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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00481.pdf: 828758 bytes, checksum: 1c5f5457d167dcdae526c01f18297ab6 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo - IB/USP

A novel plasma cell-restricted E2A-containing ~-tE2-binding species, designated P-E2A, which forms during the mature B- to plasma cell transition has recently been detected (Jacobs, 1993). In order to elucidate the molecular components of P-E2A, a human plasma cell eDNA library was constructed from the ARH-77 cell line, and the yeast two-hybrid system was employed to search for E2A-interacting plasma cell factors. A hybrid vector that expresses the bHLH region of E4 7 was constructed and utilized as bait to detect E2A-interacting clones. Three clones were isolated that represent possible candidates for in vivo E2A interactions. To improve the specificity and sensitivity of the system, we devised an alternative strategy to the yeast two-hybrid system for the in vivo detection ofE-box-binding E2A-interacting proteins.

<p>Natural IgM (nIgM) is constitutively present in the serum, where it aids in the early control of viral and bacterial expansions. nIgM also plays a significant role in the prevention of autoimmune disease by promoting the clearance of cellular debris. However, the cells that maintain high titers of nIgM in the circulation had not yet been identified. Several studies have linked serum nIgM with the presence of fetal-lineage B cells, and others have detected IgM secretion directly by B1a cells in various tissues. Nevertheless, a substantial contribution of undifferentiated B1 cells to nIgM titers is doubtful, as the ability to produce large quantities of antibody (Ab) is a function of the phenotype and morphology of differentiated plasma cells (PCs). No direct evidence exists to support the claim that a B1-cell population directly produces the bulk of circulating nIgM. The source of nIgM thus remained uncertain and unstudied.</p><p>In the first part of this study, I identified the primary source of nIgM. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay, I determined that the majority of IgM Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) in naïve mice reside in the bone marrow (BM). Flow cytometric analysis of BM cells stained for intracellular IgM revealed that nIgM ASCs express IgM and the PC marker CD138 on their surface, but not the B1a cell marker CD5. By spinning these cells onto slides and staining them, following isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), I found that they exhibit the typical morphological characteristics of terminally differentiated PCs. Transfer experiments demonstrated that BM nIgM PCs arise from a progenitor in the peritoneal cavity (PerC), but not isolated PerC B1a, B1b, or B2 cells. Immunoglobulin (Ig) gene sequence analysis and examination of B1-8i mice, which carry an Ig knockin that prohibits fetal B-cell development, indicated that nIgM PCs differentiate from fetal-lineage B cells. BrdU uptake experiments showed that the nIgM ASC compartment contains a substantial fraction of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). Finally, I demonstrated that nIgM PCs occupy a survival niche distinct from that used by IgG PCs.</p><p>In the second part of this dissertation, I characterized the unique survival niche of nIgM LLPCs, which maintain constitutive high titers of nIgM in the serum. By using genetically deficient or Ab-depleted mice, I found that neither T cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, nor mast cells, the three major hematopoietic producers of IL-5, were required for nIgM PC survival in the BM. However, IgM PCs associate strongly with IL-5-expressing BM stromal cells, which support their survival in vitro when stimulated. In vivo neutralization of IL-5 revealed that, like individual survival factors for IgG PCs, IL-5 is not the sole supporter of IgM PCs, but is likely one of several redundant molecules that together ensure uninterrupted signaling. Thus, the long-lived nIgM PC niche is not composed of hematopoietic sources of IL-5, but a stromal cell microenvironment that provides multiple redundant survival signals.</p><p>In the final part of my study, I identified and characterized the precursor of nIgM PCs, which I found in the first project to be resident in the PerC, but not a B1a, B1b, or B2 cell. By transferring PerC cells sorted based on expression of CD19, CD5, and CD11b, I found that only the CD19+CD5+CD11b- population contained cells capable of differentiating into nIgM PCs. Transfer of decreasing numbers of unfractionated PerC cells into Rag1 knockouts revealed an order-of-magnitude drop in the rate of serum IgM reconstitution between stochastically sampled pools of 106 and 3x105 PerC cells, suggesting that the CD19+CD5+CD11b- compartment comprises two cell types, and that interaction between the two necessary for nIgM-PC differentiation. By transferring neonatal liver, I determined that the early hematopoietic environment is required for nIgM PC precursors to develop. Using mice carrying a mutation that disturbs cKit expression, I also found that cKit appears to be required at a critical point near birth for the proper development of nIgM PC precursors.</p><p>The collective results of these studies demonstrate that nIgM is the product of BM-resident PCs, which differentiate from a PerC B cell precursor distinct from B1a cells, and survive long-term in a unique survival niche created by stromal cells. My work creates a new paradigm by which to understand nIgM, B1 cell, and PC biology.</p> / Dissertation

Splenectomy has been reported to have a beneficial effect in treating Acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). This reason for this often rapid and profound beneficial effect is not readily apparent from what is known about normal splenic immunoarchitecture. While the spleen is rich in mature B cells, it has not been noted to be a repository for direct antibody-secreting cells. We present a case of a Native American female who received a renal transplant and developed a severe episode of ABMR. The patient was initially refractory to both plasmapheresis and IVIG. The patient underwent an emergent splenectomy with almost immediate improvement in her renal function and a rapid drop in her DR51 antibodies. Immunohistochemical stains of the spleen demonstrated abundant clusters of CD138+ plasma cells (>10% CD138 cells as opposed to 1% CD138 cells as seen in traumatic controls). Though this is a single case, these findings offer a rationale for the rapid ameliorative effect of splenectomy in cases of antibody rejection. It is possible that the spleen during times of excessive antigenic stress may rapidly turn over B cells to active antibody-secreting cells or serve as a reservoir for these cells produced at other sites. © 2010 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

Les chimiokines (CK) et leurs récepteurs (RCK) régulent l’homéostasie leucocytaire et sont également des partenaires actifs dans la physiopathologie du syndrome WHIM et du lupus systémique (LS).Le syndrome WHIM est un déficit immuno-hématologique rare qui se caractérise notamment par une profonde lympho-neutropénie périphérique. Ce déficit est expliqué par un gain de fonction du RCK CXCR4, qui entraîne un défaut de désensibilisation du récepteur et une hyper-sensibilité à son ligand CXCL12. Malgré la lymphopénie caractéristique, les patients parviennent à générer une réponse immune humorale mais celle-ci n’est pas maintenue dans le temps. Afin de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie du syndrome WHIM, notre laboratoire a développé le modèle murin Cxcr4+/1013 qui présente une mutation gain de fonction de Cxcr4 similaire à celle observée chez certains patients. La première partie de ma thèse s’est intéressée à l’impact de ce gain de fonction de Cxcr4 sur la réponse immune. L’immunisation des souris Cxcr4+/1013 a permis de montrer que la désensibilisation de Cxcr4 limitait la différenciation des cellules productrices d’anticorps (Ac) appelées plasmocytes (PC). De plus, le gain de fonction de Cxcr4 est associé à une migration aberrante des PC et un défaut de leur maintien au long cours dans la moelle osseuse, pouvant ainsi expliquer la réponse vaccinale défectueuse observée chez les patients.La seconde partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à la caractérisation du profil migratoire des PC dans le LS. Le LS est une maladie auto-immune systémique, qui évolue par poussées et rémissions, et qui affecte plusieurs organes (peau, rein, système nerveux central…). L’initiation et l’exacerbation du LS sont médiées par les auto-Ac sécrétés par les PC autoréactifs. A ce jour, de par l’absence d’identification de marqueur spécifique de cette population, aucune thérapie ne parvient à cibler spécifiquement ces cellules. Une stratégie alternative consiste en la dérégulation de la domiciliation des PC autoréactifs dans les tissus enflammés, à l’origine même des dommages tissulaires. Ce projet s’est intéressé à l’identification du code migratoire des PC circulants de patients lupiques. J’ai cherché à savoir si les PC circulants de patients lupiques présentaient un profil d’expression de RCK distinct de ceux d’individus sains, pouvant ainsi expliquer le recrutement aberrant de ces cellules dans les tissus enflammés. Ces études ont été effectuées chez des patients en phases de poussée et de rémission mais également dans le modèle murin lupique NZB/W F1. Ces travaux suggèrent que les patients peuvent être stratifiés selon les RCK exprimés par les PC circulants. / The chemokines (CK) and their receptors (CKR) are essential for leukocyte homeostasis. They are also involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases including the WHIM syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).The WHIM syndrome is a rare immunodeficiency characterised by a severe peripheral lympho-neutropenia. It is caused by a gain-of-function of the CKR CXCR4, leading to a defect in desensitization of this receptor and a hyper-responsiveness to its ligand CXCL12. To better understand the pathophysiology of the WHIM syndrome, our laboratory developed the mouse model Cxcr4+/1013 harboring a natural mutation observed in some patients. Despite the lymphopenia, WHIM patients can mount a potent humoral immune response but that is not sustained over time. The maintenance of long-term antibody (Ab) titers is guaranteed by plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM). The first part of my thesis was thus dedicated to the analysis of the role of a gain-of-function of Cxcr4 on PC differentiation and migration. The analysis of humoral response of Cxcr4+/1013 mice revealed a defect in the persistence of specific antibody titres in the absence of Cxcr4 desensitization. Furthermore, this was associated with an abnormal accumulation of a population of immature PCs in the BM.The second part of my work aimed to characterize the migratory potential of circulating PCs from SLE patients. SLE is a systemic autoimmune disease which can affect several organs like the skin, the kidneys or the central nervous system. SLE evolves in flare and remission phases and auto-Ab secreted by autoreactive PCs contribute to its pathophysiology and severity. Today, no specific treatment against autoreactive PCs exist. Targeting their migratory capacity to the inflamed tissues could be an alternative strategy. The objective of this project was to identify the migratory potential of SLE PCs. These studies were processed on samples from SLE patients during flare or remission, and on the lupus mouse model, the NZB/W F1 mice. We observed that the expression of different combinations of surface CKR may stratify several groups of SLE patients.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20804号 / 医博第4304号 / 新制||医||1025(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 松田 文彦, 教授 柳田 素子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is dominated by Th2 immune responses, with accumulation of eosinophils, IgE and IgG1 production, and airway hyperresponsiveness. We reported previously that treatment of OVA-asthmatic mice with allergen-presenting IL-10-differentiated dendritic cells (DC) (DC10) leads to progressive and long-lasting full-spectrum asthma tolerance. However, little has been done in investigating a role for antigen-specific B cells in DC10-induced tolerance. In this study, we characterized the surface markers of DC10 and found that these cells expressed lower levels of CD40, CD80, MHC II, PD-L1 and PD-L2 relative to immunostimulatory LPS-differentiated DCs (DCLPS). Co-culturing DC10 or DC10-induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) with CD4+ Th2 effector T cells from asthmatic mice led to a marked suppression of DCLPS-induced T effector cell proliferation. Moreover, DC10 treatment of asthma phenotype mice down-regulated airway eosinophilic inflammation as determined 48 h after a recall allergen challenge, and reduced pulmonary parenchymal tissue OVA-specific IgG1-secreting (OVA-IgG1) plasma cell numbers. The number of lung OVA-specific IgG1 plasma cells decreased by 46.7% over a 2 week period in the absence of repeated allergen challenge, while the numbers of bone marrow OVA-specific IgG1 plasma cells stayed relatively stable over a 6 week period, as determined 48 h after a single allergen challenge of asthmatic mice. DC10 treatment had a significant impact on the serum of IgG1/IgE response. To address the question of how DC10 influence OVA-IgG1 plasma cells responses, we co-cultured enzymatically-dispersed lung total cells from asthmatic mice with or without DC10, and found that the DC10 significantly suppressed OVA-IgG1 plasma cell antibody production. To determine whether DC10 required input from T cells to accomplish this, we co-cultured CD4 T cell-depleted, B cell-enriched populations from the lungs of asthmatic mice with or without DC10, and found that DC10 strongly (65.4+/-3.5%) suppressed OVA-IgG1 plasma cells in CD4 T cell-depleted lung cell cultures. To assess whether DC10-induced Treg also suppress IgG1-secretion, we co-cultured lung CD4+ T cells from untreated or DC10-tolerized asthmatic mice with total lung cells from asthmatic donors, and found that the DC10-induced Tregs effectively (52.2+/-8.7%) suppressed OVA-IgG1 plasma cell responses. In summary, DC10 treatment strongly down-regulate OVA-specific IgG1 plasma cell responses of asthmatic mice, both in vivo and in vitro by at least two mechanisms: directly via DC10 as well as indirectly through DC10-induced Tregs.

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