Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2015-02-25T16:06:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_DesenvolvimentoMetodologicoAvaliacao.pdf: 3277739 bytes, checksum: 203362442afe4c585018fc5c8ec1e21d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-02-25T16:41:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_DesenvolvimentoMetodologicoAvaliacao.pdf: 3277739 bytes, checksum: 203362442afe4c585018fc5c8ec1e21d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-25T16:41:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_DesenvolvimentoMetodologicoAvaliacao.pdf: 3277739 bytes, checksum: 203362442afe4c585018fc5c8ec1e21d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são poluentes de efeito tóxico, prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, fazem parte de um grupo de compostos poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs), que por suas características tem impactado o ambiente, sendo por esse motivo bastante estudados. Podem estar presentes nas formas particulada, dissolvida e/ou gasosa, estando presentes em diferentes ambientes; solo, sedimento, ar, água, material particulado na atmosfera, organismos e alimentos (Kennish, 2007). As fontes naturais de HPAs incluem atividades vulcânicas, queimadas naturais, exsudação de óleos, além de processos biogênicos. HPAs antrogênicos podem ocorrer pela combustão incompleta de óleos combustíveis (automotores e industriais), queima intencional de madeira e plantações, efluentes domésticos e/ou industriais, drenagens pluviais urbanas, derrames acidentais de óleos e derivados. Hidrofóbicos e lipofílicos, essas substâncias podem ser facilmente adsorvidas em sedimentos, sendo este compartimento um importante reservatório desses poluentes. Para avaliar a presença desses compostos no ambiente, utilizou-se nesse trabalho a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. As amostras utilizadas no desenvolvimento e otimização da metodologia foram coletadas na baia do Guajará (Belém – PA). O presente trabalho constituiu-se dessa forma em um desenvolvimento de um procedimento metodológico (com adaptações e timizações) para quantificar 16 HPAs em 10 pontos na baia do Guajará, Belém – PA, em duas etapas de campo, totalizando 20 amostras analisadas. Na etapa de desenvolvimento do método analítico foram testados sistemas de eluição, polaridade do sistema e fluxo do eluente entre outros. Para validação do método foram avaliados os parâmetros fidelidade, linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação do método. Razões diagnósticas foram calculadas para identificação das fontes primárias do HPAs encontrados na baia. Foram identificadas, a partir de razões diagnósticas da ΣHPAs BMM/ΣHPAsAMM; Fen/Ant; Flt/Pir; Ant/Σ178; Flt/Σ202; B(a)P/Σ228 e Ind(123cd) pireno/Σ276 as fontes primárias dos 16 HPAs estudados no sedimento da baia. A somatória das concentrações dos HPAs leves na primeira etapa de campo, variou de 132,13 ng.g-1 a 1704,14 ng.g-1, a ΣHPAs dos pesados de 125,82 g.g-1 a 1269,71 ng.g-1 e ΣHPAs totais de 317,84 ng.g-1 a 3117,06 ng.g-1.. Na segunda etapa de campo, as concentrações dos HPAs leves variou de 76,12 ng.g-1 a 1572,80 ng.g-1 ; a ΣHPAs pesados variou entre 213,90 ng.g-1 a 1423,03 ng.g-1, e Σ HPAs totais teve concentrações de 290,02 ng.g-1 a 2995,82 ng.g-1. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se classificar a baia do Guajará como moderadamente impactada. A combustão constitui a fonte predominante de HPAs nos sedimentos da baia do Guajará, seguida da combustão de biomassa vegetal e aporte de petróleo e derivados. A maioria dos pontos estudados nesse trabalho, nas duas etapas de campo, apresentaram concentrações de HPAs individuais acima dos VGQS. / Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants with toxic effects, harmful to the environment and to human health. They are part of a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which by its characteristics have an impact on the environment and are extensively studied for this reason. They may be present in particulate, dissolved and/or gaseous forms, in different environments such as soil, sediment, air, water, particulate matter in the atmosphere, organisms and food (Kennish, 2007). Natural sources of PAHs include volcanic activity, natural fires, oil oozing and biogenic processes. Anthropogenic PAH pollution may occur by incomplete oil combustion (automotive and industrial), intentional burning of wood and plantations, domestic and/or industrial wastewater, urban water flow, accidental spills of oil and derivatives. Hydrophobic and lipophilic, these substances can be easily adsorbed by sediments, so that this matter is an important reservoir for them. To evaluate the presence of these compounds in the environment, this work used High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The samples used in the development and optimization of the methodology were collected in the Guajará bay (Belém - PA). This work consisted in the development of a methodological procedure (with adaptations and optimizations) to quantify 16 PAHs in 10 points in the Guajará bay in two field campaigns, so that 20 samples were analysed. In the development stage of the analytical method, elution systems, system polarity and eluent flow were tested, among others. In order to validate the method, the following parameters were assessed: fidelity, linearity, detection limit and quantification limit. Diagnostic ratios were calculated to identify the primary sources of PAHs found in the bay. The primary sources of the 16 PAHs studied in the sediments of the bay were identified based on ΣPAHs BMM/ΣPAHsAMM; Phe/Ant; Flt/Pyr; Ant/Σ178; Flt/Σ202; B(a)P/Σ228 and Ind(123cd)pyrene/Σ276. In the first field campaign, the total concentration of light PAHs ranged from 132.3 ng.g-1 to 1704.14 ng.g-1, the ΣPAHs of the heavy ones, from 125.82 ng.g-1 to 1269.71 ng.g-1 and the total ΣPAHs, from 317.84 ng.g-1 to 3117.06 ng.g-1. In the second field campaign, the total concentration of light PAHs ranged from 76.12 ng.g-1 to 1572.80 ng.g-1, the ΣPAHs of the heavy ones, from 213.90 ng.g-1 to 1423.03 ng.g-1, and the total ΣPAHs, from 290.02 ng.g-1 to 2995.82 ng.g-1. Based on these results, the Guajará bay can be classified as moderately impacted. The combustion is the predominant source of PAHs in the sediments of the bay, followed by vegetal biomass combustion and by the contribution of oil and supplies. Most of the points studied in this work, during the two field campaigns, showed concentrations of individual PAHs above the SQGs.

Los centros de salud públicos y privados en el Perú a pesar de tener una tasa de pacientes alta presentan una digitalización mínima esto debido a la poca inversión en sistemas o aplicaciones que ayuden a la organización y actualización de la información de los pacientes que desean recibir atención médica. Como consecuencia se tiene un proceso de reserva de citas médicas deficiente que carece de calidad y tiempos largos para la atención de las personas. En este contexto, se tienen diversos casos de estudio sobre aplicaciones y sistemas estandarizados que han logrado optimizar y reducir tiempos en el proceso de reserva y atención médica ambulatoria. Por lo que el objetivo de este artículo es explicar nuestra investigación que desarrolla una aplicación móvil con geolocalización que permite la búsqueda de diferentes policlínicos y reserva de citas médicas ambulatorias; y una aplicación web para policlínicos que no cuentan con un sistema de reserva de citas online. La solución tecnológica en general fue validada tanto por siete policlínicos como por pacientes reales. Como resultado de esta validación se obtuvo que una vez implementada la solución tecnológica, se produciría una mejora y satisfacción del 40% en el proceso del sistema de reserva de consultas médicas ambulatorias en policlínicos y del 35% en pacientes. / Despite having a high rate of patients, public and private health centers in Peru present minimal digitization due to the low investment in systems or applications that help to organize and update the information of patients who wish to receive medical care. As a consequence, there is a poor medical appointment reservation process that lacks quality and long times for the care of people. In this context, there are several case studies on standardized applications and systems that have managed to optimize and reduce times in the reservation process and outpatient medical care. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explain our research that develops a mobile application with geolocation that allows the search for different polyclinics and reservation of outpatient medical appointments; and a web application for polyclinics that do not have an online appointment reservation system. The technological solution in general was validated both by seven polyclinics and by real patients. As a result of this validation, it was obtained that once the technological solution was implemented, there would be an improvement and satisfaction of 40% in the process of the reservation system for outpatient medical consultations in polyclinics and 35% in patients. / Trabajo de investigación