associated fungal communities are involved in plant nutrition and disease susceptibility, it is relevant to understand their interactions with willows and their role on the sustainability of SRIC. In this project traditional methods together with molecular techniques were used to: i) assess the diversity of fungal communities in roots of willows and their relationship with major characteristics of SRIC ii) evaluate the effects on plant development of potentially beneficial and pathogenic fungi, and iii) identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species and their interaction with promising Salix clones. Potentially pathogenic fungi were more dominant in diseased and recently planted cuttings than in healthy older ones. This suggested the occurrence of a positive shift prompted by the establishment of the cuttings on the site. Gibberella/Fusarium sp. and Neonectria sp. were the most dominant taxa particularly in diseased plants. Under greenhouse conditions the inoculation with potentially beneficial and potentially pathogenic fungi induced significant differences in root biomass but not in overall aerial biomass production. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was successfully standardized and used to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species associated with different clones. The results indicated a degree of specificity between AMF species and plant genotype. Root-associated fungal communities appear to be useful to monitor the impacts of SRIC on soil ecology and their study may enlighten effective ways to increase the productivity of these biomass systems.

In Canada, willow (Salix spp.) short rotation intensive cultures (SRIC) have been established to investigate their potential to produce biomass for bioenergy. Since root-associated fungal communities are involved in plant nutrition and disease susceptibility, it is relevant to understand their interactions with willows and their role on the sustainability of SRIC. In this project traditional methods together with molecular techniques were used to: i) assess the diversity of fungal communities in roots of willows and their relationship with major characteristics of SRIC ii) evaluate the effects on plant development of potentially beneficial and pathogenic fungi, and iii) identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species and their interaction with promising Salix clones. Potentially pathogenic fungi were more dominant in diseased and recently planted cuttings than in healthy older ones. This suggested the occurrence of a positive shift prompted by the establishment of the cuttings on the site. Gibberella/Fusarium sp. and Neonectria sp. were the most dominant taxa particularly in diseased plants. Under greenhouse conditions the inoculation with potentially beneficial and potentially pathogenic fungi induced significant differences in root biomass but not in overall aerial biomass production. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was successfully standardized and used to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species associated with different clones. The results indicated a degree of specificity between AMF species and plant genotype. Root-associated fungal communities appear to be useful to monitor the impacts of SRIC on soil ecology and their study may enlighten effective ways to increase the productivity of these biomass systems.

Reproduction de : Thèse doctorat : Géographie : Reims : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 151 réf. Index.

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