O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica do crescimento em consórcios de Eucalyptus globulus e Acacia mearnsii e suas interações. O experimento foi instalado no ano de 2005, em duas fazendas localizadas no município de Piratini - RS, onde foram plantadas as espécies Eucalyptus globulus (E) e Acacia mearnsii (A), em monocultivo (100%E e 100%A) e consorciadas em linhas simples (50%E:50%A - LS) e em linhas duplas (50%E:50%A - LD). Para avaliarmos os efeitos dos consórcios no crescimento das espécies, os tratamentos foram analisados nos anos de 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 e 2013; no ano de 2014 foi realizada a cubagem pelo método de Smalian e a determinação da biomassa de folhas, galhos, lenho e total e do índice de área foliar (IAF) pelo método destrutivo. A classificação da capacidade produtiva das espécies foi realizada pelo método da curva-guia em função da altura dominante (Hd) e idade. Foram testados três diferentes modelos de crescimento, seis modelos de equações hipsométricas e o modelo de Clutter para a estimação e predição da produtividade por unidade de área. Além disso, foi realizada a modelagem da distribuição diamétrica a partir da estimação dos parâmetros da função densidade de probabilidade (f.d.p.) Weibull de dois parâmetros e testado o emprego das redes neurais artificiais (RNA) para a estimação da altura. A acácia-negra teve seu crescimento em altura beneficiado pelo consórcio, já para o eucalipto não foi possível observar vantagens no crescimento em altura. O DAP para ambas espécies foi influenciado pelos consórcios, positivamente para a acácia-negra e negativamente para o eucalipto, diferenças que são explicadas pelas variações dos espaçamentos proporcionadas ao se manter o espaçamento convencional de plantio das espécies nos tratamentos consorciados. O volume individual teve alta correlação com o DAP (0,92). A produtividade da acácia-negra nos consórcios foi superior a 50% a da monocultura, o que não ocorreu para o eucalipto. As produtividades totais dos consórcios foram iguais estatisticamente as das monoculturas. Os sistemas consorciados foram eficazes em diminuir a mortalidade da acácia-negra. Quando analisada a compartimentalização da biomassa individual acima do solo e o IAF, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os modelos de consórcio e as monoculturas. A classificação da capacidade produtiva das espécies pelo método da curva-guia mostrou-se eficiente, sendo capaz de classificar os tratamentos em diferentes sítios de produção, demonstrando a relação das variáveis do povoamento com a capacidade produtiva dos locais. O único modelo, de crescimento e de relação hipsométrica, que foi capaz de estimar as variáveis com precisão foi o de Chapman-Richards e o H∼∫ (DAP, Hd, AS, Idade), respectivamente. O modelo de Clutter foi indicado tanto para os modelos de consórcio quanto para os monocultivos. A f.d.p. Weibull de dois parâmetros captou de forma precisa a distribuição dos diâmetros e o sistema de equações proposto para a recuperação dessa distribuição pode ser empregado nas diferentes situações de manejo testadas. As RNA possuem potencial de uso para a estimação da altura em monocultivos de eucalipto e acácia-negra, bem como nos consórcios entre essas espécies, gerando estimativas precisas e com pequena tendenciosidade. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth dynamics in a mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii and their interactions. The experiment was installed in 2005, on two farms in municipality of Piratini - RS, where was planted the species Eucalyptus globulus (E) and Acacia mearnsii (A), in monoculture and mixed in simple lines (50%E:50%A - LS) and double lines (50%E:50%A - LD). To evaluate the effects of mixed-plantings in the growth of the species, the treatments was analysed in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2013; in 2014 was realized the volume evaluation by the Smalian method and the determining of the biomass of leaves, twigs, wood and total and the leaf area index (LAI) by the destructive method. The site index of each species was realized by the guide-curve method in function of the dominant height (Hd) and ages. Three different growth models, six different height-diameter models and the Clutter model to estimate and predict the productivity per unit area, were tested. Moreover, modeling the diametric distribution as of the estimation of the parameters of the probability density function two parameters Weibull and the use of the artificial neural network (ANN) for the height estimate was tested. The black wattle had their height growth benefited for the mixed-plantations, for eucalyptus was not observed advantages in height growth. The DBH was influenced by the mixed-plantings for both species, positively to the black wattle and negatively for eucalyptus, differences that are explained by variations in spacing provided to keep the conventional spacing of planting the species in the intercropping treatments. The individual volume had high correlation with DBH (0,92). The productivity of black wattle in the mixed-plantings was higher than 50% of monoculture, which did not occur for eucalyptus. The total productivity of mixed-plantings were statistically equal the monocultures. Mixed-plantings were effective in reducing mortality of black wattle. When analyzing the compartmentalization of the individual aboveground biomass and the IAF, there were no significant differences between the mixedplantings models and monocultures. The site index classification of the species using the guide-curve method was effective, being able to classify out the treatments at different production indexes, showing the relation between the stand variables and productive capacity of local. The only model of growth and height-diameter ratio, which was able to estimate the variables with accuracy was the Chapman-Richards and H∼∫(DBH, Hd, AS, Age), respectively. The Clutter model was indicated both for the models of mixed-plantings as for the monocultures. The probability density function two parameters Weibull represented accurately the distribution of diameters and the system of equations proposed for the recovery of this distribution can be used in different management situations tested. The ANN have potential use for the estimation of height in eucalyptus and black wattle monocultures and in mixed-plantations with these species, with accurate and little bias estimates.

Orientador: Antonio Batista Filho / Banca: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken / Banca: Luis Garrigós Leite / Resumo: Dentre os insetos pragas mais freqüentes e limitantes à produção de frutas, incluem-se a mosca-do-mediterrâneo, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), e o gorgulho-da-goiaba, Conotrachelus psidii (Marshal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). As larvas desses insetos se alimentam da polpa das frutas, sendo que no final dessa fase, os insetos descem para o solo onde se enterram e atravessam a fase de pupa. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a virulência de 7 nematóides dos gêneros Steinernema e Heterorhabditis contra a mosca-do-mediterrâneo, e o potencial de Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar & David 1992 no controle desse inseto e do gorgulho-da-goiaba. Foram realizados cinco experimentos, sendo um experimento em laboratório, três em casa de vegetação e um em campo. De acordo com os resultados, a mosca-do-mediterrâneo é suscetível aos nematóides quando exposta no estágio de pré-pupa e fase de pupa com 1 dia de desenvolvimento; O nematóide H. indica IBCB n5 mostrou-se como o mais virulento contra C. capitata. No teste de campo procurando avaliar H. indica IBCB n5 contra C. capitata e contra C. psidii, todos os tratamentos diferenciaram significativamente da testemunha. O nematóide apresentou-se bem mais eficiente contra a mosca-do¬mediterrâneo, com mortalidade do inseto de 66% e 93% para as dosagens de 1 e 10 JI/cm², respectivamente, do que contra o gorgulho-da-goiaba, com mortalidade de 33% e 50%, respectivamente, tendo todos esses tratamentos diferidos significativamente da testemunha / Abstract: The fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii, are among the most frequent and injurious pest of fruit crops. The insects larva feed on the fruit pulp and, at the end of this phase, the insects reach the soil where they spent their pupa phase. This research aimed to evaluate the virulence of 7 strains of entomopathogenic nematodes against the fruit fly in laboratory and green house conditions, and the efficiency of Heterorhabditis indica IBCB n5 against this insect and the guava weevil on field conditions. Five trials were done, being one trial done in laboratory, 3 in green house, and one at field condition. According to the results, the fruit fly is susceptible to the nematodes when exposed at the phases of pre-pupa and one day aged pupa. H. indica IBCB n5 was the most virulent nematode against C. capitata. At the field trial aiming to evaluate the efficiency of H. indica IBCB n5 against C. capitata and C. psidii, all the treatments with the nematode differed significantly from the control. H. indica IBCB n5 showed being much more virulent to the fruit fly, with insect mortality ranging from 66% to 93% at the dosages from 1 to 10 IJ/cm2, respective than to the guava weevil, with mortality ranging from 33 to 50%, respectively / Mestre

Radiative transfer models (RTM) have been successfully used to simulate the effect of forest structural and biochemical characteristics, such as tree sizes and shapes, leaf area index (LAI), leaf angle distribution (LAD), on the canopy radiative budget. One particular use of RTM is the analysis of the reflected light by the canopy, which can be measured by remote sensing techniques. RTM allows a physically based interpretation of the reflectance quantity measured by satellite and can help disentangling the multiple source of variation of the reflectance signal. The DART model - Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer - is one of the most complex three-dimensional RTM, since it uses an accurate mathematical approach of physical processes and a great realism of the landscapes under simulation. Its main simulation outputs are the reflectance of the scene (e.g. a forest stand) at particular spectral wavelength from bottom and top of the atmosphere, the simulation of satellite images, and the simulation of localized radiative budget. Despite the DART potential in analyzing biophysical parameters from remote sensing data, few studies report its application in forest plantations in Brazil, which can have a large number of important field measurements to parameterize the model. The main objective of this project is to evaluate if the DART RTM can help understand the satellite-measured canopy reflectance of Eucalyptus plantations and in particular if DART RTM can improve LAI estimation rather than use only empirical models, as spectral vegetation indices. DART model was parameterized using extensive in situ data obtained from a clonal test, part of the EucFlux project. The specific objectives were: i) parameterize the DART model at different growth stages and for different clonal materials of Eucalyptus plantations and compare simulated reflectance with high resolution satellite images acquired on the same site; ii) analyze the relationship between the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Spectral Vegetation Indices (SVI) based on empirical relationships, and then use the DART model; iii) analyze the advantage and drawbacks of using a generic relationship or a clone-specific relationship between LAI and SVI, and find other criteria for grouping the genotypes in the same. In Chapter 2, we demonstrated the good performance of DART to simulate canopy reflectance of Eucalyptus forest plantations. The simulated reflectance was similar to those measured by very high resolution images from satellite, despite some discrepancies found in the near infrared region. Then, in Chapter 3, we showed that empirical relationships between LAI and SVI were able to give a reasonable precision for generic relationships; however, genotype-scale relationships gave even better results. The same methodology applied on a DART simulated dataset lead to the same conclusions. An intermediate possibility of grouping the genotypes regarding their litter or leaf optical properties gave intermediate performance. We finally concluded about the superiority of NDVI to estimate LAI using a genotype-specific calibration. Overall, DART simulated datasets created in this work enable to calibrate different LAI -SVI relationships in terms of genotypes, sensors and acquisition characteristics. / Modelos de transferência de radiação (MTR) têm sido utilizados com sucesso para simular o efeito das características estruturais e bioquímicas florestais, como tamanhos de árvores e formas, índice de área foliar (IAF), distribuição angular das folhas (DAF) e sobre o balanço de radiação. Um uso particular do MTR é a análise da radiação refletida pela copa, o que pode ser medido através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. O MTR pode permitir a interpretação física da quantidade de reflectância medido por satélite, e pode ajudar a diferenciar as múltiplas fontes de variação do sinal de reflectância. O modelo DART - Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer - é um dos modelos tridimensionais de transferência de radiação mais complexos, uma vez que utiliza uma abordagem matemática precisa e um grande realismo na simulação das paisagens. Seus principais resultados de simulação são a reflectância da cena (por exemplo, um povoamento florestal) em determinado comprimento de onda espectral em relação ao topo e à base da atmosfera, a simulação de imagens de satélite e a simulação do balanço de radiação. Apesar do potencial do DART na análise de parâmetros biofísicos de paisagens florestais a partir de dados de sensoriamento remoto, existem poucos estudos sobre sua aplicação em povoamentos florestais no Brasil; que podem dispor de um elevado número de medições de campo importantes para a parametrização do modelo. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o DART pode ajudar a compreender o comportamento da reflectância do dossel das plantações de eucalipto oriunda de dados de imagens de satélite e, em particular, se DART pode melhorar a estimativa do IAF ao invés do uso somente de modelos empíricos como índices espectrais da vegetação. O DART foi parametrizado com extensos dados de campo adquiridos em um experimento com testes clonais do Projeto Eucflux. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) parametrizar o modelo DART em diferentes idades e com diferentes materiais genéticos de plantações de eucalipto e comparar a refletância simulada com imagens de satélite de alta resolução adquiridas no mesmo local; ii) analisar a relação entre o Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) e Índices Espectrais de Vegetação (IEV\'s) com base em relações empíricas, e, em seguida, usando o modelo DART; iii) analisar as vantagens e as limitações do uso de uma relação genérica ou uma relação específica do genótipo entre IAF e IV e encontrar outros critérios para agrupar os genótipos. No Capítulo 2 foi demonstrado bom desempenho do DART para simular a reflectância do dossel das florestas plantadas de eucalipto. As refletâncias simuladas foram semelhantes com as obtidas pelas imagens de satélite de alta resolução, apesar de algumas discrepâncias encontradas na região do infravermelho próximo. No Capítulo 3, foi mostrado que as relações empíricas entre os IEV\'s e os IAF\'s foram capazes de estimar com razoável precisão para as relações genéricas dos plantios. Contudo, as estimativas por genótipo deram resultados superiores. A mesma metodologia foi aplicada em um conjunto de dados simulados pelo DART com as mesmas conclusões. Uma possibilidade intermediária de agrupar os genótipos foi em função das propriedades ópticas da serapilheira ou das folhas, com desempenhos intermediários. Nós concluímos sobre a superioridade do NDVI para estimar o LAI usando uma calibração específica para cada genótipo. Em termos mais gerais, os dados simulados com o modelo DART utilizados neste trabalho permitiram calibrar diferentes relações IAF-IEV em função dos genótipos, sensores e características de aquisição.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-08T19:52:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Ana Paula Souza Rodrigues.pdf: 2251516 bytes, checksum: 08c3ae66b09f0758ce52b12dd2b49a5c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-08T19:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Ana Paula Souza Rodrigues.pdf: 2251516 bytes, checksum: 08c3ae66b09f0758ce52b12dd2b49a5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / CAPES / The research?s goal is to analyse, by means of a longitudinal study, seigniorial families that belonged their material and immaterial Wealth base in Parishes of Rio de Janeiro, which established the conquer of the land or occupied the apex of the social and economic hierarchy in that places. We verified that they earned by land purchasing, relatives? formation and rituals, slaveholding, free workers establishment in their farms, among other outlines. We are going to analyse seigniorial families of two Parishes, Nossa Senhora da Piedade and Santo Antonio de Jacutinga, situated in Rec?ncavo da Guanabara. The cutting time adopted is about the families? managerial survival historical in 17th century to 18th century when it was the period that had the biggest growth of the sugar and feed production. / O objetivo desta pesquisa ? analisar, por meio de um estudo longitudinal, fam?lias senhoriais que possu?am a base de sua riqueza material e imaterial em Freguesias rurais do Rio de Janeiro, as quais estabeleceram a conquista da terra e ocuparam o ?pice da hierarquia social e econ?mica naquelas localidades. Constatamos que, para isso, valeram-se da posse ou compra de terras, da constitui??o de redes de parentesco consangu?neas e rituais, da posse de escravos, do estabelecimento de trabalhadores livres em seus s?tios e fazendas, dentre outros elementos. Analisamos fam?lias senhoriais de duas freguesias rurais, as freguesias de Nossa Senhora da Piedade do Igua?u e Santo Antonio de Jacutinga, situadas ao fundo do Rec?ncavo da Guanabara. O corte temporal adotado ? o do tempo das fam?lias, da sobreviv?ncia geracional da casa que, aqui, contempla fins do s?culo XVII a fins do s?culo XVIII, per?odo de crescimento e maior produ??o de a??car e g?neros aliment?cios.

Orientador: Fernando Broetto / Banca: Marcelo Leonardo / Banca: André Luís Teixeira Fernandes / Banca: João arlos Cury Saad / Banca: José Renato Zanini / Resumo: O presente estudo relacionou os efeitos da aplicação de dois extratos de algas marinhas às características biométricas, relações hídricas, trocas gasosas e alterações bioquímicas em dois cultivares de café e sua interferência na tolerância à deficiência hídrica (DH) e estresse salino (ES). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em blocos causalizados, em estufa com mudas de cafeeiro em vasos de 5 L irrigados por gotejamento, com 3 repetições por tratamento. O primeiro experimento sobre DH comparou três níveis de irrigação: D1-25%, D2-50% e D3-100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura em dois cultivares (Obatã e Catuaí 99) e dois tratamentos de extratos de algas e controle, sendo aplicados três ciclos DH, intercalados com dois períodos de recondicionamento. O segundo experimento de ES estudou o efeito da salinidade induzida com NaCl para as mesmas cultivares e para os mesmos tratamentos com extratos de alga. Neste caso foram aplicados dois ciclos de estresse salino intercalados com um período de recondicionamento. Os tratamentos com extratos de alga foram: Alga 1 - Aplicações semanais de soluções do extrato líquido solúvel da alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Alga 2 - Uma aplicação via solo da combinação de extratos sólidos das algas Ascophyllum nodosum e Lithothamnium calcareum. Os tratamentos com DH e ES apresentaram menor potencial hídrico foliar, assimilação de carbono, transpiração e área foliar, independentemente dos cultivares. A aplicação de extratos de alga induziu tolerância a estresses hídrico e salino. Plantas de cafeeiro tratadas com extratos de algas apresentaram maior área foliar, maior massa de raízes, maior potencial de água na folha, menor relação Na+/K+, assimilação de carbono e alterações na atividade de enzimas antioxidativas / Abstract: The effects of two seaweed extract were evaluated in terms of biometric characteristics, water relations, gas exchange and biochemical parameters for two coffee cultivars (Obatã e Catuaí 99). In order to have a better understanding how these products interfere in drought and salt stress tolerance. Two greenhouse trials arranged in randomized blocks with three replications per treatment were conducted with coffee transplants in 5 L pots under drip irrigation. The first drought stress experiment compared three irrigation levels (25%, 50% and 100% of water demand) in both coffee cultivars with two different seaweed extracts treatments and control. This experiment received three drought stress cycles of fifteen days interspersed with two periods of fifteen days of reconditioning. The second salt stress experiment induced with NaCL used same cultivars and seaweed extracts treatments in the first trial. In this case two salt stress cycles of thirty days interspersed with one thirty day period for reconditioning were applied. Seaweed extracts treatments were: A1 - Weekly Applications of diluted Ascophyllum nodosum soluble liquid extract. A2 - One combined application of Ascophyllum nodosum and Lithothamnium calcareum solid extracts. Water deficiency and salt stress treatments presented lower foliar water potential, net photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf area for both cultivars. Seaweed extracts application induced salt and drought stress tolerance. Coffee plants treated with seaweed extracts presented higher leaf area, root weight, stem water potential, carbon assimilation, lower rate Na+/K+, and changes in antioxidant enzymes activities. / Doutor

No description available.

Forest plantations, widely grown for wood production, involve the selective promotion of single tree species, or replacement of natural species by exotic tree species. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) has been chosen for reforestation of infertile sandy soils in southeast Queensland, Australia. These exotic pine plantations minimise soil and water losses, and are important scientific study sites. The soil environment of these plantations, though devoid of sufficient nutrients, oxygen and other factors, harbours innumerable bacteria that may play a crucial role in maintaining soil quality and ecosystem functions. These soil microorganisms also have the potential for use as sensitive biological indicators to reflect environmental changes. It is therefore essential to understand the interrelationships amongst bacterial communities and their environment by assessing their structural and functional diversity, and their responses to disturbances. The microbial community of an exotic pine plantation of subtropical Australia was analysed by both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. In this study, a leaf litter-soil core sample (25 cm x 40 cm) was collected from a 22-year-old slash pine plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia in October, 2003. The core sample was divided into three fractions, namely, L layer leaf litter, F layer leaf litter, and forest soil 0-10 cm. In the culture-independent study, a modified DNA extraction and purification method was used to obtain highly purified high-molecular-weight DNA. This DNA was successfully used to amplify bacterial 16S rRNA genes with universal primers Fd1 and R6, to produce products of approximately 1500 bp. PCRamplified 16S rRNA genes were subsequently cloned and a total of 194 clones from leaf litter and soil were partially sequenced (about 510 bp). The 16S rRNA gene sequences were analysed and grouped into several phylogroups (the sequences with a similarity value ¡Ý 98 % were regarded as phylogenetically similar and grouped into one phylogroup). Sequencing representatives (¡Ö 1400 nucleotides) from each phylogenetic group confirmed that five bacterial phyla were represented in the forest soil clone library. Phylum Acidobacterium was the most abundant phylogenetic group in terms of the number of clones and accounted for 42 % of all examined soil clones. The Verrucomicrobiales and Proteobacteria were the second and third most abundant phylogenetic groups found in the soil clone libraries, accounting for 12 % and 11 % of the soil clones, respectively. About 8 % of all examined soil clones were Planctomycetes and 27 % of soil clones were phylogenetically unidentified. The large amount of unclassified clone sequences could imply that novel groups of bacteria were present in the forest soil. When the two fractions of leaf litter clone libraries were compared, Firmicutes was the only phylum represented in the L layer leaf litter clone library. Similarly, Firmicutes dominated the F layer leaf litter (79 % of the library), was followed by Proteobacteria (21 %). For the culture-dependent study, a total of 21 isolates which were considered to represent 334 colonies from the leaf litter and forest soil were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, indicating that L layer leaf litter and F layer leaf litter were dominated by Firmicutes (48 %) and Proteobacteria (69 %) respectively, and 91 % of the isolates from the forest soil were Firmicutes. Using culture-independent methods, Actinobacteria appeared to be absent from the L and F layer leaf litter and forest soil samples. The results implied that either the nucleic acids of Actinobacteria were difficult to extract or Actinobacteria were over represented in the culture-dependent examinations. Phylum Acidobacteria appeared to be numerically dominant and active members in most soils. However, only one named species had been isolated from an acid mine drainage site and reported by Kishimoto and Tano (1987). Analysis by culture-dependent methods revealed a different bacterial diversity, compared to the bacterial diversity from the 16S rRNA gene clone sequences. The most significant result was the observation that, as revealed by both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, the bacterial diversity presented in the leaf litter was greatly different from the community of the soil. During the culture-dependent bacterial diversity study, four novel strains were isolated from the forest soil and leaf litter samples and complete characterisations of these novel strains were carried out. Reports on the descriptions of Bacillus decisifrondis strain E5HC-32T from forest soil and Frondicola australicus strain E1HC-02T from L layer leaf litter have been published (appendix). The information provided by assessing the microbial communities in different fractions of leaf litter and forest soil improves our understanding of the phylogenetic relationship between soil and leaf litter. It is suggested, in this study, to perform both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to characterise the bacterial structure and diversity in forest litter and soil samples, particularly in response to different forest management practices and global change. This study also provides the basis for further functional studies of the forest soil and leaf litter of exotic pine plantation in subtropical Australia.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--North Carolina State University, 2001. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Dec. 16, 2005). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation draws from national and regional archives to argue that many important aspects of forestry science, education, and culture in colonial Australia, India, and South Africa developed according to unique local environmental, political, social, and cultural influences. Local environmental constraints, combined with unique cultures of experimentation, encouraged the innovation of new scientific methods for forming timber plantations that differed from existing European and British methods. Debates over how to create forestry schools to train foresters in each region emphasized local problems and contexts rather than focusing primarily on continental European precedents or methods. The culture of foresters in each region corresponded to local cultures and social conditions as much as to a larger imperial ethos inculcated by training in continental European or British forestry schools. / text