Policing in Britain has been built around the notion of prevention. That is to say that the preventative function of British policing has traditionally been put to the forefront of discourse concerning formal or state social control. The eventual formation in 1829 of a centrally controlled police force was founded upon the ethos of prevention, and this in turn led to the uniformed 'Bobby' emerging as the focus of subsequent concern. A covert police presence, while unsupportable within the philosophical parameters of prevention, proved, in the context of the intensification of formal control to be necessary, and the detective began to operate within the expanding network of state control agencies. The ambiguity of detective work led to its partial detachment from the aims, functions and bureaucratic control of the uniform branch who remain to this day in the vanguard as a symbol of policing, and are manifested as exemplars of legitimate, normative policing practice. The style of British detective work has parallels with that found in the cultural milieu of East London. The areas deviant identity and economically determined traditions that stress autonomous action and entrepreneurial ability, have been compounded by market forces, and should be regarded as responses to the strictures and oppressions of both pre-capitalist and capitalist market economies. These responses are unique in the form of cultural style, and find favour amongst detectives of the Metropolitan Police, who, despite their formal function as thief-takers, appropriate and acquire certain of the more tangible manifestations of East End style for their own use. This thesis is concerned with the evolution of policing in Britain and in particular with the nature of police agencies, their consequent operational styles, and the genesis of their respective occupational cultures. The crucial source of one particular policing style, and its subsequent effect upon the occupational culture is considered at some length and primary and secondary historical documents, formal and informal interviews and participant observation techniques are utilised to this end. The contemporary realities of both the CID and East End cultures are considered and paralleled within an informal historical frame that has been structured by both formal and informal responses to the transient rigours of the market place. Consequently, this thesis is concerned with buying and selling on either side, across and under the legal counter. Before introducing the historical data of chapters one to five, and the original data introduced in chapters six to ten, it may be prudent to provide some discussion of the methodology that I have employed.

Preventing money laundering is a major international problem. Several attempts, from the national to the international level, have been made to address and prevent money laundering. These are often frustrated by the dynamic nature of the crime itself. However, regardless of its reach and dynamism in illegal or legal transactions, which are often intertwined, individual nations need to address the issue of money laundering to signify to an international audience and legitimate commercial interests their intent to tackle money laundering and thus illustrate that public and private state run organisations in the financial and law enforcement sectors are honest and professional, and that their country is a ‘place to do business’. This thesis, therefore, presents an evaluation of the strategies and future directions of money laundering in Dubai, as it is a ‘new’, dynamic place in which to conduct business and the financial centre of the Middle East. It examines the various ways in which legislation and law enforcement in Dubai are struggling with and tackling the issues and problems of money laundering in the face of organised crime and terrorism. In this thesis, the concepts of money laundering and financial crimes in Dubai, with a special focus on strategies as well as future direction of control, are explored in some depth. This work has established that Dubai has a substantial anti-money laundering framework; however, it suffers from some weaknesses. These weaknesses are caused by the poor relationship between anti-money laundering units, the Anti-Organised Crime Department of the Dubai police, the financial sector and the Central Bank of Dubai. This situation is particularly evident when it comes to sharing information on those suspected of money laundering in Dubai. The ‘lack of a relationship’ is illustrated by primary research, as is the fact that other nations have (i.e. the UK) developed a more intelligence-led approach and partnerships in their quest to prevent money laundering where possible in their jurisdiction. This thesis highlights the progress that is needed in Dubai and the UAE to prevent money laundering, and as such is an original contribution to knowledge in an under-researched field in the Middle East.

This research considers the problem of small boat crime, the causes and possible prevention. Marine crime experts have explained the increase in small boat crime as being caused by boat owners' apathy in protecting their vessels. However this has never been substantiated. This investigation examines this explanation and attempts to comprehend the phenomenon of small boat crime and its prevention. Boat owners' apathy is considered in light of their levels of guardianship activities, an element of the Routine Activity theory which places the guardian in the crime event context. The research focuses on four key objectives; the lack of detailed small boat crime knowledge, the issue of apathy related to the crime prevention of boat owners, the un-orchestrated efforts of the boat community to tackle the problem and the wider provision of marine crime prevention. Through the achievement of these objectives a significant innovative work develops to identify recommendations for the boating community to prevent and control the problem. The validation of the explanation is undertaken by the examination of the boating community and environment, as well as the wider consideration of crime by society and by criminology. This is completed by the surveying of boat owners in relation to their crime prevention activities and attitudes in their environment. Through boating community collaboration and examination, this information is corroborated to endorse the research findings and the conclusions of the survey. The investigation provides a potential small boat crime prevention strategy of the boating community. It is significant that boat owners are only one part of the existing boat system. As yet however the issue of small boat crime being a 'boating community' problem has not yet fully been realised by its consi=tituent structure and elements, as no practical community encompassing strategy is in place to stem the growth of crime. The findings depict that the label of 'apathetic guardian' for boat owners is inappropriate. Evidence highlights a complex web of organisation, operation and legislation of the boating community and environment. Consideration of small boat crime and general crime in society are similar, yet society is not labelled apathetic in its prevention of crime. Latterly the Boat Owner Survey highlights the majority of boat owners appreciate this issue, not apathetic to the problem of small boat crime. The validation of the explanation assists in the comprehension of the phenomenon, initiating the possible control of small boat crime in the future.

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1995. / The police role appears to be a controversial issue since the evolution of modem policing in Great Britain with the establishment of the Metropolitan Police under the leadership of Sir Robert Peel in 1829. The South African Police Service. and in particular the erstwhile Venda police. are no exceptions to the rule. The primary aim of this investigation revolves around the statistical measurement of the perceptions and attitudes of respondents pertaining to the role and functions of the Venda police. For this purpose. a sample group of 406 respondents. arbitrarily selected from four areas. namely : Thohoyandou, Makwarela, Sibasa and Shayandirna, were subjected to a closed. structured questionnaire regarding various aspects of the role and operational function of this independent police force. Statistical tests, such as the F-test, were implemented to test for significance and reliability of data obtained from questionnaires. The statistical results only represent the perceptions and attitudes of the research group towards the Venda police. The findings indicate: • that the majority of the respondents perceive the role and function of the Venda police as an important social service; • that both male and female respondents have significant different perceptions of the police role as it relates to the operational rendering of this social service function; •. insignificant differences between the various educational qualification groups pertaining to police partiality. abuse of power and authority, lack of knowledge and imperiousness on the part of the police are observed; • an unwillingness among the sample group to report crime to the police due to, inter alia. the inability of the police to effectively solve criminal cases, an arrogant attitude among police officials. etc.; and • that in general. the global image of the Venda police is somewhat negatively evaluated by the total research group. Recommendations are as follows: • the cultivation of a better understanding of the police role by means of facilitating closer contact and co-operation with the public; • to provide an improved social service to the public by means of rapid responses to calls for assistance and complaints; • establishing a police-citizen partnership in crime prevention by means of implementing a community style of policing; • improving the educational qualifications and training procedures of policemen.

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2009. / This study entails an empirical inquiry of the police as a fear reduction agency in two rural communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It is based on data forthcoming from a non-probability sample selected from Mthatha and Butterworth respectively, according to purposive Judgemental) sampling procedures. A pre-coded, dosed-structured questionnaire has been implemented as data capturing instrument. Statistical outcomes are based on the opinions, perceptions and attitudes of 300 respondents randomly selected from those two areas. The study resembles an exploratory, descriptive analysis of dependent variables, cross-correlated with one prominent independent variable: gender and described in terms of frequency distributions. This investigation does not entail a comparative study. The study has two focal points: fear of crime and the role of the police in reducing fear. The safety (physical sense of protection) and security (psychological sense of peace) of each individual is a basic human right in terms of the Constitution, entrenched in the Bill of Rights. Individual safety and security are basic to the quality of life in any given society. If the quality of life is affected by crime and fear of criminal victimisation, then both conditions should be viewed as a social problem. The main objective of the study revolves around expanding our substantive knowledge of fear of crime. The study further seeks to establish whether selected priority crimes contribute to the respondents' fear of crime. Additionally, it is curious about differences in variations of fear of crime measures rating of certain crime measures as a social problem and whether the role of the police is conducive to the reduction of the fear of crime. Research techniques employed include literature study, questionnaire, random sampling and Chi-square test. Based on data contained in statistical tables, the following emerge: • Gender attributes appear to be a good predictor of fear of crime • Selected serious personal and property crimes and previous criminal victimization are posing a threat to respondents' safety and security which may result in fear of crime. • When cross-related with measures of fear of crime, significant differences between male and female respondents emerged; females are more fearful than males. • Acquisition of self-protection measures to allay fear of crime are slightly more popular among female respondents who opted to curtail their movements, leave the lights and TV on, but were less inclined to acquire a firearm. • Female respondents had more positive contact with the police than males and somewhat more inclined to work with the police. Reconsidering mission statements, enhancing police-public cooperation, appointing and training Community Police Officers, etc. are a few recommendations of this study.

No description available.

No description available.

This research project was conducted under the title ―Assessing factors that affect the implementation of community policing in Awassa, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia‖. More than ten years ago there was an attempt to implement community policing in Awassa. However, its success was limited. What is the reason for this limited success regarding the implementation of community policing? The researcher formulated research questions of what community policing entails and what factors on the part of both the police and the community affect the implementation of community policing. To come up with the desired result, the researcher used different methodologies and identified the target groups and data collection techniques, for the research project. Then the collected data was analysed and interpreted. The researcher also tried to present the best discussions available on relevant issues, even if the discussions are sometimes technical and practical applications require one to think deeply about the issues at hand. Finally, factors in the police as well as in the community were identified. Here, according to the data gathered, conclusions were drawn and the researcher recommended how police organizations can facilitate the successful implementation of community policing. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

As an approach to solve the crime problems affecting all the citizens of this country, South Africa adopted the sector policing concept. This approach is also seen as a means of bringing the community and the police closer by appointing sector commanders who do community liaison and problem-solving work in the geographically demarcated sectors. Sector policing is not a strategy on its own, as stated in the Final Draft National Instruction of Sector policing of 2003, the connection between sector policing and community-policing philosophy is very clear. Sector policing it described as a practical manifestation of community policing. The key elements of sector policing are its geographic focus, problem-solving methodologies and community consultation. On 13 July 2009, it (sector policing) became an official policing instrument in the country. The sanctioning of sector policing proposed that in the nine (9) South African provinces, 45 police stations (5 stations per province) implemented sector policing and the remainder had to be implemented before the end of 2012. As of now (2014), the assumption could be made that all police stations in South Africa implemented this strategy. Therefore, it should now be imperative to analyse the implementation in a specific area, for instance Soweto, where it had been in existence for a while, as well as to determine its effectiveness in this area. The results of the study summarily indicated that the efficiency and effectiveness of sector policing in Soweto is predominately reliant on sectors demarcation into manageable sizes and the provision of adequate and sufficient resources. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

Since the reintroduction of a Scottish parliament in 1999, and set against a backdrop of significant cuts in public spending, there has been much debate regarding law and order discourse from a Scottish perspective. In 2011, the Scottish Government conducted two consultations on the most radical programme of police reform for a generation. The consultation process ensued that on 8 September 2011, the Cabinet Secretary for Justice announced the Scottish Government’s intention to introduce legislation to create a single, national police service in Scotland with claims that it would deliver an estimated savings of £130 million a year and £1.7 billion over 15 years. Under this new legislation local policing became (for the first time) a statutory requirement, giving key responsibilities to local police commanders to devise local policing plans for each area in consultation with local authorities and communities. This localised focus raised questions as to the potential gains and losses of such a merger and prompted a renewed focus on enduring academic debates regarding local policing strategies, governance, accountability and the relative merits of different styles of policing across Scotland’s communities. Understanding the impact and implications of these local arrangements provides the focus for this thesis. The level of recent organisational change which has occurred across policing in Scotland is comprehensive in its scope and sits within the concept of macro level change. With regard to police reform, the majority of existing research has focused on micro level or operational changes; with an example of this being seen in the work of Skogan (2006) who examined the impact of community policing initiatives. Despite there being a large number of existing studies on police reform, there is a distinct lack of research which examines macro levels of reform, such as those recently experienced in Scotland. Therefore, this project, which was conducted parallel to the implementation of police reform in Scotland, is able to provide a unique and valuable snapshot of how reform was experienced on the frontline at the very time it was being implemented. Local policing strategies were chosen for this study as it is believed that this is the approach which bests suits an examination of daily interactions between the public and local police personnel. By employing a qualitative methodology using semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, this project is able to show both the individual and group construction of the meanings associated with post reform policing practices in each of the case study areas. The researcher does not attempt to make any broad generalisations regarding post reform local policing across Scotland from the findings, however, similar themes highlighted in the findings as being experienced by both case study area provides a framework for conducting further research. In terms of the thesis’ overall contribution to academic literature, the key findings reported here highlight that there is a requirement for a specific police organisational change theory to be developed which can fill the gaps in current change literature and assist in framing future police reform. This police change theory should include a directive that recognises the importance of the role of frontline staff in the translation of changes at an operational level and support the inclusion of members of the frontline in the planning and implementation of future police reforms.