Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1970.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1970.

The response of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secreting cells from both rat atria and the apex of the ventricles to dexamethasone (DEX) was analyzed by the plaque assay. In right atrial cardiocytes, 25% of the cells secreted ANP basally; DEX treatment did not alter this percentage. However, in the left atrial secretory population, a discordance between the basal (15%) and DEX stimulated (25%) percent plaque formation was found. ANP secreting cells from the ventricular apex responded similarly to DEX exposure (26%), with 8% of the cells basally releasing the hormone. These data suggest that in both the left atria and apex of the rat ventricles, exposure to DEX recruits ANP secretory cells from a non-secreting population. Consequently, the release of ANP from these tissues would increase after glucocorticoid stimulation.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine produced primarily by macrophages during acute inflammation. In this study we examined the differential effect of retinoic acid (RA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the induction of TNF-α secretion from U937 monocytic cell populations by using the reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA). The RHPA will allow us to investigate both changes in TNF-α secreting populations as well as monitor the relative amount of TNF-α released from individual cells. Our results indicate that treatment of U937 cells with RA (10-6M) moderately increases the secreting cell populations, and dramatically enhances the amount of TNF-α secreted from cells already committed to secretion. In contrast, treatment with PMA (250ng/ml) drastically increased the secreting population, but only slightly increasing the amount of TNF-α released. These results suggest that induction of TNF-α secretion from U937 cells occurs by different pathways.

Microbubbles are small gas-filled bubbles with diameters ranging from 50 to 1 μm, and less than 200 nm are called nanobubbles. Their small sizes and large specific surface area result in a high gas dissolution rate and long lifetime in liquid. Ozone is a strong oxidant that destroys microorganisms and only produces oxygen as the final by-product in fresh water. However, due to the poor stability of aqueous ozone, critical gas waste happens during treatments which leads to a high economic loss. Microbubbles have shown promising enhancement of ozone treatment. In previous studies, ozone microbubbles exhibited excellent efficacy in the removal of organic contaminants and inactivation of microorganisms including bacteria, spores, and fungi, but few articles discuss the virus inactivation of ozone microbubbles treatment. Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of foodborne illnesses in the US, and the development of effective inactivation methods is crucial. Because of the absence of suitable in vitro cultivation methods for NoVs and the constraints of the available infectivity models for these viruses, most of the studies about inactivation use surrogate viruses that are similar to NoVs in genetics and structure. Tulane virus is a NoV surrogate that can identify the same putative co-factor. This study focuses on the influence of treatment time, disinfectant air exposure, and the presence of organic contaminants on the inactivation efficacy of ozone microbubbles or millimeter bubbles. The results demonstrate that more than one log10 reduction was produced when the Tulane virus was exposed to ozone millimeter bubbles and ozone microbubbles for a short period of time, even in the presence of high organic load (FBS), and the protective effect of the organic load was shown when the disinfectant induced volume increased. The findings indicate that conducting further research on ozone microbubbles in aqueous applications in food-related applications is useful.

No description available.

Background: Bacteriophage Φ6 is a lipid-enveloped dsRNA bacteriophage. The limitations in our knowledge of how this bacteriophage occurs in the environment are limited by non-selective isolation techniques. Research on finding phages in the environment in the past has employed the Double Agar Layer (DAL) plaque assay using Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), a non-selective media. The bacterial host for bacteriophage Φ6 is Pseudomonas syringae. In this study, we tested Pseudomonas Agar, a selective media that suppresses the growth of bacteria except Pseudomonas species, in the standard double agar layer plaque assay for Φ6. Methods: DAL plaque assays were performed to determine the sensitivity of both Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Pseudomonas Agar (PA) for determining the titer of pure bacteriophage Φ6 stocks. We used Pseudomonas syringae (HB10Y) as the host, and the plaque formation on both agars was compared. Following the evaluation of PA with pure Φ6 stocks, PA effectiveness for Φ6 isolation from environmental samples was tested in spiked waters obtained from irrigation ponds at an agricultural farm. Results: Comparison of TSA and PA using pure Φ6 cultured in the laboratory and spiked environmental samples showed that PA agar can detect bacteriophage Φ6 as well as the standard DAL assay using TSA. On PA, formation of clear visible plaques comparable to the plaques formed using TSA was observed. Conclusions: Pseudomonas Agar can be used for the isolation of bacteriophage Φ6 in environmental samples. This may enhance the detection of these phages in the environment.

O vírus respiratório sincicial humano (HRSV) é um dos agentes patogênicos respiratórios de grande importância clínica, tendo em vista que acomete 64 milhões de crianças por ano em todo o mundo. A resposta imune do hospedeiro e a variabilidade genética do HRSV podem interferir na produção de uma vacina eficaz, tal como a presença de quasispecies na população viral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar quasispecies em amostras de HRSV e verificar se soros obtidos da criança na fase convalescente da doença e de sua respectiva mãe selecionam estes mutantes. Uma alteração não sinonímia foi detectada no gene F em um dos clones seqüenciados, enquanto duas alterações sinonímias e duas não sinonímias foram encontradas no gene G do HRSV, sendo as últimas no mesmo nucleotídeo. Um dos clones pré-selecionados com soro humano apresentou a mesma alteração não-sinonímia, encontrada na ausência de anticorpos no gene G. Os resultados sugerem que diferentes sequencias virais presentes em menor quantidade na população podem ser selecionadas pelo sistema imunológico do hospedeiro. / Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is one of the most important clinical respiratory pathogens, since 64 millions children in the world are infected by this agent every year. Host immunity and viral genetic variability are important factors to a vaccine development, besides quasispecies presence in the viral population. In this work, HRSV quasispecies were detected in clinical samples in absence and presence of human polyclonal serum collected by children in the convalescent phase and mother serum. A non-synonymy variation was found in the F gene in antibodies absence. Four mutations were found at HRSV G2 in polyclonal serum absence. Two were synonymy and two were non-synonymy variation, the last in the same nucleotide. A non-synonymy mutation was found in the G2 region in presence of polyclonal serum collected from child convalescent phase. This alteration was the same of the observed in absence of polyclonal serum so it is possible that host antibodies can selected different viral minority sequences present in the population.

Este estudo visou observar os efeitos plásticos induzidos pelo exercício a curto prazo em regiões motoras do encéfalo de ratos. Observou-se a expressão das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2/3. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de: 3 dias(COR3), 7 dias(COR7) e 15 dias(COR15); e um grupo controle(CONT). Empregaram-se as técnicas de imuno-histoquímica e immunoblotting. A expressão de GluR1 no cerebelo, demonstrou um decréscimo em COR3. No hipocampo houve uma queda na expressão em COR3(40%), retornando aos níveis basais em COR7. No córtex cerebral observou-se uma queda da expressão com máxima queda em COR7(52%), retornando à expressão basal em COR15. O estriado não sofreu alterações na expressão de GluR1 ao longo dos primeiros 7 dias, tendo um aumento em COR15(90%). A expressão de GluR2/3 não foi alterada, exceto no cerebelo, onde houve um decréscimo em dois momentos distintos, COR3(55%) e COR15(25%), retornando à expressão basal em COR7. Os nossos dados revelam que o exercício físico a curto prazo foi capaz de promover alterações plásticas ao longo do treinamento. / This study aimed at analyzing the plastic effects of the short-term exercise upon the rat motor area. We check the expression of GluR1 and GluR2/3. We divided into 3 experimental groups based on duration of exercise: 3 days(COR3), 7 days(COR7), and 15 days(COR15); and a control group(CONT). The experimental animals were subjected to a treadmill exercise protocol. The brains were subjected to the techniques of immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. In the cerebellum, there was a decrease for COR3(17%). In the hippocampus, there was a decrease of the GluR1 expression for COR3 (40%). In the cerebral cortex there was a drop of GluR1 expression for COR3 and COR7(52%). In the striatum, there was no change of GluR1 expression during the first seven days, with a increase for COR15(90%). The GluR2/3 expression did not change in any brain structure analyzed, except in the cerebellum, where there was a significant decrease for two distinct groups, COR3(55%) and COR15(25%). Our data show that short-term physical exercise was able to promote plastic changes during training.

Este estudo visou observar os efeitos plásticos induzidos pelo exercício a curto prazo em regiões motoras do encéfalo de ratos. Observou-se a expressão das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2/3. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de: 3 dias(COR3), 7 dias(COR7) e 15 dias(COR15); e um grupo controle(CONT). Empregaram-se as técnicas de imuno-histoquímica e immunoblotting. A expressão de GluR1 no cerebelo, demonstrou um decréscimo em COR3. No hipocampo houve uma queda na expressão em COR3(40%), retornando aos níveis basais em COR7. No córtex cerebral observou-se uma queda da expressão com máxima queda em COR7(52%), retornando à expressão basal em COR15. O estriado não sofreu alterações na expressão de GluR1 ao longo dos primeiros 7 dias, tendo um aumento em COR15(90%). A expressão de GluR2/3 não foi alterada, exceto no cerebelo, onde houve um decréscimo em dois momentos distintos, COR3(55%) e COR15(25%), retornando à expressão basal em COR7. Os nossos dados revelam que o exercício físico a curto prazo foi capaz de promover alterações plásticas ao longo do treinamento. / This study aimed at analyzing the plastic effects of the short-term exercise upon the rat motor area. We check the expression of GluR1 and GluR2/3. We divided into 3 experimental groups based on duration of exercise: 3 days(COR3), 7 days(COR7), and 15 days(COR15); and a control group(CONT). The experimental animals were subjected to a treadmill exercise protocol. The brains were subjected to the techniques of immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. In the cerebellum, there was a decrease for COR3(17%). In the hippocampus, there was a decrease of the GluR1 expression for COR3 (40%). In the cerebral cortex there was a drop of GluR1 expression for COR3 and COR7(52%). In the striatum, there was no change of GluR1 expression during the first seven days, with a increase for COR15(90%). The GluR2/3 expression did not change in any brain structure analyzed, except in the cerebellum, where there was a significant decrease for two distinct groups, COR3(55%) and COR15(25%). Our data show that short-term physical exercise was able to promote plastic changes during training.