Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Kenneth J. Klabunde / Non-polar halogens (Cl2, Br2 and I2) and polar interhalogen molecules (ICl, IBr and ICl3) have been adsorbed on the surface of several high surface area materials, including three different nanosized metal oxides (NanoActive® (NA) Al2O3 Plus, NA-TiO2 and NA-CeO2). The prepared halogen and interhalogen adducts have been characterized in detail by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Vis, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS) and the results are discussed herein. The different metal oxides lead to varying strength of adsorption of the halogen/interhalogen in the prepared adducts and adsorption is stronger in the nanosized metal oxides as compared to their macrocrystalline available counterparts. Nanosized metal oxide halogen adducts possess high surface reactivities due to their unique surface morphologies. These adducts have been used as reactive materials against vegetative cells, such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, as well as spores, including Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis (Δ Sterne strain). High biocidal activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as spores have been obtained. Bactericidal test procedures include a water suspension method and a dry membrane method and the results illustrate that good results are obtained using both procedures. Transmission electron micrographs have been used to illustrate the treated and untreated cells and spores, giving insight into the mechanism. It is proposed that the abrasive character of the particles, along with the oxidative power of the halogens/interhalogens as well as the electrostatic attraction between some of the metal oxides and the biological material are main reasons for the high biocidal activities. Three different bacteriophages (MS2, φX174 and PRD1) have also been studied and initial results indicate that there is big potential for the use of metal oxide halogen and interhalogen adducts for the destruction of viruses. Other potential uses for them also include halogenating agents in organic and inorganic synthesis as well as a safe way to store intact halogens.

Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2018-05-24T14:33:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_tony_picoli.pdf: 20734205 bytes, checksum: 9562948ead5815cdb0cbfa769c181bad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-05-30T12:52:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 tese_tony_picoli.pdf: 20734205 bytes, checksum: 9562948ead5815cdb0cbfa769c181bad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T12:52:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 tese_tony_picoli.pdf: 20734205 bytes, checksum: 9562948ead5815cdb0cbfa769c181bad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A busca por novos fármacos têm levado as pesquisas ao encontro dos produtos naturais que oferecem uma quantidade inimaginável de princípios ativos ainda desconhecidos. A apicultura moderna é um segmento da agropecuária que fornece alguns produtos naturais como a própolis, o mel, a cera, a geleia real e a apitoxina, que vêm sendo alvo de pesquisas devido às diversas atividades biológicas já apresentadas. A apitoxina (veneno de abelhas) é uma complexa mistura de substâncias bioativas, entre elas os peptídeos apamina e melitina. O primeiro tratase da menor neurotoxina conhecida e com apenas 18 aminoácidos em sua composição representa 2% do peso seco do veneno. Já melitina, composta de 26 aminoácidos, corresponde a 50% do peso seco do veneno e é um conhecido peptídeo tóxico capaz de causar lise em diversos tipos celulares. Neste sentido, este estudo objetivou caracterizar estes dois peptídeos quanto à sua citotoxicidade e seu poder antimicrobiano. Através do ensaio de redução do MTT (3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol- 2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo) foi possível determinar as concentrações citotóxicas de melitina para 50% dos cultivos celulares (CC50), que variou de 2,3 a 4,1 μg/mL e a CC90, que variou de 2,7 a 4,7 μg/mL para diferentes linhagens celulares e, ao expor estas células frente à melitina por diferentes períodos pôde-se observar que com apenas 5 minutos de exposição, houve queda nas viabilidades celulares. Já os ensaios de toxicidade realizados em citometria de fluxo demonstram que, com concentrações de melitina abaixo das consideradas tóxicas pelo ensaio de redução do MTT, as células já apresentavam sinais de toxicidade da melitina, alterando os padrões de apoptose e necrose, aumentando a peroxidação das membranas lipídicas (LPO), assim como a produção intracelular de espécies reativas ao oxigênio (ROS) e da fragmentação de seu DNA. Por microscopia confocal foi possível a observação de focos de apoptose e necrose e do aumento da fluidez das membranas das células proporcional ao aumento da concentração de melitina em que essas foram expostas. Houve correlação positiva entre LPO e ROS (r=0,3158, p<0,05), taxa de apoptose (r= 0,4978, p<0,05) e com a funcionalidade das mitocôndrias (r= 0,3149, p<0,05). LPO parece iniciar os demais eventos de toxicidade celular avaliados e aumentar a funcionalidade mitocondrial em resposta ao estresse sofrido pelas células. Sendo assim, a citometria de fluxo e a microscopia confocal demonstraram eficiência em auxiliar a desvendar os mecanismos de toxicidade de melitina e se portam como técnicas complementares ao ensaio MTT, que avalia a viabilidade celular apenas através da funcionalidade mitocondrial. Quanto à atividade antiviral da melitina, houve a inativação de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), especialmente na concentração 2μg/ml. Apamina atuando isoladamente não apresentou poder antiviral, porém quando aliada à melitina, apresentou efeito antiviral contra o vírus da diarreia viaral bovina (BVDV). Resultados com padrões semelhantes ocorreram ao analisar o poder virucida das substâncias, quando melitina inativou BoHV-1 em 2 horas de incubação com este vírus mas não apresentou ação contra o BVDV, assim como a apamina, mas a associação potencializou o efeito virucida contra BVDV. Já quanto à atividade antibacteriana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e bactericida mínima (CBM) de melitina foram, respectivamente (em μg/ml), frente a Staphylococcus aureus (6-7 e 32-64), Escherichia coli (40-42,5 e 64-128) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (65-70 e 64-128). Biofilmes de S. aureus foram mais sensíveis à ação da melitina quanto comparados aos biofilmes produzidos pelas Gram negativas. Melitina foi capaz de destruir biofilmes pré-formados pelas três espécies bacterianas estudadas além de inibir a formação dos biofilmes por estas espécies quando foram previamente incubadas com melitina em concentrações abaixo da CIM. Os resultados são promissores quanto à capacidade antimicrobiana das substâncias apresentando potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos e/ou sanitizantes e, os mecanismos de toxicidade avaliados podem auxiliar nesse desenvolvimento. / The search for new drugs leads the researchs to meeting the natural products that offers an unimaginable amount of still unknown active principles. The modern apiculture is a segment of agriculture that provides some natural products such as propolis, honey, wax, royal jelly and apitoxin, which have been the subject of research due to the various biological activities already presented. Apitoxin (bee venom) is a complex mixture of bioactive substances, and between them the peptides apamin and melittin. The first is the smaller known neurotoxin and, with only 18 amino acids in its composition, represent 2% of the dry weight of the venom. Melitin, composed of 26 amino acids, corresponds to 50% of the dry weight of the venom and is a known toxic peptide capable of causing lysis in several cell types. In this sense, this study aims to characterize these two peptides as to their cytotoxicity and their antimicrobial power. By the reduction of MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) - 2-5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolate bromide) test, it was possible to determine the cytotoxic concentrations of melittin to 50% of the cell cultures (CC50) which ranged from 2.3 to 4.1 μg / mL and CC90, ranging from 2.7 to 4.7 μg / mL for different cell lines, and by expose these cells to melina for different periods it was observed that only 5 minutes of exposure, there was decrease in cellular viability. The toxicity tests performed in flow cytometry shows that, with melittin concentrations below the toxic concentration considerated by the MTT reduction test, the cells showed signs of melittin toxicity, altering the patterns of apoptosis and necrosis, increasing the peroxidation of membranes (LPO), as well as an intracellular production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) and the fragmentation of their DNA. By confocal microscopy it was possible to observe foci of apoptosis, necrosis and the increase of cell membranes fluidity proportional to the increase in the concentration of melittin in which they were exposed. There was a positive correlation between LPO and ROS (r = 0.3158, p <0.05), apoptosis rate (r = 0.4978, p <0.05) and mitochondrial functionality (r = 0.3149, P0.05). LPO seems to initiate the other evaluated events of cellular toxicity and increase mitochondrial functionality in response to the stress undergone by the cells. Therefore, the flow cytometry and confocal microscopy have demonstrated efficiency in helping to unravel the mechanisms of melittin toxicity and behave as complementary techniques to the MTT assay, which evaluates the cellular viability by mitochondrial functionality. As for the antiviral activity of melittin, there was inactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), especially at 2μg / ml concentration. Apamin acting alone did not present antiviral power, but when allied to melittin, presented antiviral effect against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Results with similar patterns ocurred when analyzing the virucidal power of the substances, when melittin inactivated BoHV-1 with 2 hours of incubation with this virus but showed no action against BVDV, as well as apamine, but the association potentiated their virucidal effect against BVDV. As for antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of melittin were, respectively (in μg / mL), against Staphylococcus aureus (6-7 and 32- 64), Escherichia coli (40- 42,5 and 64-128) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (65-70 and 64-128). Biofilms of S. aureus were more sensitive to the action of melitin compared to biofilms produced by Gram negative bacteria. Melittin was able to destroy preformed biofilms by the three bacterial species studied and inhibited the formation of biofilms by these species when they were previously incubated with melittin at concentrations below MIC. The results are promising as to the antimicrobial capacity of the substances presenting potential for the development of new drugs and / or sanitizers and the mechanisms of toxicity can aid in the development.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristina_nunes.pdf: 1093744 bytes, checksum: 0c42a534dae5175850fd939832f086a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Currently, the drug industry looks for new drugs based on natural products, for the production of drugs more efficient, for which the microorganisms did not show resistance to both humans and animals. A natural product that has been the subject of intense pharmacological and chemical studies by scientists for the control of diseases is propolis, a resinous substance produced by honeybees from exudates collected from different parts of the plant, which has been used for centuries in popular medicine due to its therapeutic properties. Chemical studies revealed the complex chemical composition, identifying in some cases more than 300 components including various bioactive phenolic compounds responsible for the virucidal action. This work initially describes the standardization of an ethanol extract of green propolis (EEPV), where the chemicals were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), phytochemical characterization by thin layer chromatography (TLC), soluble solids, content of phenolics and flavonoids and antioxidant activity by 2.2 diphenil picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The EEPV was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their capacity lentogenic virucidal against a strain of the virus of Newcastle disease (NDV) at two different temperatures (22 and 37 ° C), 5 incubation periods (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours) of NDV in five different concentrations of EEPV (4000&#956;g/dose, 400&#956;g/dose, 40&#956;g/dose, and 4&#956;g/dose 0&#956;g/dose). The EEPV standard is within the standards required by the MAP, with high levels of phenolics and flavonoids (12.93 and 6.05% respectively) as shown by HPLC, which identified high concentrations of phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, hydroxycinnamic acid diprenyl , cinâmino acid derivatives), which are assigned the antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and virucidal. This extract showed dose-dependent virucidal activity (4000&#956;g/dose e 400&#956;g/dose) and time of incubation with the virus (2 hour). The inhibitory activity of EEPV against the strain of NDV lentogenic found in the present study suggests the use of this extract as an alternative to fight the infection by this virus. / Atualmente, a indústria farmacêutica busca novos medicamentos com base em produtos naturais, visando à produção de fármacos mais eficientes, para os quais os microrganismos não apresentem resistência, tanto para humanos quanto para animais. Um dos produtos naturais que tem sido objeto de intensos estudos farmacológicos e químicos por cientistas para o controle de enfermidades é a própolis, uma substância resinosa produzida por abelhas melíferas a partir de exsudatos coletados em diferentes partes das plantas, que tem sido utilizada durante séculos na medicina popular devido as suas propriedades terapêuticas. Estudos químicos revelaram a complexa composição da própolis, identificando em alguns casos mais de 300 componentes, incluindo vários compostos bioativos fenólicos responsáveis pela ação virucida. Este trabalho inicialmente descreve a padronização de um extrato etanólico de própolis verde (EEPV), onde foram identificados os compostos químicos por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), caracterização fitoquímica por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), teor de sólidos solúveis, teor de fenóis e flavonóides totais e atividade antioxidante por 2,2 diphenil picril hidrazil(DPPH). O EEPV foi avaliado também in vitro e in vivo, quanto a sua capacidade virucida contra uma cepa lentogênica do vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) em duas temperaturas distintas (22 e 37°C), 5 períodos de incubação (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 horas) do NDV em 5 concentrações de EEPV distintos (4000&#956;g/dose, 400&#956;g/dose, 40&#956;g/dose, 4&#956;g/dose e 0&#956;g/dose). O EEPV padronizado está dentro dos padrões requisitados pelo MAPA, com altos níveis de fenóis e flavonóides totais (12.93 e 6,05% respectivamente), comprovado por CLAE, o qual identificou altas concentrações de ácidos fenólicos (ácido p-cumárico, ácido diprenil hidroxicinâmico, derivados do ácido cinâmino), os quais são atribuídos as propriedades antibacteriana, antioxidante, antiviral e virucida. Este extrato apresentou atividade virucida dependente da dose (4000&#956;g/dose, 400&#956;g/dose) e do tempo de incubação com o vírus (2 horas). A atividade inibitória do EEPV contra a cepa lentogênica de NDV, encontrada no presente estudo sugere a utilização deste extrato como uma alternativa no combate a infecções por este vírus.

Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T14:44:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cristina_Peter.pdf: 1012287 bytes, checksum: a6b5ae3184db955c29ee2d8a7adfa70f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T14:56:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cristina_Peter.pdf: 1012287 bytes, checksum: a6b5ae3184db955c29ee2d8a7adfa70f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T14:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Cristina_Peter.pdf: 1012287 bytes, checksum: a6b5ae3184db955c29ee2d8a7adfa70f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana (antibacteriana, antifúngica e antiviral), toxicidade celular e composição química de extratos hidroalcoólicos da própolis marrom (PM), verde (PV) e de abelhas nativas jataí (PJ). A atividade antibacteriana da própolis foi analisada pelo método de Microdiluição frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae e Escherichia coli. Para a atividade antifúngica, foi utilizada metodologia semelhante, frente à Candida lipolytica, Candida parapsilosis, Sporothrix schenckii e Sporothrix brasiliensis. A atividade antiviral foi avaliada através de dois métodos distintos de tratamento das células com os extratos: antes e depois da inoculação viral, frente ao Herpes Vírus Bovino (BoHV-1) e ao Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina (BVDV) e quantificado pelo teste de MTT (3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)- 2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo) e a atividade virucida, avaliada através de diferentes diluições dos vírus, temperaturas e tempos de incubações e analisadas por observação microscópica e quantificadas através da Dose Infectante (D.I.) 50%. A toxicidade foi avaliada através de diferentes concentrações e a viabilidade celular quantificada por MTT. À composição química das própolis foi determinada por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Os resultados da atividade antibacteriana demonstraram que PM obteve valores menores de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), quando testados frente à S. aureus (6,7 mg/mL; 13,4 mg/mL, respectivamente), e E. coli (29,4 mg/mL; 54,3 mg/mL) quando comparados ao PV e PJ. Contudo frente Streptococcus sp., os menores valores de CIM e CBM encontrados foram da PV (p<0,01). Na atividade antifúngica as PM, PV e PJ apresentaram eficácia à Candida sp. eSporotrix sp. A PJ apresentou menor toxicidade, em sequência PV e PM. Na atividade antiviral, os extratos foram mais eficazes quando acrescentados no pré-tratamento e a PM e PV foram mais eficazes ao BoHV-1, enquanto a PJ ao BVDV. Na virucida, a PVa 37°C obteve valores diferentes e menores (log = 2,67) em relação a PM (log = 3,5) e PJ (log = 3,76). No entanto, para BVDV a PJ apresentou os melhores resultados para ambas temperaturas. Os resultados demonstram o potencial da própolis como antimicrobiano no tratamento de doenças em Medicina Veterinária e Humana. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity (antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral), cell toxicity and chemical composition of hydroalcoholic extracts of brown propolis (PM), green (PV) and native bees jataí (PJ). The antibacterial activity of propolis was analyzed by microdilution method against the Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli. For the antifungal activity, similar methodology was used, compared to Candida lipolytica, Candida parapsilosis, Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. The antiviral activity was measured using two different methods of treatment of the cells with the extracts: before and after the viral inoculation against Bovine Herpes virus (bovine herpesvirus type 1) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and quantitated by assaying MTT (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2yl) - 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolato bromine) and virucidal activity, measured using different dilutions of virus, temperatures and incubation times and analyzed by microscopic observation and quantified by the infective dose (ID) 50%. Toxicity was evaluated using different concentrations and cell viability measured by MTT. In the chemical composition of propolis was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods. The results demonstrated that the antibacterial activity had lower values PM Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) when tested against S. aureus (6.7 mg/mL; 13.4 mg/mL, respectively) and E. coli (29.4 mg/mL, 54.3 mg/mL) compared to the PV and PJ. However front Streptococcus sp., the lowest values of MIC and MBC were found of PV (p <0.01). In the antifungal activity PM, PV and PJ showed efficacy to Candida sp. and Sporotrix spp. The PJ showed lower toxicity in PV and PM sequence. In the antiviral activity, the extracts were more effective when added in the pre treatment and the PM and PV were more effective in BoHV-1, while the PJ to BVDV. In virucidal, PV obtained at 37°C and under different values (log = 2.67) compared to PM (log = 3.5) and PJ (log = 3.76). However, for BVDV PJ showed the best results for both temperatures. Results show the potential of propolis as an antimicrobial in the treatment of diseases in Veterinary Medicine and Human.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_camila_vilela.pdf: 3723868 bytes, checksum: ab12df670772a34a813dff38ebe29029 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-23 / Propolis is a resinous substance by bees from exudates of flower-buds from several plants. Its coloring and consistancy is variable and it is used by bees to fill gaps, to embalm dead insects, as well as to protect the hive against the invasion of microorganisms. Green propolis, which has several bioactive proprieties scientifically proved, was evaluated in this study in the form of ethanolic extract, concerning its virucidal capacity against the avipoxvirus, inoculated in chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos and concerning its antibactericidal and antifungal action in embryonated eggs destinated to incubation. To evaluate the virucidal capacity of the Green própolis, 100 eggs embryonated were used, with nine days of incubation, of broiler breeders with 62 weeks of age, unvaccinated against avipoxvírus. Propolis presented virucidal activity depending on the dose and the time of vírus incubation period before the inoculation. Eggs inoculated with vírus and 2400 &#956;g/dose of propolis previously incubated for four hours presented decrease in the number of lesion pox (P<0,05) with regard to the positive control besides a decrease in the number of bodies of intracytoplasmic inclusion and in the score of vacuolar degeneration of the epithelial cells of the mesoderm of the chorioallantoic membrane. After eight hours of vírus incubation the same propolis concentration inativated completely the avipoxvirus (P<0,0001) and a concentration ten times smaller (240 &#956;/dose) reduced significativelly the number of pox lesions and the histopathological findings (P<0,05). To evaluate the antibactericidal and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of the Green própolis, 140 eggs from nests of broiler breeders were used. The levels of contamination of eggshells through total mesophiles and fungi ( Aspergillus sp and other molds) after the desinfection with propolis were smaller as compared to the control. As compared to the treatment with formaldehyde (positive control) the concentrations of propolis 240 &#956;g and 24 &#956;g did not differ concerning the antibactericidal activity, but to the antifungal activity 2400 &#956;g and 240 &#956;g were superiors. Concerning the eggs hatchability after 21 days of incubation, the propolis treatmens (2400 &#956;g and 240 &#956;g) presented the biggest rates, with 94,11% overcoming the treatment with formaldehyde. Thus, the green propolis, presented virucidal activity against the avipoxvirus in chorioallantoic membrane, as well as antibactericidal and antifungal activity in embryonated eggs, representing a new alternative to treatments against infections caused by virus, as well as a new natural product disinfectant in substitution to formaldehyde. / A própolis é uma substância resinosa produzida pelas abelhas a partir de exsudatos de brotos e botões florais de diversas plantas. Possui coloração e consistência variada e é utilizada pelas abelhas para fechar pequenas frestas, embalsamar insetos mortos, bem como proteger a colméia contra a invasão de microrganismos. A própolis verde, com diversas propriedades bioativas cientificamente comprovadas, foi avaliada neste estudo, na forma de extrato etanólico, quanto a sua capacidade virucida contra o avipoxvirus, inoculado em membrana corioalantóide de embriões de galinha e quanto às ações antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados destinados a incubação. Para avaliar a capacidade virucida da própolis verde, foram utilizados 100 ovos embrionados, com nove dias de incubação, de matrizes pesadas com 62 semanas de idade, não vacinadas contra o avipoxvírus. A própolis apresentou atividade virucida dependente da dose e do tempo de incubação com o vírus antes da inoculação. Ovos inoculados com vírus e 2400 &#956;g/dose de própolis, previamente incubados por quatro horas, apresentaram redução no número de lesões pox (P<0,05), em relação ao controle positivo, além da redução no número de corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos e no escore de degeneração vacuolar das células epiteliais do mesoderma da membrana corioalantóide. Após oito horas de incubação com o vírus, a mesma concentração de própolis inativou completamente o avipoxvirus (P<0,0001) e na concentração dez vezes menor (240 &#956;g/dose) reduziu significativamente o número de lesões pox e os achados histopatológicos (P<0,05). Para avaliar as atividades antibacteriana e antifungica do extrato etanólico da própolis verde, foram utilizados 140 ovos de ninhos de matrizes de postura. Os níveis de contaminação da casca dos ovos por mesófilos totais e fungos (Aspergillus e outros bolores) após a desinfecção com própolis foram menores quando comparados ao controle. Na comparação ao tratamento com formaldeído (controle positivo) as concentrações de própolis com 240 &#956;g e 24 &#956;g não diferiram para atividade antibacteriana, mas para atividade antifúngica 2400 &#956;g e 240 &#956;g foram superiores. Com relação à eclodibilidade dos ovos após 21 dias de incubação, os tratamentos de própolis (2400 &#956;g e 240 &#956;g) apresentaram as maiores taxas, com 94,11% superando o tratamento com formaldeído. A própolis verde, portanto, apresentou atividade virucida contra o avipoxvirus em membrana corioalantóide, bem como atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados, representando uma nova alternativa para tratamentos contra infecções causadas por vírus, bem como um novo produto natural desinfetante em substituição ao formaldeído.

Human parainfluenza virus type-2 (HPIV-2) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease known as laryngotracheobronchitis or croup-like disease in children. No specific vaccine or an antiviral drug is currently approved for treatment of HPIV-2 infections. In this project, a library of 14400 diverse compounds had been screened for anti-HPIV-2 activities in cultures of African green monkey kidney cells. All compounds that inhibited the virus induced syncytium-forming activity in these cells were considered as hit compounds. Three hit compounds showed moderate anti-HPIV-2 activity characterized by the IC50 values of 20 µM and selectivity indices of approximately 5. This suggests that the antiviral activity of these compounds was due to targeting activities of cellular rather than viral components. Another hit compound, referred to as compound 5, showed anti-HPIV-2 activity that was manifested as a reduction of area of the virus-induced plaques in cells at not cytotoxic concentrations. Interestingly, this compound did not inhibit initial infection nor the virus production in infected cells as revealed by the time-of-addition assay. Moreover, it showed no direct the virus-inactivating (virucidal activity) against HPIV-2 particles. However, relatively short pre-treatment (4 hours) of the cells with compound 5 prior to the virus infection was sufficient for its plaque size-reducing activity suggesting that anti-HPIV-2 activity of compound 5 was due to targeting activities of cellular rather than viral components. Further studies are needed to elucidate the anti-HPIV-2 mechanism of activity of hit compounds identified in the present study.

No description available.