Principle of sustainability, as in all areas, is becoming a major issue in urban transportation planning all around the world. Urban transportation political and legal documents are statutory basis of urban transportation plans and projects and developed countries have established urban transportation political and legal documents to ensure that local governments implement plans and projects in line with the sustainability principle. In this thesis, it is intended to analyze the sufficiency of central government&rsquo / s political and legal documents on urban transportation in Turkey in realizing the sustainability of urban transportation plans and projects. For this aim, political and main legal documents of sustainable urban transportation in United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK), which is accepted as one of the leaders in the world about sustainable transportation, are analyzed. Based on this analysis a checklist has been produced, highlighting headings for sustainable urban transportation that should be present in a country&rsquo / s political and legal documents in order to guide and perhaps enforce local governments. Then this checklist has been applied to Turkey to determine strengths and weaknesses of political documents and legislations in Turkey with regards to sustainable urban transportation. A comparative analysis has also been carried out with Turkey, USA and UK under three main headings which are policy documents / guidance papers for local governments, acts and laws / and nation-wide studies. As a result, strengths and weaknesses about political and legal basis of sustainable urban transportation in Turkey have been illustrated and recommendations were made for Turkey to adopt guidance papers and legislations.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-11-19T18:36:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABRICIO BORGES AMARAL.pdf: 1152752 bytes, checksum: ebc36e7c2448deeccb0c8cdce4d15a4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T18:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABRICIO BORGES AMARAL.pdf: 1152752 bytes, checksum: ebc36e7c2448deeccb0c8cdce4d15a4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-11 / The General Tourism Law, Federal Law No. 11.771 / 2008, was created to chancelar the elements that surround the tourism production chain. This dissertation is about Public Tourism Policy. The objective of this study is to analyze the economic transformations triggered by the institution of the General Tourism Law. As a study object, Business and Event Tourism activity was defined in the city of Goiânia, in the state of Goiás. This object is justified by the strong influence of this municipality for this sector, since it is located in a centralized region of the country. The theme is pertinent considering the significance that the Federal Government has given to the Tourism sector, highlighting the sector as a promise of economic growth, renewable resources, products of excellence and generation of income. To reach the objectives of this work, a quantitative research was defined as a methodological trajectory that will analyze economic data collected in public and private institutions, which will clarify the economic transformations suffered by the object and the association of these same transformations with the creation of the General Law of Tourism. This dissertation has an introductory chapter that covers in detail the pretensions of the research; a chapter of theoretical contextualization, for the clarification of concepts used throughout the text; a chapter reading the General Tourism Law and the policies adopted in its pre- and post-institutionalization; a chapter that presents the historical trajectory of Brazilian public policies focused on tourism; a chapter that deals with the historical trajectory of the public policies of the State of Goiás that influenced Tourism, and; a chapter that analyzes the socioeconomic transformations in the tourism sector in the business and events segment of the city of Goiânia, where it was contemplated the analysis of items (variables) protected by the General Tourism Law. The analysis resulted in confirmation of the influence of the General Law of Tourism influenced and / or prompted economic transformations in the Business and Events Tourism sector in the Municipality of Goiânia. However, it should be noted that, because it is an object that is affected by several other situations, as a political and social context of the country, we can not affirm at all that the law was the only factor of interference of the object, inciting the necessity of investigations directed to the other factors of influence. / A Lei Geral do Turismo - Lei Federal nº 11.771/2008, foi criada para chancelar os elementos que circundam a cadeia produtiva do Turismo. Esta dissertação tem como tema Políticas Públicas de Turismo, objetivando a análise das transformações econômicas desencadeadas a partir da instituição da Lei Geral do Turismo. Como objeto de estudo, foi definido o segmento de Turismo de Negócios e Eventos no Município de Goiânia, estado de Goiás. Este objeto se justifica pela forte influência deste município neste setor, visto que se encontra em uma região centralizada do país. O tema se faz pertinente pela significância que o Governo Federal vem dando ao setor de Turismo, destacando-o como uma alternativa de crescimento econômico, de recursos renováveis, produtos de excelência e geração de renda e ainda enorme fluxo de empregos. Para alcançar os objetivos deste trabalho, definiuse como trajetória metodológica, uma pesquisa quantitativa, que irá analisar dados econômicos coletados em instituições públicas e privadas, para evidenciar possíveis transformações econômicas sofridas pelo objeto e a associação destas mesmas transformações com a criação da Lei Geral do Turismo. Esta dissertação possui um capítulo introdutório que abarca com detalhes as pretensões da pesquisa; um capítulo de contextualização teórica, para o esclarecimento de conceitos utilizados no decorrer do texto; um capítulo realizando uma leitura da Lei Geral do Turismo e as políticas adotadas pré e pós institucionalização; um capítulo que apresenta a trajetória histórica das políticas públicas brasileiras voltadas para o turismo; um capítulo que trata a trajetória histórica das políticas públicas do Estado de Goiás que influenciaram o Turismo, e; um capítulo que analisa as transformações socioeconômicas no setor de turismo no segmento de negócios e eventos da cidade de Goiânia, onde se contemplou a análise dos itens (variáveis) resguardados pela Lei Geral do Turismo. A análise trouxe como resultado a confirmação da influência da Lei Geral do Turismo nas transformações econômicas no setor de Turismo de Negócios e Eventos no Município de Goiânia. Porém, deve-se observar que, por se tratar de um objeto que é afetado por diversas outras situações, como contexto político e social do país, não podemos afirmar em absoluto que a lei foi o único fator de interferência do objeto, incitando a necessidade de investigações direcionadas aos outros fatores de influência.

With globalisation and the rise of the knowledge economy, there has been an increase in demand for higher education worldwide, which has resulted in the proliferation of private higher education institutions (PHEIs). Within this context, issues of quality and quality assurance processes, guided by national policies and frameworks, have become increasingly important. In South Africa, programme accreditation is one form of external quality assurance. Literature reveals several gaps in the understanding of the management of quality assurance in the private higher education sector, and the topic of programme accreditation in relation to PHEIs in South Africa has received scant attention. The research question for this study was: How do PHEIs manage quality assurance as they engage in the process of programme accreditation in South Africa? Exploratory, qualitative research methodology was deemed the most appropriate for this study and twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with quality assurance managers at ten PHEIs in Gauteng. The conceptual framework, adapted from Zaki and Zaki Rashidi (2013), lists eight parameters relevant to the management of quality assurance within PHEIs in South Africa. The findings of this study indicate a general lack of sound governance and management structures at PHEIs, an absence of institutional capacity, and academic leadership that is often deficient. The availability of relevant higher education resources within PHEIs remains a challenge. Concerning external quality assurance, the complexity of quality assurance and higher education legislation and various process-based challenges are some of the most common barriers for South African PHEIs. Recommendations are presented. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Education Management and Policy Studies / M Ed / unrestricted

With globalisation and the rise of the knowledge economy, there has been an increase in demand for higher education worldwide, which has resulted in the proliferation of private higher education institutions (PHEIs). Within this context, issues of quality and quality assurance processes, guided by national policies and frameworks, have become increasingly important. In South Africa, programme accreditation is one form of external quality assurance. Literature reveals several gaps in the understanding of the management of quality assurance in the private higher education sector, and the topic of programme accreditation in relation to PHEIs in South Africa has received scant attention. The research question for this study was: How do PHEIs manage quality assurance as they engage in the process of programme accreditation in South Africa? Exploratory, qualitative research methodology was deemed the most appropriate for this study and twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with quality assurance managers at ten PHEIs in Gauteng. The conceptual framework, adapted from Zaki and Zaki Rashidi (2013), lists eight parameters relevant to the management of quality assurance within PHEIs in South Africa. The findings of this study indicate a general lack of sound governance and management structures at PHEIs, an absence of institutional capacity, and academic leadership that is often deficient. The availability of relevant higher education resources within PHEIs remains a challenge. Concerning external quality assurance, the complexity of quality assurance and higher education legislation and various process-based challenges are some of the most common barriers for South African PHEIs. Recommendations are presented. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

Six out of every ten children in South Africa are living in poverty. This situation is aggravated by the AlDS pandemic. The pandemic is also the cause of a generation of AlDS orphans and as a consequence a lot of pressure is put on society's resources. Although the fundamental rights of children are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the current legal and administrative framework is not being implemented effectively in order to realise these rights. The Constitutional Court has adjudicated upon several matters regarding the realisation of socio-economic rights, thereby confirming that socio-economic rights are indeed justiciable. This research is specifically concerned with the realisation of children's right to have access to health care as entrenched in sections 27 and 28(l)(c) of the Constitution. Read with section 7(2) of the Constitution, this right places negative as well as positive obligations on the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil children's right to have access to health care. Children's right to health care are however dependent on the internal limitations contained in section 27(2) of the Constitution which states that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. Having ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the state is further bound to recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Parties to the CRC shall also strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. Good health is dependent on more than a mere right to have access to health care. In order to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all children, it is necessary that the available services are affordable and accessible on an equitable basis. Access to health care should be seen as part of a more comprehensive social protection package to ensure a minimum standard of living, consistent with the value of human dignity in our Constitution. In order to achieve this, the fragmented health care system which existed before 1994 and which was mainly a result of the previous dispensation of oppression and racial discrimination, had to be transformed in order to reach the ideal of improving the quality of life of all citizens as contained in the preamble of the Constitution. Ten years after the inception of the new constitutional dispensation, it can be said that the government is making progress with the transformation of the health system and making it accessible to all people, including children. After extensive research on the legislative and other measures that the government has implemented in order to realise children's right to access to health care, the following conclusions has been reached: State policies regarding health care are taking account of the needs of children as a vulnerable group of society and it can be said to be reasonable in the formulation thereof. Regarding the implementation of these policies, much remains to be done to ensure that the benefits thereof reach the children, especially more vulnerable groups such as street children and child-headed households - a common occurrence with the high prevalence of HIVIAIDS in South Africa. The enactment of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 is still awaited although it has already been signed. This legislation provides a national framework of norms and standards regarding the health care system and it is mainly based on the rights of patients. A new Children's Bill [B32 - 20031 has been introduced to parliament. The bill deals extensively with the rights of children as contained in the Constitution and also aims to give effect to governments' obligations in terms of the CRC. The enactment of the bill should be given priority, although measures should be implemented to ensure that health care services are also accessible to children who are not assisted by adults such as child-headed households. The allocation of public funds should be considered in order to provide better social assistance to families in dire need but mechanisms to ensure that children benefit from social grants must be implemented. Many of these grants are being abused by parents which means that although the grants are available, the money is not always spent to better the plight of the children. This is especially important in the light of the fact that the primary obligation to take care of children vests in the parents. The courts and especially the Constitutional Court, has taken their role in realising socio-economic rights seriously and very important guidelines has been formulated regarding the reasonableness of legislative and other measures in this regard. After the Khosa-case it should be said that although the courts are allowed to overstep the boundaries of separation of powers, they should not rewrite these boundaries by not taking appropriate account of the availability of financial resources. This also applies to the executive and legislature which should act more effectively to implement the court's decisions. The Human Rights Commission is playing an important role with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights by monitoring and evaluating the implementation of government programmes and legislation. The Commission also provides valuable guidelines with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights in the form of annual reports submitted to parliament. It is submitted that the Commission should however consider to define minimum core obligations of socio-economic rights since the Commission is better equipped to do this than the courts are. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Six out of every ten children in South Africa are living in poverty. This situation is aggravated by the AlDS pandemic. The pandemic is also the cause of a generation of AlDS orphans and as a consequence a lot of pressure is put on society's resources. Although the fundamental rights of children are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the current legal and administrative framework is not being implemented effectively in order to realise these rights. The Constitutional Court has adjudicated upon several matters regarding the realisation of socio-economic rights, thereby confirming that socio-economic rights are indeed justiciable. This research is specifically concerned with the realisation of children's right to have access to health care as entrenched in sections 27 and 28(l)(c) of the Constitution. Read with section 7(2) of the Constitution, this right places negative as well as positive obligations on the state to respect, protect, promote and fulfil children's right to have access to health care. Children's right to health care are however dependent on the internal limitations contained in section 27(2) of the Constitution which states that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these rights. Having ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the state is further bound to recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Parties to the CRC shall also strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. Good health is dependent on more than a mere right to have access to health care. In order to ensure the highest attainable standard of health for all children, it is necessary that the available services are affordable and accessible on an equitable basis. Access to health care should be seen as part of a more comprehensive social protection package to ensure a minimum standard of living, consistent with the value of human dignity in our Constitution. In order to achieve this, the fragmented health care system which existed before 1994 and which was mainly a result of the previous dispensation of oppression and racial discrimination, had to be transformed in order to reach the ideal of improving the quality of life of all citizens as contained in the preamble of the Constitution. Ten years after the inception of the new constitutional dispensation, it can be said that the government is making progress with the transformation of the health system and making it accessible to all people, including children. After extensive research on the legislative and other measures that the government has implemented in order to realise children's right to access to health care, the following conclusions has been reached: State policies regarding health care are taking account of the needs of children as a vulnerable group of society and it can be said to be reasonable in the formulation thereof. Regarding the implementation of these policies, much remains to be done to ensure that the benefits thereof reach the children, especially more vulnerable groups such as street children and child-headed households - a common occurrence with the high prevalence of HIVIAIDS in South Africa. The enactment of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 is still awaited although it has already been signed. This legislation provides a national framework of norms and standards regarding the health care system and it is mainly based on the rights of patients. A new Children's Bill [B32 - 20031 has been introduced to parliament. The bill deals extensively with the rights of children as contained in the Constitution and also aims to give effect to governments' obligations in terms of the CRC. The enactment of the bill should be given priority, although measures should be implemented to ensure that health care services are also accessible to children who are not assisted by adults such as child-headed households. The allocation of public funds should be considered in order to provide better social assistance to families in dire need but mechanisms to ensure that children benefit from social grants must be implemented. Many of these grants are being abused by parents which means that although the grants are available, the money is not always spent to better the plight of the children. This is especially important in the light of the fact that the primary obligation to take care of children vests in the parents. The courts and especially the Constitutional Court, has taken their role in realising socio-economic rights seriously and very important guidelines has been formulated regarding the reasonableness of legislative and other measures in this regard. After the Khosa-case it should be said that although the courts are allowed to overstep the boundaries of separation of powers, they should not rewrite these boundaries by not taking appropriate account of the availability of financial resources. This also applies to the executive and legislature which should act more effectively to implement the court's decisions. The Human Rights Commission is playing an important role with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights by monitoring and evaluating the implementation of government programmes and legislation. The Commission also provides valuable guidelines with regard to the realisation of socio-economic rights in the form of annual reports submitted to parliament. It is submitted that the Commission should however consider to define minimum core obligations of socio-economic rights since the Commission is better equipped to do this than the courts are. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

V Summary The question of quality of legislation in Modern Age is omnipresent in political, philosophical and in legal discourse. Especially in connection with structures which are different from classical national state concepts such as the European Union, it is very hard to set up conditions of good legislation. The main aim of this Thesis is analysis of today's state of affairs and to create a comprehensive structure of good legislation principles applied in the EU. The author is dealing with the fact that classical legal theory is usually applied on EU situation terms in their classical - Westphalian state - meanings. The purpose of this work is, therefore, to adapt these classical terms to a situation of EU and CJEU case law. For that reason, the author is critically assessing classical legal theorist's principle models as well as models created by experts in the field of legislation or European Union law. The outcome is supposed to be a merge between these models, which can provide the reader with deeper understanding of normative model of Union legislation. EU legislative style is a merge of the majority of legislative traditions of Member States, therefore, in certain circumstances it is hardly understandable for everybody. The main presumption here is MacCormmick's theory of interdependence of...

The social services system in the Czech Republic intended for people in unfavorable social situation requires increased attention to financial sustainability, quality and overall effectiveness of their providing. The main point of this work is to examine and analyze the development of an instrument of social policy -- social services in the Czech Republic and in selected EU countries in the period 2000 - 2012. It is possible to highlight the weaknesses of the Czech system of social services by following comparison of the basic pillars. Positive and innovative experience of some EU countries is one of the possible ways how to solve defects in the Czech Republic.