Les plaquettes sanguines sont des cellules anucléées qui jouent un rôle majeur dans l’hémostase. Au-delà de cette fonction, elles possèdent une composante inflammatoire multifacette ; recouvrant la détection du signal de danger, la libération de cytokines et la migration leucocytaire. Dans ce contexte, la première partie de ces travaux met en avant la capacité des plaquettes à mettre en place une activation de type inflammatoire en réponse à un pathogène. En effet, lors de l’infection à HIV les plaquettes sont dans un état d’hyperréactivité et libèrent des facteurs immunomodulateurs pouvant participer à l’inflammation observée chez les patients infectées. D’une manière parallèle, les plaquettes présentent une sensibilité aux bactéries, faisant intervenir les TLR2 et 4 mais aussi les exotoxines, voire les bactéries entières. Le profil de la réponse inflammatoire induite est assez conséquent et diversifié pour participer à la physiopathologie du sepsis. La participation des plaquettes à l’inflammation concerne également leur interconnexion avec les neutrophiles. La seconde partie des travaux traite d’ailleurs de cette coopération qui ne semble pas s’arrêter à la barrière endothéliale, car lors de leur extravasation les neutrophiles transportent avec eux les plaquettes ; qui sont encore capables d’entretenir l’inflammation au niveau du site inflammatoire (ici, modèle de l’alvéole pulmonaire). La diversité du répertoire moléculaire plaquettaire, mis en avant au cours de cette thèse, qui participe à l’inflammation ouvre plusieurs possibilités quant à l’élaboration d’anti-plaquettaires qui pourraient moduler une réponse inflammatoire exacerbée / Blood platelets are anucleate cells which play an key role in haemostasis. In addition to this function, they participate in a number of other functions related to the inflammatory response including danger detection, cytokine release, and leukocyte transmigration. In the first part of the study, we highlight the ability of platelets to undergo an inflammatory activation response to a pathogen. Indeed during HIV infection, platelets are hyperresponsive and release immunomodulatory factors that can be involved in the inflammatory state seen in the patients. In a parallel way, platelets are also sensitive to bacteria, involving TLRs 2 and 4, exotoxins, as well as whole live bacteria. The inflammatory profile induced is sufficient, and quite diversified to participate in sepsis physiopathology. Platelet inflammatory functions also apply to their ability to crosstalk with neutrophils. Thus in the second part of our study, we focus on this interconnection, which does not appear to be stopping at the endothelial barrier, and can be seen during extravasation where neutrophils carry surface bound platelets in order to maintain inflammation directly onsite (alveolar inflammation model here).The diversity of platelet inflammatory activities highlighted in our work leads to several possibilities for the development of an antiplatelet therapeutic target which could modulate an exacerbated inflammatory response

Hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation are tightly interconnected processes which may give rise to thrombo-inflammation, involved in infectious and non-infectious acute and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Traditionally, due to its hemostatic role, blood coagulation is isolated from the inflammation, and its critical contribution in the progressing CVD is underrated, until the full occlusion of a critical vessel occurs. Underlying vascular injury exposes extracellular matrix to deposit platelets and inflammatory cells. Platelets being key effector cells, bridge all the three key processes (hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation) associated with thrombo-inflammation. Under physiological conditions, platelets remain in an inert state despite the proximity to the endothelium and other cells which are decorated with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich glycocalyx (GAGs). A pathological insult to the endothelium results in an imbalanced blood coagulation system hallmarked by increased thrombin generation due to losses of anticoagulant and cytoprotective mechanisms, i.e., the endothelial GAGs enhancing antithrombin, tissue factor pathwayinhibitor (TFPI) and thrombomodulin-protein C system. Moreover, the loss of GAGs promotes the release of mediators, such as von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and P-selectin, both locally on vascular surfaces and to circulation, further enhancing the adhesion of platelets to the affected sites. Platelet-neutrophil interaction and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps foster thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms exacerbating the cardiovascular disease course. Therefore, therapies which not only target the clotting mechanisms but simultaneously or independently convey potent cytoprotective effects hemming the inflammatory mechanisms are expected to provide clinical benefits. In this regard, we review the cytoprotective protease activated protein C (aPC) and its strong anti-inflammatory effects thereby preventing the ensuing thrombotic complications in CVD. Furthermore, restoring GAGlike vasculo-protection, such as providing heparin-proteoglycan mimetics to improve regulation of platelet and coagulation activity and to suppress of endothelial perturbance and leukocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines, may provide a path to alleviate thrombo-inflammatory disorders in the future. The vascular tissue-modeled heparin proteoglycan mimic, antiplatelet and anticoagulant compound (APAC), dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant, is an injury-targeting and locally acting arterial antithrombotic which downplays collagen- and thrombin-induced and complement-induced activation and protects from organ injury.