Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in History. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-254). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNR11624

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Antropol. sociale--Paris--EHESS, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 243-255. Notes bibliogr. Glossaire.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-203).

Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study sought to determine the possible socio-economic impacts of the phasing out of nearly 22 500 ha of plantations within the Southern and Western Cape regions of South Africa as a result of a decision made by Government in September 2000. None of the previous studies undertaken focussed on the socio-economic impacts within the specific regions and plantations, but were based on wider environmental and economic considerations. Data was collected in 2007 from three plantations managed by Mountain to Ocean Forestry (MTO) (PTY) LTD: one located in Grabouw (Western Cape) and two in George (Southern Cape), among three different plantation stakeholder groups. These three groups were: (i) Forest Dependent Communities, (ii) Stakeholders among the forestry value chain and (iii) Indirect stakeholders. Within the first group, a total of 70 persons representing households were interviewed. A total of 26 primary and secondary processing company respondents were interviewed. Information on all of the indirect stakeholder groups was gathered, either through interviews with the stakeholders or from data received from MTO. This study indicated that there are significant differences between the potential impacts within the Southern Cape and Western Cape regions. The data collected showed that among communities within the Western Cape, the dependency on the plantations in terms of employment, income and fuelwood is low. This is in stark contrast to the communities within the Southern Cape, who are dependent on the plantations for their employment and income, and as a result will be affected greatly by the phasing out process. Company respondents in the Western Cape were less concerned than their Southern Cape counterparts about the future decrease in timber supply and indicated that they will source timber from elsewhere, whereas companies within the Southern Cape indicated that they would likely have to shut down. The dependency of indirect stakeholders on the plantations to be phased out, and the resulting impact was found to be minimal. The study concluded with an evaluation of an existing nine step plan for the implementation of social and economic actions within natural resource planning. Three main aspects were identified that need to be addressed namely: (i) To increase public awareness and participation among communities and companies to be impacted on by the phasing out process, (ii) Provide necessary training and thus increased skills level of workers who face unemployment; and (iii) The identification of alternative employment opportunities for the unemployed affected by the phasing out process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die potensiële sosio-ekonomiese impak van die uitfasering van plantasies in die Suid- en Wes-Kaap gebiede van Suid-Afrika ondersoek. Die besluit om 22 500 ha plantasies uit te faseer is in September 2000 deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering geneem. Geen vorige studies wat onderneem is het gefokus op die moontlike sosio-ekonomiese impakte in die spesifieke gebiede en plantasies nie, maar was gebaseer op groter omgewings- en ekonomiese oorwegings. Data insameling het in 2007 geskied in drie Mountain to Ocean Forestry (MTO) plantasies: een geleë in Grabouw (Wes-Kaap) en twee in George (Suid-Kaap), en onder drie verskillende plantasie belangegroepe. Hierdie drie groepe was (i) Gemeenskappe afhanklik van plantasies; (ii) Belangegroepe in die Bosbou-waardeketting en; (iii) Indirekte belangegroepe. ‘n Totaal van 70 huishoudings in die eerste groep is ondervra, en 26 primêre en sekondêre verwerkingsmaatskappye in die tweede groep is ondervra. Inligting oor al die indirekte belangegroepe is ingesamel, hetsy deur middel van onderhoude of deur data wat van MTO ontvang is. Die studie het aangedui dat daar betekenisvolle verskille tussen die potensiële impakte binne die Suid-Kaap en Wes-Kaap streke bestaan. Die versamelde data het getoon dat die afhanklikheid van gemeenskappe in die Wes-Kaap op die plantasies in terme van werk, inkomste en brandhout laag is. Dit is in skrille kontras met die gemeenskappe in die Suid-Kaap, wat afhanklik is van die plantasies vir hul werk en inkomste, en as gevolg daarvan grootliks geraak sal word deur die uitfasering proses. Maatskappy respondente in die Wes-Kaap was minder bekommerd as hulle eweknieë in die Suid- Kaap oor die toekomstige afname in die saaghoutvoorraad en het aangedui dat hulle saaghout van elders sal bekom, terwyl maatskappy respondente in die Suid-Kaap aangedui het dat hulle waarskynlik hul deure sal moet sluit. Die afhanklikheid van indirekte belanghebbendes op die plantasies wat uitgefaseer word, en die gevolglike impak blyk minimaal te wees. Die studie is afgesluit met 'n evaluering van ‘n bestaande nege stap plan vir die implementering van maatskaplike en ekonomiese kwessies in natuurlike hulpbron beplanning. Die drie belangrikste aspekte is geïdentifiseer wat aangespreek moet word naamlik: (i) Die verhoging van openbare bewustheid van en deelname tussen gemeenskappe en maatskappye wat deur die uitfasering proses geraak sal word, (ii) Die verskaffing van nodige opleiding en dus die verhoging van die vaardighede van werkers wat werkloosheid in die gesig staan; en (iii) Die identifisering van alternatiewe werksgeleenthede vir die werkloses wat deur die uitfasering proses geraak sal word.

Submitted by Isaac Francisco de Souza Dias (isaac.souzadias@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-07T16:55:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese - José Marcelo - Arquitetura espacial da plantation (20.pdf: 6978088 bytes, checksum: 9b238c432371e84f8ffbc42bf42dc989 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T16:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese - José Marcelo - Arquitetura espacial da plantation (20.pdf: 6978088 bytes, checksum: 9b238c432371e84f8ffbc42bf42dc989 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CAPES / O objetivo central dessa tese é defender que para compreender a plantation açucareira no Nordeste do Brasil em sua totalidade é necessário ir além de sua dimensão puramente física e institucional. Para tanto, um dos principais argumentos é de que a plantation não pode ser definida senão em relação a seu modo de existir; aos mecanismos e meios que regulavam sua espacialidade, sua operacionalidade em relação as suas formas e funções. Em termos mais objetivos e específicos, este estudo defende que a plantation constituía um complexo espaço de liberdade contingente, onde o secular domínio territorial dos engenhos arquitetou uma sociedade violenta e desigual. Que violência, exploração ilegal do trabalho, fome e miséria eram todos traços permanentes de sua feição isso não é mais novidade. O propósito aqui, no entanto, é mostrar como essas características não apenas se relacionavam no espaço, mas dele eram parte integrante. Baseado numa análise que cruza elementos cartográficos com fontes coletadas em diversos arquivos [Arquivo do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho (TRT); Delegacia Regional do Trabalho (DRT); Federação dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura do Estado de Pernambuco (FETAPE); Hospital Barão de Lucena (HBL); Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem (DER); Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (FUNDAJ); Agência Estadual de Planejamento e Pesquisas de Pernambuco (CONDEPE/FIDEM); Superintendência para o Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE)]; Arquivo Histórico do Exército (AHEX); Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (ANRJ)], e considerando as interações entre história e geografia, este estudo argumenta que na arquitetura espacial da plantation tempo e espaço interagiam num só sistema de relações que constituía o próprio movimento de sua história. / The main objective of this thesis is to argue that to understand the sugar plantation in northeastern Brazil in its entirety is necessary to go beyond its purely physical and institutional dimension. Therefore, one of the main arguments is that the plantation can only be defined taking into account their way of existing; their mechanisms and means used to regulate their spatiality, their operability in relation to their forms and functions. In more objective terms, this study argues that the plantation was a complex area of contingent freedom, where the secular territorial domination of sugar mills used to construct a violent and unequal society. It is no more news to say that violence, illegal labor exploitation, hunger and misery were all permanent features of the plantation. My purpose, however, is to show how these features are related in space and how they were a part of it. Based on an analysis that crosses cartographic elements with collected sources in several files [Tribunal Regional do Trabalho (TRT); Delegacia Regional do Trabalho (DRT); Federação dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura do Estado de Pernambuco (FETAPE); Hospital Barão de Lucena (HBL); Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem (DER); Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (FUNDAJ); Agência Estadual de Planejamento e Pesquisas de Pernambuco (CONDEPE/FIDEM); Superintendência para o Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE)]; Arquivo Histórico do Exército (AHEX); Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (ANRJ)], and taking into account the interactions between history and geography, this study argues that in the spatial architecture of plantation time and space interacted in a only system of relationships.

The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is one of the most serious invasive pests of Pinus plantations in the southern hemisphere. Extensive control programs have been developed to manage this pest, of which biological control has been a major component. This thesis examined the factors that could influence the control of S. noctilio in South Africa. A critical comparison of S. noctilio infestations and control efforts throughout the southern hemisphere revealed that control has not been uniformly effective, and local adaptation of control strategies is likely required as S. noctilio moves to new areas. The parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola is considered the primary biological control agent of S. noctilio. This nematode also feeds on the fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, Amylostereum areolatum. Possible factors influencing the success of this nematode in the summer rainfall areas of South Africa were examined. Data from a field trial revealed that moisture content of the wood influences inoculation success and this is influenced by the time of inoculation and the section of the tree inoculated. Laboratory-based assays revealed that incompatibility between the strain of A. areolatum and D. siricidicola was unlikely to be the cause of low inoculation success with the nematode, but that artificial inoculations could be affected by competition of A. areolatum with sapstain fungi. The parasitic wasp Ibalia leucospoides is another biological agent for S. noctilio. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data reflected the extensive introduction of I. leucospoides into the southern hemisphere, followed by genetic bottlenecks that fixed only a few haplotypes in the introduced populations. Promoting awareness of S. noctilio in the forestry community has also been an important component of the control strategy. Data from a survey questionnaire showed that the awareness campaign had been generally successful, but the lack of basic knowledge to identify S. noctilio and its symptoms and the poor reach of the awareness media to some sectors of the forestry community, was of concern. This thesis has contributed towards understanding the factors that influence the control of S. noctilio in South Africa, with relevance to other regions where S. noctilio has been introduced. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / Unrestricted

In Chile’s neoliberal economy, large-scale timber plantations controlled by national and multinational forest corporations have expanded significantly on traditional indigenous territories. Chile’s forestry sector began to expand rapidly in 1974, the year following the military coup, owing to the privatization of forest lands and the passing of Decree 701. That law continues to provide large subsidies for afforestation, as well as tax exemptions for plantations established after 1974. As a consequence, conflicts have developed between indigenous communities and forestry companies, with the latter actively supported by government policies. The Mapuche people, the largest indigenous group in Chile, have been demanding the right to control their own resources. Meanwhile, they have been bearing the physical and social costs of the forestry sector’s growth. Since democracy returned to Chile in 1990, governments have done little to strengthen the rights of indigenous peoples. Government policy in this area is ill-defined; it consists mainly of occasional land restitution and monetary compensation when conflicts with the Mapuche threaten to overheat. This, however, is coupled with heavy-handed actions by the police and the legal system against Mapuche individuals and groups. From a political ecology perspective, this thesis examines how indigenous communities resort to various political strategies to accommodate, resist, and/or negotiate as political-economic processes change, and how these responses in turn shape natural resource management and, it follows, the local environment. My findings are that the environmental and social impacts associated with landscape transformation are shaped not only by structural changes brought about by economic and political forces but also, simultaneously, by smaller acts of political, cultural, and symbolic protest. Emerging forms of political agency are having expected and unexpected consequences that are giving rise to new processes of environmental change. Evidence for my argument is provided by a case study that focuses on the political strategies followed by the Mapuche movement. I analyze the obstacles that are preventing the Chilean government from addressing more effectively the social, economic, and cultural needs of indigenous peoples through resource management policies. Government policies toward the Mapuche have not encompassed various approaches that might facilitate conflict resolution, such as effective participation in land use plans, natural resource management, the protection of the cultural rights of indigenous communities, and the Mapuche people’s right to their own approaches to development. Employing Foucault’s notion of governmentality, I argue that, while the Mapuche have widely contested the state’s neoliberal policies, they have nevertheless been drawn into governing strategies that are fundamentally neoliberal in character. These strategies have reconfigured their relationship with the state, NGOs, and foreign aid donors. Operating at both formal and informal levels of social and political interaction, this new mentality of government employs coercive and co-optive measures to cultivate Mapuche participation in the neoliberal modernization project, while continuing to neglect long-standing relations of inequality and injustice that underpin conflicts over land and resources. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Forest plantations make up a large percentage of managed forest land globally. Assessing plantation productivity is vital from both commodity production and carbon management standpoints. Measuring the productivity of these areas is essential given their rapid growth and turnover. Transparent metrics to compare reported carbon storage with estimated values are required for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. Data from the Global Ecosystems Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) provide an excellent opportunity to measure plantation forests over large areas. We focused our efforts on Eucalyptus in southern Brazil and used data from an industrial partner to investigate plantation metrics (height, diameter, volume, stems per hectare, etc.) and to create a model of plantation diameter using Support Vector Regression (SVR). SVR enabled a robust model of tree diameter even given the heteroskedasticity and spatial auto correlation present in the GEDI data, which deleteriously impacted attempts at linear modeling. We could predict tree diameter in these plantations to within 1 cm using space-borne lidar, with broad implications for using space-borne lidars to monitor carbon accretion in secondary forest plantation. / Master of Science / Forest management practices have shifted in some cases to very crop-like forest plantings. These areas are functionally different from a 'natural' forest. Understanding the structure of these areas in a rapid and consistent manner is important to quantify the amount of carbon stored within these forests for international climate agreements such as the Paris Agreement. This effort focuses upon Eucalyptus forests in Southern Brazil. Using measurements from a lidar instrument (a lidar system fires a laser beam from space to the ground, recording the 'deflection' of the laser beam and the amount of time it takes to return to the sensor to measure features on the ground) we were able to measure the diameter of the trees to within a centimeter in these forests.

Notre travail de recherche étudie l'organisation et le fonctionnement du système foncier comorien en prenant en compte les périodes précoloniale, coloniale et post-coloniale. Ce système incarne bien le reflet de la juxtaposition des structures traditionnelles et coloniales. Il a surtout subi, dans ses modes d'acquisition le poids des trois types bien distincts de droits (coutumier, musulman et colonial). Le choix de cette période, nous a permis d'effectuer une recherche sur la situation des dysfonctionnements de ce système à la veille, pendant la colonisation française et jusqu'à l'après accession du pays à la souveraineté internationale en 1975. Notre approche méthodologique consiste à présenter ; d'abord, de plus près et d'une manière exhaustive, les permanences, les mutations et les défis des modes d'acquisition (succession, donation, contrat de vente ou d'échange, accession, prescription...). Elle analyse, en même temps, les caractéristiques générales et spécifiques de l'environnement socioculturel sur l'organisation foncière de l'Archipel des Comores. Elle présente, enfin, les éventualités et les approches des politiques agraires qui doivent favoriser la mise en place des instruments juridiques d'une véritable politique de sécurisation des propriétés et domaines en maintenant l'équilibre d'un environnement écologique approprié et un développement durable et humain. / This purpose of this research is to attempt to study how the Comorian land ownership system as regards its organization functioning during the pre-colonial, colonial and post colonial period. This system actually reflects the side by side existence of both traditional and colonial structures. It has however undergone deep changes with three different types of ownership, the customary, the Islamic and the colonial modes of property acquisition. The choice of this time frame is deliberate since it has enabled us to analyze the weakness of the system before, during colonial period and up to the independence in 1975. This study will first look closely and exhaustively at the permanent mode property acquisition continuous changes and challenges related to the mode of property acquisition such as inheritance, donation, sale contract, exchange, accession and prescription. At the same time, it will examine the general and specific features of the socio cultural context. Finally it will present the possibilities and land policies leading to a written document for regulation estate and land while keeping a balanced ecological environment in relation to a true policy promoting human sustainable and development.

The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plant has in recent years been added to the Biofuel Industrial Strategy (Department of Minerals and Energy, 2007) by the South African government as a crop grown for the production of bio-ethanol. Sugar beet is commonly grown in Europe for the production of sucrose and has recently been cultivated in Cradock and the surrounding areas (Engineering News, 2008). The biofuel industry usually ferments the sucrose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to yield bio-ethanol. However, researchers are presented with a critical role to increase current yields as there are concerns over the process costs from industrial biotechnologists. The beet factories produce a pulp by-product removed of all sucrose. The hemicellulose-rich pulp can be degraded by microbial enzymes to simple sugars that can be subsequently fermented to bio-ethanol. Thus, the pulp represents a potential source for second generation biofuel. The process of utilising microbial hemicellulases requires an initial chemical pre-treatment step to delignify the sugar beet pulp (SBP). An alkaline pre-treatment with ‘slake lime’ (calcium hydroxide) was investigated using a 23 factorial design and the factors examined were: lime load; temperature and time. The analysed results showed the highest release of reducing sugars at the pre-treatment conditions of: 0.4 g lime / g SBP; 40°C and 36 hours. A partial characterisation of the Clostridium cellulovorans hemicellulases was carried out to verify the optimal activity conditions stated in literature. The highest release of reducing sugars was measured at pH 6.5 – 7.0 and at 45°C for arabinofuranosidase A (ArfA); at pH 5.5 and 40°C for mannanase A (ManA) and pH 5.0 – 6.0 and 45°C for xylanase A (XynA). Temperature studies showed that a complete loss of enzymatic activity occurred after 11 hours for ManA; and 84-96 hours for ArfA. XynA was still active after 120 hours. The optimised lime pre-treated SBP was subsequently degraded using various combinations and percentages of C. cellulovorans ArfA, ManA and XynA to determine the maximal release of reducing sugars. Synergistically, the highest synergy was observed at 75% ArfA and 25% ManA, with a specific activity of 2.9 μmol/min/g protein. However, the highest release of sugars was observed at 4.2 μmol/min/g protein at 100% ArfA. This study has initiated the research within South Africa on SBP and its degradation by C. cellulovorans. Preliminary studies show that SBP has the potential to be utilised as a second generation biofuel source.