Since 2002, the South African poultry industry has experienced outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) caused by a newly introduced virus (NDV) strain belonging to lineage 5d/VIId (“goose paramyxovirus” - GPMV). Control of the disease has proved difficult with commercially available vaccines appearing ineffective. In the first of two studies, broilers chicks were vaccinated with VG-GA vaccine (lineage II), then challenged with both GPMV and a “classic” challenge virus (RCV) of lineage 3d/VIII to compare the efficacy of the vaccine against both strains. In the second study, commercial and SPF hens in lay were vaccinated with La Sota vaccine and challenged with GPMV isolate, and immunohistochemistry staining used to determine the distribution pattern of viral antigen in the oviduct of the hens. The second study also compared the efficacy of cloacal and ocular routes of vaccination. The first study did not detect any statistically significant difference in protection offered by the vaccine against the GPMV strain in comparison to the RCV strain. The protection offered by the vaccine against challenge with both viruses was found to be dosedependant with 106.0 EID50 producing a 100% protection and 94.44% and 13.89% for 104.5 EID50 and 103.0 EID50 vaccination doses respectively. Protected birds did not manifest clinical signs, but still had macropathological lesions in some organs at necropsy. The computed protective doses (PD50 and PD90) for the VG-GA vaccine were 103.51 and 104.38 for GPMV and 103.79 and 104.43 for RCV. Results from the second study showed no clear difference in the protection of the oviduct from challenge with GPMV by either the cloacal and ocular routes of vaccination. Vaccinated birds were fully protected (100%) against challenge by La Sota vaccine, but not against infection and replication of the virus, as birds showed varying degrees of macropathology with numerous stained viral antigens in the oviducts demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The susceptibility and colonisation of the oviduct of laying hens by both the lentogenic La Sota and the virulent NDV isolates was confirmed, with the uterus being more susceptible than magnum and isthmus. Necrosis and apoptosis of cells of the oviduct were not detected but cellular infiltration, gland dilatation and interstitial oedema were observed. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The specific objectives of this study were to determine the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres from the chicken sera collected from various districts and provinces of Zambia and to determine the seroprevalence of ND in Zambian backyard chickens. Results showed that 73.9 % of the birds sampled tested positive for Newcastle disease (ND) antibodies. The seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Zambian backyard chicken flocks varied among the five provinces sampled, ranging from 82.6 % in Eastern Province to 48.3 % in Luapula Province. The seroprevalence of the virus also varied among the 11 districts sampled, ranging from 91.3 % in Monze District of Southern Province to 22.8 % in Mufulira District of the Copperbelt Province. The results indicated that the seroprevalence of ND in Zambia has increased since the last survey conducted in 1994. The data generated is expected to contribute towards a more clear understanding of the epidemiology of NDV that would ultimately contribute towards an improved ND control programme to benefit all stakeholders in Zambia. An improved ND control programme is expected to enhance flock numbers and ultimately improve the dietary requirements and income needs of many poor households in the country. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristina_nunes.pdf: 1093744 bytes, checksum: 0c42a534dae5175850fd939832f086a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Currently, the drug industry looks for new drugs based on natural products, for the production of drugs more efficient, for which the microorganisms did not show resistance to both humans and animals. A natural product that has been the subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies by scientists for the control of diseases is propolis, a resinous substance produced by honeybees from exudates collected from different parts of the plant, which has been used for centuries in popular medicine due to its therapeutic properties. Chemical studies revealed the complex chemical composition, identifying in some cases more than 300 components including various bioactive phenolic compounds responsible for the virucidal action. This work initially describes the standardization of an ethanol extract of green propolis (EEPV), where the chemicals were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phytochemical characterization by thin layer chromatography (TLC), soluble solids, content of phenolics and flavonoids and antioxidant activity by 2.2 diphenil picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The EEPV was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their capacity lentogenic virucidal against a strain of the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) at two different temperatures (22 and 37 ° C), 5 incubation periods (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours) of NDV in five different concentrations of EEPV (4000μg/dose, 400μg/dose, 40μg/dose, and 4μg/dose 0μg/dose). The EEPV standard is within the standards required by the MAP, with high levels of phenolics and flavonoids (12.93 and 6.05% respectively) as shown by HPLC, which identified high concentrations of phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, hydroxycinnamic acid diprenyl , cinâmino acid derivatives), which are assigned the antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and virucidal. This extract showed dose-dependent virucidal activity (4000μg/dose e 400μg/dose) and time of incubation with the virus (2 hour). The inhibitory activity of EEPV against the strain of NDV lentogenic found in the present study suggests the use of this extract as an alternative to fight the infection by this virus. / Atualmente, a indústria farmacêutica busca novos medicamentos com base em produtos naturais, visando à produção de fármacos mais eficientes, para os quais os microrganismos não apresentem resistência, tanto para humanos quanto para animais. Um dos produtos naturais que tem sido objeto de intensos estudos farmacológicos e químicos por cientistas para o controle de enfermidades é a própolis, uma substância resinosa produzida por abelhas melíferas a partir de exsudatos coletados em diferentes partes das plantas, que tem sido utilizada durante séculos na medicina popular devido as suas propriedades terapêuticas. Estudos químicos revelaram a complexa composição da própolis, identificando em alguns casos mais de 300 componentes, incluindo vários compostos bioativos fenólicos responsáveis pela ação virucida. Este trabalho inicialmente descreve a padronização de um extrato etanólico de própolis verde (EEPV), onde foram identificados os compostos químicos por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), caracterização fitoquímica por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), teor de sólidos solúveis, teor de fenóis e flavonóides totais e atividade antioxidante por 2,2 diphenil picril hidrazil(DPPH). O EEPV foi avaliado também in vitro e in vivo, quanto a sua capacidade virucida contra uma cepa lentogênica do vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) em duas temperaturas distintas (22 e 37°C), 5 períodos de incubação (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 horas) do NDV em 5 concentrações de EEPV distintos (4000μg/dose, 400μg/dose, 40μg/dose, 4μg/dose e 0μg/dose). O EEPV padronizado está dentro dos padrões requisitados pelo MAPA, com altos níveis de fenóis e flavonóides totais (12.93 e 6,05% respectivamente), comprovado por CLAE, o qual identificou altas concentrações de ácidos fenólicos (ácido p-cumárico, ácido diprenil hidroxicinâmico, derivados do ácido cinâmino), os quais são atribuídos as propriedades antibacteriana, antioxidante, antiviral e virucida. Este extrato apresentou atividade virucida dependente da dose (4000μg/dose, 400μg/dose) e do tempo de incubação com o vírus (2 horas). A atividade inibitória do EEPV contra a cepa lentogênica de NDV, encontrada no presente estudo sugere a utilização deste extrato como uma alternativa no combate a infecções por este vírus.

Die aerogene Übertragung von Infektionskrankheiten stellt ein sehr wichtiges Thema in der Medizin dar. Für genaue Untersuchungen dazu, sind geeignete Sammel- und Nachweismetho-den essentiell. Die Untersuchung verschiedener Sammelgeräte sowie unterschiedlicher Nach-weismethoden zur Virusquantifizierung aus der Luft war daher die zentrale Aufgabenstellung in dieser Arbeit. Als Sammelgeräte wurden der Impinger AGI 30 und der Gelatinefilter ausge-wählt. Alle grundlegenden Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der Eignung und Effizienzen der Geräte bezüglich der Virusisolierung aus Luftproben wurden an experimentell erzeugten Virus-aerosolen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden zwei Geflügelviren verwendet, das Newcastle-Disease-Virus Stamm LaSota (NDV) und das Infektiöse-Bursitis-Virus Stamm Cu-1M (IBDV). Die quan-titative Bestimmung der Viren aus den Luftproben erfolgte durch Titration im Zellkultursystem bzw. in embryonierten Hühnereiern. Parallel dazu wurde eine Titerbestimmung mittels einer in dieser Arbeit etablierten quantitativen Real-Time-PCR durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden die Sammelgeräte unter praktischen Bedingungen getestet und verglichen. Dazu erfolgten lufthy-gienische Messungen nach Vakzinierung von Geflügel mit Lebendimpfstoffen (NDV LaSota und IBDV Cu-1M). Es wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen unter experimentellen Beding¬ungen und später exemplarische Untersuchungen in konventionellen Geflügelhaltungen durch-geführt. Die Evaluierung der Sammelgeräte mit Hilfe der experimentell erzeugten Virusaerosole er-gab, dass mit beiden Geräten sowohl infektionsfähiges Virus als auch Virusgenom nachgewie-sen und quantifiziert werden kann. Die Effizienzen unterschieden sich jedoch z.T. deutlich. So stellte sich der Gelatinefilter zur Sammlung in Kombination mit dem quantitativen Virusnach-weis mittels Real-Time-PCR als die Methode mit der höchsten Virusnachweisrate (angegeben als geometrischer Mittelwert mit geometrischer Standardabweichung) von 22,3 % ×/ 3,1 für NDV und 36,1 % ×/ 3,4 für IBDV heraus. Der Nachweis von infektionsfähigen Viren jedoch, war für beide Testkeime aus den Proben des Impingers erfolgreicher (NDV 4,0 % ×/ 1,7 und IBDV 31,8 % ×/ 1,8). Die signifikant niedrigere Nachweisrate des Newcastle-Disease-Virus ist auf die höhere Empfindlichkeit dieses behüllten Virus beim Sammelprozess und daraus folgen-der Inaktivierung zurückzuführen. Die Quantifizierung mit Hilfe der Real-Time-PCR erfolgte mit Normalisierung aller Proben. Diese bisher zur Analyse von Luftproben noch nicht ange-wandte Methode erwies sich als sehr gut. Durch die Normalisierung werden nicht nur die ab-weichenden Effizienzen der Nukleinsäureisolierung sowie der reversen Transkription ausgegli-chen, sondern auch die unterschiedliche Inhibition der PCR der Proben verschiedener Luftkeimsammler. Damit sind die Proben untereinander besser vergleichbar und die Quantifi-zierung exakter. Erstmals wurden auch systematische Untersuchungen zu Geräteeffizienzen in Kombination mit verschiedenen Virusnachweismethoden durchgeführt. Bei den lufthygienischen Untersuchungen nach Vakzinierung von ca. 50 Hühnern gegen Newcastle Disease (ND) bzw. Infektiöse Bursitis (IBD) unter experimentellen Bedingungen, waren drei Luftproben nach der Impfung gegen ND viruspositiv, jedoch keine nach der gegen IBD. Diese positiven Nachweise gelangen mit dem Gelatinefilter und nachfolgender Analyse mittels quantitativer Real-Time-PCR. Schlussfolgernd ist zumindest bei dem NDV eine aeroge-ne Ausscheidung des Impfvirus anzunehmen. Wahrscheinlich liegt die Viruskonzentration in der Luft jedoch meist unter der Nachweisgrenze der eingesetzten Geräte. Auch die Auswertung von Luftproben nach Vakzinierung gegen oben genannte Krankheiten in konventionellen Tierhal-tungen mit mehreren Tausend Tieren Besatz pro Stall führte zu keinen viruspositiven Ergebnis-sen. Anscheinend wurden die Viren auch trotz der großen Tierzahl in der Luft so stark verdünnt oder in so geringem Maße ausgeschieden, dass sie mit den in dieser Arbeit entnommenen Luft-probenvolumina von 1000 l nicht detektiert werden konnten. Für weiterführende Untersuchun-gen müsste daher ein Sammelgerät verwandt werden, mit welchem schnell große Probenvolu-mina entnommen werden können und das Endvolumen der Probenflüssigkeit dennoch gering ist, um die luftgetragenen Viren optimal zu konzentrieren. Schlussfolgernd erwies sich die Filtration in Kombination mit der normalisierten quantitati-ven Real-Time-PCR dennoch insgesamt als eine sehr valide und praktikable Methode zum Nachweis luftgetragener Viren aus Tierhaltungen.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campioni_jm_me_jabo.pdf: 299949 bytes, checksum: f61e757f800c01b36b0ae99a0fbe3f0f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Parâmetros clínicos, imunitários, proteinograma sérico e epidemiológicos da vacinação em gansos-da-China foram avaliados por três experimentos. Amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN foram utilizadas. A importância epidemiológica e pesquisa do estado de portador do VDN também foram avaliadas. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 120 gansos-da-China de um dia a 60 dias de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 30 animais, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Após o desafio frente a uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 60 dias de vida das aves, em todos os grupos, realizou-se a extração de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com gansos-da-China inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, decorridos seis, 10 e 20 dias da infecção experimental, após a infecção com o VDN, nas duas espécies, empregou-se a técnica do RT-PCR. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos gansos-da- China para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 14 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do ganso-da-China como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas No experimento 3, foram determinadas as concentrações séricas das proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas das aves vacinadas e não vacinadas contra a doença de Newcastle. Notou-se que aos 42 dias de idade, de forma geral, os gansos vacinados com as estirpes Ulster 2C, B1 e Lasota apresentaram diferença de forma significativa em relação ao grupo controle para as concentrações séricas de albumina, especialmente o grupo vacinado com a estirpe LaSota. / The clinical, epidemiological, immunological parameters and the serum proteinogram of vaccination in Chinese geese were investigated using 3 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the NDV were used. In experiment 1, 120 one-day-old Chinese geese were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 30 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 60 days of age. After challenge, in all the groups, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged Chinese geese were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 20 days after experimental infection. The vaccinated groups of Chinese geese did not present any genetic material of virus in the RT-PCR. Therefore, these results show the relevance of vaccination in suppressing a NDV carrier state in the Chinese geese. In experiment 2, SPF chickens housed with Chinese geese which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain, developed severe and characteristic NDV lesions and died, after five and 14 days. In experiment 3, the serum proteinogram showed significantly differences for albumin concentrations between the vaccinated and the control group at 42 days of age, especially the birds vaccinated with LaSota strain.

Die aerogene Übertragung von Infektionskrankheiten stellt ein sehr wichtiges Thema in der Medizin dar. Für genaue Untersuchungen dazu, sind geeignete Sammel- und Nachweismetho-den essentiell. Die Untersuchung verschiedener Sammelgeräte sowie unterschiedlicher Nach-weismethoden zur Virusquantifizierung aus der Luft war daher die zentrale Aufgabenstellung in dieser Arbeit. Als Sammelgeräte wurden der Impinger AGI 30 und der Gelatinefilter ausge-wählt. Alle grundlegenden Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung der Eignung und Effizienzen der Geräte bezüglich der Virusisolierung aus Luftproben wurden an experimentell erzeugten Virus-aerosolen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden zwei Geflügelviren verwendet, das Newcastle-Disease-Virus Stamm LaSota (NDV) und das Infektiöse-Bursitis-Virus Stamm Cu-1M (IBDV). Die quan-titative Bestimmung der Viren aus den Luftproben erfolgte durch Titration im Zellkultursystem bzw. in embryonierten Hühnereiern. Parallel dazu wurde eine Titerbestimmung mittels einer in dieser Arbeit etablierten quantitativen Real-Time-PCR durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden die Sammelgeräte unter praktischen Bedingungen getestet und verglichen. Dazu erfolgten lufthy-gienische Messungen nach Vakzinierung von Geflügel mit Lebendimpfstoffen (NDV LaSota und IBDV Cu-1M). Es wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen unter experimentellen Beding¬ungen und später exemplarische Untersuchungen in konventionellen Geflügelhaltungen durch-geführt. Die Evaluierung der Sammelgeräte mit Hilfe der experimentell erzeugten Virusaerosole er-gab, dass mit beiden Geräten sowohl infektionsfähiges Virus als auch Virusgenom nachgewie-sen und quantifiziert werden kann. Die Effizienzen unterschieden sich jedoch z.T. deutlich. So stellte sich der Gelatinefilter zur Sammlung in Kombination mit dem quantitativen Virusnach-weis mittels Real-Time-PCR als die Methode mit der höchsten Virusnachweisrate (angegeben als geometrischer Mittelwert mit geometrischer Standardabweichung) von 22,3 % ×/ 3,1 für NDV und 36,1 % ×/ 3,4 für IBDV heraus. Der Nachweis von infektionsfähigen Viren jedoch, war für beide Testkeime aus den Proben des Impingers erfolgreicher (NDV 4,0 % ×/ 1,7 und IBDV 31,8 % ×/ 1,8). Die signifikant niedrigere Nachweisrate des Newcastle-Disease-Virus ist auf die höhere Empfindlichkeit dieses behüllten Virus beim Sammelprozess und daraus folgen-der Inaktivierung zurückzuführen. Die Quantifizierung mit Hilfe der Real-Time-PCR erfolgte mit Normalisierung aller Proben. Diese bisher zur Analyse von Luftproben noch nicht ange-wandte Methode erwies sich als sehr gut. Durch die Normalisierung werden nicht nur die ab-weichenden Effizienzen der Nukleinsäureisolierung sowie der reversen Transkription ausgegli-chen, sondern auch die unterschiedliche Inhibition der PCR der Proben verschiedener Luftkeimsammler. Damit sind die Proben untereinander besser vergleichbar und die Quantifi-zierung exakter. Erstmals wurden auch systematische Untersuchungen zu Geräteeffizienzen in Kombination mit verschiedenen Virusnachweismethoden durchgeführt. Bei den lufthygienischen Untersuchungen nach Vakzinierung von ca. 50 Hühnern gegen Newcastle Disease (ND) bzw. Infektiöse Bursitis (IBD) unter experimentellen Bedingungen, waren drei Luftproben nach der Impfung gegen ND viruspositiv, jedoch keine nach der gegen IBD. Diese positiven Nachweise gelangen mit dem Gelatinefilter und nachfolgender Analyse mittels quantitativer Real-Time-PCR. Schlussfolgernd ist zumindest bei dem NDV eine aeroge-ne Ausscheidung des Impfvirus anzunehmen. Wahrscheinlich liegt die Viruskonzentration in der Luft jedoch meist unter der Nachweisgrenze der eingesetzten Geräte. Auch die Auswertung von Luftproben nach Vakzinierung gegen oben genannte Krankheiten in konventionellen Tierhal-tungen mit mehreren Tausend Tieren Besatz pro Stall führte zu keinen viruspositiven Ergebnis-sen. Anscheinend wurden die Viren auch trotz der großen Tierzahl in der Luft so stark verdünnt oder in so geringem Maße ausgeschieden, dass sie mit den in dieser Arbeit entnommenen Luft-probenvolumina von 1000 l nicht detektiert werden konnten. Für weiterführende Untersuchun-gen müsste daher ein Sammelgerät verwandt werden, mit welchem schnell große Probenvolu-mina entnommen werden können und das Endvolumen der Probenflüssigkeit dennoch gering ist, um die luftgetragenen Viren optimal zu konzentrieren. Schlussfolgernd erwies sich die Filtration in Kombination mit der normalisierten quantitati-ven Real-Time-PCR dennoch insgesamt als eine sehr valide und praktikable Methode zum Nachweis luftgetragener Viren aus Tierhaltungen.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 denadai_j_me_jabo.pdf: 810265 bytes, checksum: 590ca7255c11f8f0b1c02155b7433db3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos, imunitários e epidemiológicos da vacinação contra a Doença de Newcastle em periquitos-australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) através de dois experimentos. Foram utilizadas amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 72 periquitos australianos com cinco meses de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos de 18 animais cada, num total de três repetições, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. A resposta imune foi avaliada pelo teste de HI, com posterior desafio frente a estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 11 meses de vida das aves. Em todos os grupos, coletou-se suabes cloacais para pesquisa de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). Independente do grupo experimental, sinais clínicos da reação vacinal não foram observados. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Os periquitos-australianos desafiados mostraram-se refratários à enfermidade clínica com o VDN. Entretanto, ficou caracterizado o estado de portador de VDN nesta espécie decorridos até 19 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com periquitos-australianos inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos periquitos-australianos para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 19 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do periquito-australiano como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas / The clinical, epidemiological, immunological and parameters of vaccination against Newcastle disease in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were investigated using 2 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were used. In experiment 1, 72 budgerigars were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 18 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 11 months of age. In all the groups, cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged budgerigars were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 19 days after experimental infection. In experiment 2, SPF chickens were housed with budgerigars which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain. Therefore, the pathogenic virus (NDV) was transmitted from the budgerigars to SPF birds up to 19 days after challenge, showing the importance of the budgerigars as source of dissemination of NDV to domestic birds

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Paulillo / Banca: Ângela Cleusa de Fátima Banzatto de Carvalho / Banca: Márcia Nishizawa / Resumo: Parâmetros clínicos, imunitários, proteinograma sérico e epidemiológicos da vacinação em gansos-da-China foram avaliados por três experimentos. Amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN foram utilizadas. A importância epidemiológica e pesquisa do estado de portador do VDN também foram avaliadas. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 120 gansos-da-China de um dia a 60 dias de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 30 animais, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Após o desafio frente a uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 60 dias de vida das aves, em todos os grupos, realizou-se a extração de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com gansos-da-China inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN, decorridos seis, 10 e 20 dias da infecção experimental, após a infecção com o VDN, nas duas espécies, empregou-se a técnica do RT-PCR. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos gansos-da- China para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 14 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do ganso-da-China como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas No experimento 3, foram determinadas as concentrações séricas das proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas das aves vacinadas e não vacinadas contra a doença de Newcastle. Notou-se que aos 42 dias de idade, de forma geral, os gansos vacinados com as estirpes Ulster 2C, B1 e Lasota apresentaram diferença de forma significativa em relação ao grupo controle para as concentrações séricas de albumina, especialmente o grupo vacinado com a estirpe LaSota. / Abstract: The clinical, epidemiological, immunological parameters and the serum proteinogram of vaccination in Chinese geese were investigated using 3 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the NDV were used. In experiment 1, 120 one-day-old Chinese geese were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 30 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 60 days of age. After challenge, in all the groups, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged Chinese geese were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 20 days after experimental infection. The vaccinated groups of Chinese geese did not present any genetic material of virus in the RT-PCR. Therefore, these results show the relevance of vaccination in suppressing a NDV carrier state in the Chinese geese. In experiment 2, SPF chickens housed with Chinese geese which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain, developed severe and characteristic NDV lesions and died, after five and 14 days. In experiment 3, the serum proteinogram showed significantly differences for albumin concentrations between the vaccinated and the control group at 42 days of age, especially the birds vaccinated with LaSota strain. / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Paulillo / Banca: Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt / Banca: Adriano de Oliveira Torres Carrasco / Resumo: Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos, imunitários e epidemiológicos da vacinação contra a Doença de Newcastle em periquitos-australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) através de dois experimentos. Foram utilizadas amostras vacinais Ulster 2C, B1 e La Sota do VDN. No experimento 1, foram utilizados 72 periquitos australianos com cinco meses de idade, distribuídos em 4 tratamentos de 18 animais cada, num total de três repetições, submetidos a diferentes esquemas imunoprofiláticos. A resposta imune foi avaliada pelo teste de HI, com posterior desafio frente a estirpe patogênica do VDN, aos 11 meses de vida das aves. Em todos os grupos, coletou-se suabes cloacais para pesquisa de RNA viral através da reação de cadeia de polimerase pós Transcrição Reversa (RT-PCR). Independente do grupo experimental, sinais clínicos da reação vacinal não foram observados. Os resultados dos títulos de anticorpos (HI) mostraram que os programas imunoprofiláticos ensaiados foram igualmente eficientes no estímulo da resposta imune humoral. Os periquitos-australianos desafiados mostraram-se refratários à enfermidade clínica com o VDN. Entretanto, ficou caracterizado o estado de portador de VDN nesta espécie decorridos até 19 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas aves SPF conviventes com periquitos-australianos inoculados com uma estirpe patogênica do VDN. Observou-se a transmissão de vírus patogênico (VDN) dos periquitos-australianos para as aves SPF conviventes decorridos até 19 dias da infecção experimental com este patógeno, o que vem realçar a importância do periquito-australiano como fonte potencial de infecção de VDN para aves domésticas / Abstract: The clinical, epidemiological, immunological and parameters of vaccination against Newcastle disease in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were investigated using 2 experiments. Ulster 2C, B1 and LaSota vaccines strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were used. In experiment 1, 72 budgerigars were used, and divided into 4 different groups with 18 birds per group. They were submitted to different vaccination programs. The immunological responses in these birds were measured by HI test. These birds were also challenged with a pathogenic VDN strain at 11 months of age. In all the groups, cloacal swabs were collected for RT-PCR. Independent of the group, clinical signs of reaction to the vaccine were not observed. The antibody titers (HI) results showed that the immune vaccine programs adopted were equally efficient in stimulating protective levels of humoral immune responses. Challenged budgerigars were refractory to the NDV clinical disease. However, a NDV carrier state was shown in this species until 19 days after experimental infection. In experiment 2, SPF chickens were housed with budgerigars which were previously inoculated with a pathogenic NDV strain. Therefore, the pathogenic virus (NDV) was transmitted from the budgerigars to SPF birds up to 19 days after challenge, showing the importance of the budgerigars as source of dissemination of NDV to domestic birds / Mestre