Global ETD Search

41	Μέθοδος ανάλυσης απεικονιστικών παραμέτρων τομογραφικών συστημάτων πυρηνικής ιατρικής (SPECT, PET) με τη χρήση της συνάρτησης διασποράς γραμμής (LSF) / A method for the accessment of the imaging properties of tomographic nuclear medicine systems (SPECT, PET) by using the line spread function (LSF) Σαμαρτζής, Αλέξανδρος 02 March 2015 (has links) The aim of our work was to provide a robust method for evaluating imaging performance of positron emission tomography (PET) systems and particularly to estimate the modulation transfer function (MTF) using the line spread function (LSF) method. A novel plane source was prepared using thin layer chromatography (TLC) of a fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) solution. The source was placed within a phantom, and imaged using the whole body (WB) two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) standard imaging protocols in a hybrid PET/CT scanner. Modulation transfer function was evaluated by determining the LSF, for various reconstruction methods and filters. The proposed MTF measurement method was validated against the conventional method, based on point spread function (PSF). Higher MTF values were obtained with 3D scanning protocol and 3D iterative reconstruction algorithm. All MTF obtained using 3D reconstruction algorithms showed better preservation of higher frequencies than the 2D algorithms. They also exhibited better contrast and resolution. MTF derived from LSF were more precise compared with those obtained from PSF since their reproducibility was better in all cases, providing a mean standard deviation of 0.0043, in contrary to the PSF method which gave 0.0405. By using our novel plane source we developed a method for measuring the image registration shift between the CT and the PET images in fusion. The method gave results that are comparable to the manufacturers’ method for image registration and has the advance that is applicable to all scanner models. Through the MTF it is also feasible to compare commercially available scanners in terms of image quality. In conclusion, the proposed method is novel and easy to implement for characterization of the signal transfer properties and image quality of PET/CT systems. It provides an easy way to evaluate the frequency response of each kernel available. The proposed method requires cheap and easily accessible materials, available to the medical physicist in the nuclear medicine department. Furthermore, it is robust to aliasing and since this method is based on the LSF, is more resilient to noise due to greater data averaging than conventional PSF-integration techniques. In this study was used to assess the image quality. But it can also be used as a method of quality control and stability of system performance over time. / Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να εισαγάγει μια νέα μέθοδο για την αξιολόγηση των χαρακτηριστικών της ποιότητας εικόνας στην τομογραφία εκπομπής ποζιτρονίων (PET). Ειδικότερα, έγινε εκτίμηση της συνάρτησης διαμόρφωσης μεταφοράς (MTF) σε PET εικόνες με χρήση της συνάρτησης διασποράς γραμμής (LSF). Κατασκευάστηκε μία πρότυπη επίπεδη πηγή, Λεπτού Χρωματογραφικού Χάρτη (TLC), υψηλής ομοιογένειας. Οι καμπύλες της MTF υπολογίστηκαν από την ανακατασκευή των εγκάρσιων τομών της επίπεδης πηγής. Η ανακατασκευή έγινε για όλους τους διαθέσιμους αλγόριθμους ανακατασκευής και φίλτρα καθώς και για τους δύο τρόπους σάρωσης (2D και 3D). Τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίθηκαν με την MTF που προκύπτει μέσω της συνάρτησης διασποράς σημείου (PSF). Με την χρήση της επίπεδης πηγής αναπτύχθηκε μέθοδος με την οποία μπορεί να ελεγχθεί η σύμπτωση της εικόνας του CT και της εικόνας του PET κατά την σύντηξη. Η μέθοδος συγκρίθηκε με τον τρόπο ελέγχου που καθορίζει ο κατασκευαστής του συστήματος. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε σύγκριση μεταξύ δύο εμπορικών συστημάτων από διαφορετικούς κατασκευαστές. Η σύγκριση πραγματοποιήθηκε για τα διαθέσιμα πρωτόκολλα σάρωσης και τους προτεινόμενους αλγόριθμους ανακατασκευής κάθε συστήματος. Η σάρωση του αντικειμένου σε 3D και η χρήση τρισδιάστατων αλγορίθμων ανασύστασης είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την δημιουργία εικόνων με υψηλότερες τιμές MTF. Όλες οι καμπύλες MTF που προέκυψαν από τρισδιάστατους αλγόριθμούς ανασύστασης έδειξαν καλύτερη απόκριση στις υψηλότερες συχνότητες από τους δισδιάστατους αλγόριθμους. Οι εικόνες που προέρχονται από τρισδιάστατους αλγόριθμους έχουν καλύτερη αντίθεση (contrast) και διακριτική ικανότητα (resolution). Οι καμπύλες MTF που προέρχονται από την LSF έχουν καλύτερη ακρίβεια σε σχέση με τις καμπύλες MTF που προέρχονται από την PSF και η επαναληψιμότητα τους ήταν καλύτερη σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις. Η μέση τιμή της τυπικής απόκλισης των καμπυλών MTF που προέρχονται από την LSF βρέθηκε ίση με 0,0043, ενώ η μέση τιμή της τυπικής απόκλισης των καμπυλών MTF που προέρχονται από την χρήση της PSF ήταν 0,0405. Με την προτεινόμενη μέθοδο αξιολόγησης είναι δυνατόν να συγκριθούν δύο ή περισσότερα εμπορικά διαθέσιμα συστήματα ως προς τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά της εικόνας τους. Τέλος, η μέτρηση της απόκλιση της εικόνας του CT και του PET στην εικόνα σύντηξης με την μέθοδο που αναπτύχθηκε ήταν συγκρίσιμη με την τιμή που μετρήθηκε εφαρμόζοντας την μέθοδο του κατασκευαστή. Συμπερασματικά, η παρούσα εργασία έδειξε ότι η χρήση της MTF, που προέρχεται από την LSF, μπορεί να χαρακτηρίσει πλήρως την ποιότητα εικόνας PET. Με τη προτεινόμενη μέθοδο αξιολόγησης της ποιότητας εικόνας, η διερεύνηση των διαφόρων στοιχείων της αλυσίδας απεικόνισης μπορεί να γίνει πιο απλή και να βελτιωθεί περαιτέρω και η συνολική απόδοση συστημάτων PET. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος αξιολόγησης απαιτεί υλικά που είναι συνηθισμένα στο κλινικό περιβάλλον, μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί πειραματικά και να χρησιμοποιηθεί στην κλινική πράξη. Επιπλέον, επειδή η μέθοδος βασίζεται στην LSF, είναι πιο ανθεκτική στο θόρυβο από τις συμβατικές τεχνικές που κάνουν χρήση της συνάρτησης διασποράς σημείου. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εκτίμηση της ποιότητας εικόνας. Μπορεί όμως να χρησιμοποιηθεί και ως μέθοδος ελέγχου ποιότητας και σταθερότητας της απόδοσης του συστήματος στον χρόνο. Positron emission tomography Modulation transfer function Line spread function Image quality Plane source Point spread function Ποιότητα εικόνας Επίπεδη πηγή
42	Deux problèmes dans la formation des images numériques : l'estimation du noyau local de flou d'une caméra et l'accélération de rendus stochastiques par filtrage auto-similaire. Delbracio, Mauricio 25 March 2013 (has links) (PDF) Cette thèse s'attaque à deux problèmes fondamentaux dans la formation des images numériques : la modélisation et l'estimation du flou introduit par une caméra numérique optique, et la génération rapide des images de synthèse photoréalistes. L'évaluation précise du flou intrinsèque d'une caméra est un problème récurrent en traitement d'image. Des progrès technologiques récents ont eu un impact significatif sur la qualité de l'image. Donc, une amélioration de la précision des procédures de calibration est impérative pour pousser plus loin cette évolution. La première partie de cette thèse présente une théorie mathématique de l'acquisition physique de l'image par un appareil photo numérique. Sur la base de cette modélisation, deux algorithmes automatiques pour estimer le flou intrinsèque de la l'appareil sont proposés. Pour le premier, l'estimation est effectuée à partir d'une photographie d'une mire d'étallonnage spécialement conçue à cet effet. L'une des principales contributions de cette thèse est la preuve qu'une mire portant l'image d'un bruit blanc est proche de l'optimum pour estimer le noyau de flou. Le deuxième algorithme évite l'utilisation d'une mire d'étallonnage, procédure qui peut devenir un peu encombrante. En effet, nous montrons que deux photos d'une scène plane texturée, prises à deux distances différentes avec la même configuration de l'appareil photo, suffisent pour produire une estimation précise. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme pour accélérer la synthèse d'images réalistes. Plusieurs heures, et même plusieurs jours peuvent être nécessaires pour produire des images de haute qualité. Dans un rendu typique, les pixels d'une image sont formés en établissant la moyenne de la contribution des rayons stochastiques lancés à partir d'une caméra virtuelle. Le principe d'accélération, simple mais puissant, consiste à détecter les pixels similaires en comparant leurs histogrammes de rayons et à leur faire partager leurs rayons. Les résultats montrent une accélération significative qui préserve la qualité de l'image. image processing blur point spread function camera calibration Monte Carlo rendering non-local filters
43	Imagens de fontes magnéticas usando um sistema multicanal de sensores magneto-resistivos / Magnetic Source images using a Magnetoresistive Sensors Multichannel System Juan Alberto Leyva Cruz 03 November 2005 (has links) Apresenta-se o desenho, construção e caracterização de uma plataforma experimental para a obtenção de imagens magnéticas bidimensionais (2D) geradas pela distribuição não uniforme em gel de vaselina de micro-partículas magnéticas (magnetita- Fe3O4), acomodadas em fantomas magnéticos de geometrias irregulares. A instrumentação é basicamente formada por um arranjo multicanal de 12-sensores magnetorresistivos de última geração (modelo HMC 1001/1002 da Honeywell), os quais convertem os sinais magnéticos, a serem medidas, em voltagens diferenciais, que posteriormente passam-se pela etapa de condicionamento analógico multisinais, e adquiridos por uma placa de aquisição PCI de 16 canais simples, e geradas pelas fontes magnéticas (fantomas) as quais eram posicionadas acima de uma tabua porta-fantoma a qual era acionada por um sistema de posicionamento x-y, utilizando-se dois motores de passo controlados via porta paralela. A obtenção e processamento das imagens de forma automática foi levado acabo por médio da ferramenta computacional SmaGimFM v1.0 (grupo de scripts escritos pelo autor, em LABVIEW v8.1 e Matlab v7.3). A montagem experimental foi desenhada para realizar o scan numa área de ate (20x18) cm2. O sistema consegue medir campos na ordem de poucos nano-teslas (10-9 T). Foi demostrado experimentalmente que: a detectibilidade do sistema está na ordem de 100 pT/?Hz; a resolução, o menor valor da indução magnética detectada e a resolução espacial dos sensores foi aproximadamente de (3±1) nT e (3.0± 0.1) mm, respectivamente, este último obtido para uma distancia sensor-fonte média de (6.0± 0.1) mm. O nível de ruído ambiental médio foi corroborado experimentalmente no valor de 10 nT. O fator de Calibração para todos os sensores alimentados com 8V, foi aproximadamente de 10-6 T/V, confirmando o valor da sensibilidade nominal oferecida pelo vendedor no data-sheet dos sensores. Os multisinais sempre foram pré-processadas para a remoção dos offset, e posteriormente era realizadas uma interpolação bi-cúbica, para gerar imagens magnéticas com uma alta resolução espacial da ordem de (256x256) pixels. A funções de transferência da modulação e espalhamento pontual do sistema foram estudados e os sensores foram espaçados e fixados de acordo com os resultados destes estudos. Nesta tese todas as imagens cruas foram geradas pelo mapeamento da resposta do sistema multicanal de magnetômetros a pequenas distancias e geradas pela presença de micropartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4) não tratada termicamente e dispersada em oitos fantomas planares com geometrias complexas e chamados como: PhMão; PhNum; PhLines; PhCinco; PhTrês; PhCircle; PhQuadSmall e PhQuadBig. As imagens magnéticas de cada um destes fantomas é apresentada. A cada experimento, estes fantomas eram magnetizados pela ação de um pulso magnético uniforme no volume dos fantomas, com um valor aproximadamente de 81.6 mT, e produzido por um sistema de bobinas par de Helmholtz. Para fazer o registro experimental das imagens magnéticas, os fantomas foram posicionados a uma altura fixa em relação aos sensores, e movidos numa direção de scan, assim nos detectores observávamos as voltagens gerados pela variação no campo remanente devido às diferentes concentrações de micro-partículas magnéticas magnetizadas foram medidos e controlados por um computador pessoal. Usando as imagens cruas (imagens ruidosas e borradas) e outras informações a priori, foram obtidas as imagens reconstruídas das fontes do campo magnético, tais como, a distribuição de partículas ferrimagnéticas no interior dos fantomas, a qual é relacionada com a susceptibilidade magnética das amostras. Encontrar as imagens das fontes magnéticas, é resolver o problema magnético associado, e nosso trabalho estas restaurações foram realizadas usando-se os seguintes algoritmos numéricos de deconvolução, filtragem espacial de Wiener e Fourier, o filtragem Pseudo-inversa, o método do gradiente conjugado e os procedimentos de regularização de Tikhonov e Decomposição de Valores singulares truncados, dentre outros. Estes procedimentos foram implementados e testados. As imagens reconstruídas das fontes magnéticas de quatro fantomas são apresentadas. Estas técnicas foram programadas computacionalmente por médio de um conjunto de scripts chamados de SmaGimFM v1.0, estes foram escritos nos linguagens computacionais MATLAB® desde a MathWorks Inc.; e LABVIEW desde a National Instruments Inc. Estes resultados preliminares mostram que o sistema de imagens apresenta potencial para ser aplicada em estudos na área da Física Médica, onde imagens com moderada para alta resolução espacial e baixa amplitude da indução magnética são exigidas. Contudo, podemos afirmar que à distância sensor-fonte é crítica e afeta a resolução das imagens. O sistema é capaz de registrar imagens na ordem de 10-9 T, e sua elevada resolução espacial indica que pode ser testada como uma nova técnica biomagnética para gerar imagens em 2D de partículas magnéticas dentro de objetos, na região do campo próximo, para futuras aplicações médicas / We have designed and build a magnetic imaging system for obtaining experimental noisy and blurred magnetic images from distribution of ferromagnetic tracers (magnetite Fe3O4). The main part of the magnetic imaging system was formed by a linear array composed of 12-magnetoresistive sensors from Honeywell Inc. (HMC 1001). These sensors are microcircuits with a configuration of wheatstone-bridge and convert magnetic fields into differential voltage, which after pass for the multichannel signal stage can be to measure magnetic signals about of 10-9 T. The system is capable of scanning planar samples with dimensions up to (16x18) cm square. A full experimental characterization of the magnetic imaging system was carried out. The calibration factor for all sensor supplied by 8 V, was approximately 10-6 T/V, confirming the data sheet nominal properties from the vendor. The spatial resolution and the resolution of the magnetic imaging system were experimentally confirmed to be 3 mm and 3 nT, respectively. The spectral density noise was about , for the experimental conditions used in these studies. The signals were pre-processed for offset remove and the interpolation for spatial resolution improves and generates images of (256x256) pixels. The point spread and modulation transference functions of multi-sensor system were studied and the sensors were spaced accordingly. In this thesis, all raw images were generated by mapping the response of the magnetoresistive magnetometers multichannel array at short distances due to the presence of uncooked magnetite powder dispersed in eight planar phantoms with complex geometries and called as: PhMão; PhNum; PhLines; PhCinco; PhTrês; PhCircle; PhQuadSmall and PhQuadBig. These phantoms were magnetized by a uniform pulse field of approximately of 81.6 mT produced by a Helmholtz coil system. The samples were moved under the magnetoresistive sensors and the voltages generated by the variation in remanent magnetic field due to different magnetized ferromagnetic particles concentrations were recorded and controlled by a personal computer. Using the experimental noisy and blurred magnetic field images (raw images), and some another, a priori information\'s, the reconstruction of the magnetic field source images, such as, the distribution of ferromagnetic particles inner of the phantoms which are related with magnetic susceptibility, was obtained by various inverse problem solution algorithms\', such as, the spatial Wiener and Fourier filtering, the Pseudo-inverse filtering; the conjugated gradient and Tikhonov and Decomposition of Truncated Singular Values approaches and others. These procedures were implemented by mean of the scripts set called SmaGimFM v1.0, that we developed using the MATLAB® language from MathWorks Inc. A preliminary result shows that this magnetic imaging system join to some deconvolution technique can be considered efficient to be used in functional images of the gastrointestinal tract, where a moderate resolution is required. We can affirm that at a distance sensor-source choose is a critical parameter and affects the resolution of the images; and we can conclude that this magnetic images method can be successfully used to generate planar blurred magnetic images and magnetic field sources images in the near field region at macroscopic level generated by ferromagnetic materials. Deconvolução Função de espalhamento pontual Imagens magnéticas Magnetômetros Problema magnetic inverso Problema magnético direto Sensores magnetorresistivos Sistema multicanal Técnicas biomagnéticas. Deconvolution Inverse Magnetic Problems Magnetic Imaging Magnetic Sensors Multichannel System Point Spread Function
44	Slepá Dekonvoluce Obrazu ve STEM Módu Elektronového Mikroskopu / Blind Image Deconvolution in STEM mode of Electron Microscope Valterová, Eva January 2018 (has links) Slepá dekonvoluce je metoda, při které je rozptylová funkce a skutečný obraz rekonstruován zároveň. Cílem této práce je představit různé metody slepé dekonvoluce a najít optimální metodu rekonstrukce původního obrazu a rozptylové funkce. Jako nejvhodnější metoda slepé dekonvoluce byl zvolen algoritmus střídavé minimalizace, který byl upraven a testován. Vlastnosti navrženého algoritmu byly testovány na uměle degradovaných datech a na reálných datech pořízených skenovacím transmisním elektronovým mikroskopem. Účinnost algoritmu byla hodnocena hned několika hodnotícími kritérii. Byla zjištěna omezení algoritmu a tím specifikováno jeho využití.
45	Eliminace zkreslení obrazů duhovky / Suppresion of distortion in iris images Jalůvková, Lenka January 2014 (has links) This master`s thesis is focused on a suppression of a distorsion in iris images. The aim of this work is to study and describe existing degradation methods (1D motion blur, uniform 2D motion blur, Gaussian blur, atmospheric turbulence blur, and out of focus blur). Furthermore, these methods are implemented and tested on a set of images. Then, we designed methods for suppression of these distorsions - inverse filtration, Wiener filtration and iterative deconvolution. All of these methods were tested and evaluated. Based on the experimental results, we can conclude that the Wiener-filter restoration is the most accurate approach from our test set. It achieves the best results in both normal and iterative mode.
46	Koherencí řízená holografická mikroskopie v opticky rozptylujících prostředích / COHERENCE-CONTROLLED HOLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY IN DIFFUSE MEDIA Lošťák, Martin January 2015 (has links) This thesis deals with imaging through diffuse media in coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM) developed in IPE FME BUT. The mutual coherence function as well as the signal dependence on the lateral mutual shift between both arms of the CCHM are calculated. Both functions are related to each other. The latter dependence is measured experimentally. A principle of imaging with CCHM through diffuse media with both ballistic and diffuse light is explained by a simple geometrical model. This model is then verified experimentally by imaging a sample through diffuse medium. The point spread function (PSF) of CCHM for imaging through diffuse media is then calculated. Results of PSF calculation are proved experimentally.
47	Simulação de fenômenos óticos e fisiológicos do sistema de visão humana / Simulation of optical and physiological phenomena of the human vision Fernandes, Leandro Henrique Oliveira 07 March 2008 (has links) O ganho crescen te de desempenho nos computadores modernos tem impulsionado os trabalhos científicos nas áreas de simulação computacional. Muitos autores utilizam em suas pesquisas ferramentas comerciais que limitam seus trabalhos ao esconder os algoritmos internos destas ferramentas e dificultam a adição de dados in-vivo nestes trabalhos. Este trabalho explora esta lacuna deixada por aqueles autores. Elaboramos um arcabouço computacional capaz de reproduzir os fenômenos óticos e fisiológicos do sistema visual. Construímos com superfícies quádricas os modelos esquemáticos do olho humano e propomos um algoritmo de traçado de raio realístico. Então realizamos um estudo nos modelos esquemáticos e a partir deles mais a adição de dados in-vivo obtidos de um topógrafo de córnea extraímos informações óticas destes modelos. Calculamos os coeficientes e Zernike dos modelos para tamanhos diversos de pupila e obtivemos medidas de aberração do olho humano. Os resultados encontrados estão de acordo com os trabalhos relacionados e as simulações com dados in-vivo estão consoantes com as produzidas por um aparelho de frente de onda comerciais. Este trabalho é um esforço em aproveitar as informações adquiridas pelos equipamentos modernos de oftalmologia, além de auxiliar o entendimento de sistemas visuais biológicos acabam também em auxiliar a elaboração de sistemas de visão artificial e os projetistas de sistemas óticos / The increase in performance of the modern computers has driven scientific work in the areas of computer simulation. Many authors use in their research commercial tools that use embedding algorithms, which sources are not provided, and it makes harder and sometimes impossible, the development of novel theories or experiments. This work explores this gap left for those authors. We present a computational framework capable to reproduce the optical and physiological phenomena of the human visual system. We construct schematical models of the human eye from quadrics surfaces and consider an algorithm of realistic ray tracing. Afterward, we performed a study on schematics models and in addition we introduce, in these models, in-vivo data obtained from corneal topography machine and extract optical information. We calculate the Zernike coefficients in the models for different sizes of pupil and measures of aberration of the human eye. The results are in agreement with related work and simulations with in-vivo data are according with the produced by a commercial wave-front device. This work is an effort in using to advantage the information acquired for the modern equipment of ophthalmology, besides assisting the understanding of biological visual systems, it also helps the development of artificial vision systems and the designing of optical systems Aberração Aberration Accommodation Acomodação Diagrama de pontos Dioptria Dioptry Esquematics model eye Frente de onda Modelos esquemátizados do olho humano MTF Polinômio de Zernike PSF Razão de Strehl Spherical aberration Spot diagram Strehl ratio Wave-front Zernike polynomials
48	Simulação de fenômenos óticos e fisiológicos do sistema de visão humana / Simulation of optical and physiological phenomena of the human vision Leandro Henrique Oliveira Fernandes 07 March 2008 (has links) O ganho crescen te de desempenho nos computadores modernos tem impulsionado os trabalhos científicos nas áreas de simulação computacional. Muitos autores utilizam em suas pesquisas ferramentas comerciais que limitam seus trabalhos ao esconder os algoritmos internos destas ferramentas e dificultam a adição de dados in-vivo nestes trabalhos. Este trabalho explora esta lacuna deixada por aqueles autores. Elaboramos um arcabouço computacional capaz de reproduzir os fenômenos óticos e fisiológicos do sistema visual. Construímos com superfícies quádricas os modelos esquemáticos do olho humano e propomos um algoritmo de traçado de raio realístico. Então realizamos um estudo nos modelos esquemáticos e a partir deles mais a adição de dados in-vivo obtidos de um topógrafo de córnea extraímos informações óticas destes modelos. Calculamos os coeficientes e Zernike dos modelos para tamanhos diversos de pupila e obtivemos medidas de aberração do olho humano. Os resultados encontrados estão de acordo com os trabalhos relacionados e as simulações com dados in-vivo estão consoantes com as produzidas por um aparelho de frente de onda comerciais. Este trabalho é um esforço em aproveitar as informações adquiridas pelos equipamentos modernos de oftalmologia, além de auxiliar o entendimento de sistemas visuais biológicos acabam também em auxiliar a elaboração de sistemas de visão artificial e os projetistas de sistemas óticos / The increase in performance of the modern computers has driven scientific work in the areas of computer simulation. Many authors use in their research commercial tools that use embedding algorithms, which sources are not provided, and it makes harder and sometimes impossible, the development of novel theories or experiments. This work explores this gap left for those authors. We present a computational framework capable to reproduce the optical and physiological phenomena of the human visual system. We construct schematical models of the human eye from quadrics surfaces and consider an algorithm of realistic ray tracing. Afterward, we performed a study on schematics models and in addition we introduce, in these models, in-vivo data obtained from corneal topography machine and extract optical information. We calculate the Zernike coefficients in the models for different sizes of pupil and measures of aberration of the human eye. The results are in agreement with related work and simulations with in-vivo data are according with the produced by a commercial wave-front device. This work is an effort in using to advantage the information acquired for the modern equipment of ophthalmology, besides assisting the understanding of biological visual systems, it also helps the development of artificial vision systems and the designing of optical systems Aberração Acomodação Diagrama de pontos Dioptria Frente de onda Modelos esquemátizados do olho humano MTF Polinômio de Zernike PSF Razão de Strehl Aberration Accommodation Dioptry Esquematics model eye Spherical aberration Spot diagram Strehl ratio Wave-front Zernike polynomials
49	Kirkpatrick-Baez Microscope for Hard X-Ray Imaging of Fast Ignition Experiments Friesen, Hal Unknown Date No description available. x-ray imaging KB microscope Fast Ignition Inertial Confinement Fusion Hot electrons copper K-alpha Resolution Reflectivity cone-wire Bremsstrahlung superpolished point-spread function line-spread function ray-tracing mirror bending preplasma prepulse high-intensity laser plasma laser-plasma interaction absorption diagnostic instrumentation imaging sputtering platinum-coated grazing-incidence re-entrant wire transport multilayer mirror spherical alternative energy clean energy star power thermonuclear fusion x-ray tube chirped-pulse amplification preplasma emission preplasma scalelength raytracing
50	Channel Probing for an Indoor Wireless Communications Channel Hunter, Brandon 13 March 2003 (has links) (PDF) The statistics of the amplitude, time and angle of arrival of multipaths in an indoor environment are all necessary components of multipath models used to simulate the performance of spatial diversity in receive antenna configurations. The model presented by Saleh and Valenzuela, was added to by Spencer et. al., and included all three of these parameters for a 7 GHz channel. A system was built to measure these multipath parameters at 2.4 GHz for multiple locations in an indoor environment. Another system was built to measure the angle of transmission for a 6 GHz channel. The addition of this parameter allows spatial diversity at the transmitter along with the receiver to be simulated. The process of going from raw measurement data to discrete arrivals and then to clustered arrivals is analyzed. Many possible errors associated with discrete arrival processing are discussed along with possible solutions. Four clustering methods are compared and their relative strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. The effects that errors in the clustering process have on parameter estimation and model performance are also simulated. multipath multipath propagation propagation environment indoor propagation indoor multipath indoor multipath propagation channel probing channel probing indoor wireless communications channel indoor wireless communications indoor wireless communications wireless communications wireless communications channel MIMO SISO multiple input multiple output single input single output antenna diversity antenna diversity antenna array channel modeling modeling model wireless propagation clustering methods clustering algorithms clustering parameter estimation parameter channel matrix h matrix ray tracing point spread function psf deconvolution clean algorithm clean algorithm antenna pattern network analyzer temporal pattern 2.4 ghz system 6 ghz system channel capacity capacity estimate channel capacity estimate propagation environment scattering transfer matrix matrix water filling solution water filling method water filling Saleh Valenzuela Saleh and Valenzuela Model arrival time of arrival angle of arrival direction of arrival arrival amplitude arrivals antenna positioner data simulations measurements angle of departure direction of departure correlation convolution errors error CFA CFAD constant false alarm constant false alarm detection signal signal dependent clutter clutter returns transmitter transmit receive receiver transmit antenna receive antenna spatial correlation system PSF system point spread function mapping fuzzy c-means clustering fuzzy clustering c-means clustering c-means fuzzy k-means euclidean distance time amplitude delay performance prediction performance prediction errors fuzzy weighted distance method rectangular method weighted rectangular method statistics statistical statistical model Electrical and Computer Engineering

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