Note:

Orientadores: Maria Conceição da Costa, Maria Priscilla Kreitlon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:11:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gayard_NicoleAguilar_M.pdf: 1181884 bytes, checksum: 329e53f926b01c3a9ffb9c47ea593eb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No contexto de crescentes preocupações com a dimensão ambiental na agenda política global, tem havido um aumento de iniciativas de cooperação internacional para esta temática. O Fundo para o Meio Ambiente Mundial (GEF), criado em 1991, constitui um organismo multilateral, cujo financiamento se destina a projetos para a proteção do meio ambiente global, realizados em países em desenvolvimento. A proposta do GEF se enquadra no âmbito das assimetrias Norte-Sul para gerir os problemas ambientais, consistindo em um instrumento de auxílio aos países com menos recursos para participar na prevenção de problemas ambientais globais. A presente dissertação examina as dinâmicas de conhecimento envolvidas neste padrão de cooperação. Com base no referencial teórico do neofuncionalismo nas relações internacionais, discute-se o papel central que formas de expertise adquiriram na realização da cooperação internacional em geral, e mais especificamente, nas iniciativas voltadas ao meio ambiente, tendo sido incorporadas na estrutura das principais agências multilaterais de cooperação. A importância da expertise no estabelecimento de padrões e políticas ambientais é contraposta por abordagens - como os Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia e a Teoria Cultural do Risco - que questionam a aparente neutralidade do conhecimento científico neste processo. Assim, argumenta-se que o maior nível de capacidades científicas e tecnológicas no Norte permite que este tenha uma posição privilegiada no momento de definir as políticas e opções de cooperação para o meio ambiente. Este referencial é utilizado para analisar um projeto de cooperação realizado no Brasil com recursos do GEF, para o desenvolvimento e teste de um protótipo de ônibus movido a hidrogênio. Foi possível concluir, com base neste projeto, que alternativas tecnológicas constituem um dos focos da cooperação internacional para o meio ambiente, e que a realização dos projetos permanece fortemente centrada na participação de experts. Por outro lado, promove-se a disseminação do uso de tecnologias e de conhecimentos associados a modelos de gestão ambiental, mas perpetua-se a dependência de tecnologias dos países em desenvolvimento em relação aos países desenvolvidos. Além disso, a participação do Sul na definição de agendas ambientais permanece prejudicada / Abstract: In the context of growing concerns about the environment in the global political agenda, there has been an increase in international environmental cooperation. The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) was established in 1991 as a multilateral organization, to fund projects aiming to protect the global environment, carried out in developing countries. This format is a response to international demands to consider North-South asymmetries in the promotion of environmental policies and projects. The present dissertation examines the dynamics of knowledge involved in this pattern of cooperation. Based on the theoretical framework of neo-functionalism from the field of International Relations, this work discusses the central role of expertise in conducting international aid, having been incorporated into the work and structure of the main multilateral agencies for cooperation. The importance of expertise in setting standards and policies for environment management is countered by scholars within the Social Studies of Science and Technology and Cultural Theory of Risk that challenge the apparent neutrality of scientific knowledge in this process. Thus, it is argued that the highest level of scientific and technological capacities in the North allows it to have a privileged position in defining environmental policies and international cooperation. These approaches are applied to analyze a project of cooperation carried out in Brazil and funded by the GEF, aimed to develop and test a prototype of hydrogen-powered bus. Based on this project, we concluded that alternative technologies are one of the main focus of international cooperation for the environment, and that the implementation of projects remains strongly based on participation of experts. On the other hand, environmental cooperation may promote the widespread use of technology and knowledge associated with environmental management, but it also perpetrates the technology dependence from South to North. In addition, the participation of developing countries in setting the global environmental agenda setting remains impaired towards the developed world / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Le concept d'aide au développement a fait son intrusion dans l'histoire au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le titre XIII de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958 ébaucha la politique de coopération. Le général De Gaulle entendait résoudre le dilemme : replier le drapeau tricolore sans rompre les liens historiques. Or, si la légitimité française dans le nouveau partenariat trouvait des arguties juridiques, les ambitions qu'il concentrait comportaient des faiblesses. L'engagement pour le développement peut durer « ad vitam aeternam ». La diversité d'instruments administratifs et financiers, ainsi que la multitude d'acteurs ajoutent à la confusion. Les réformes du dispositif de la coopération n'ont pas encore gommé l'idée des « mutations impromptues ». L' «Esquisse théorique de la coopération franco-gabonaise de 1960 à nos jours : une aide publique au sous-développement ? » révèle l'ambiguïté, la dichotomie entre coopération et développement. En dépit des énormes potentialités d'un pays d'environ 1,5 million d'habitants, la coopération peine à sortir les Gabonais de la pauvreté. Ils sont aussi pauvres plus d'un demi-siècle après les indépendances, qu'ils l'étaient au moment où l'administration coloniale passait la main. Si l'assistance technique française a certes permis une certaine relève de celle-ci, dite « gabonisation », l'essentiel de l'économie de ce pays reste concentré dans les mains des Français où passe une part non négligeable des investissements publics français. L'importance du Gabon pour la France a suscité une coopération de l'ombre où transpire toutes sortes de dérives antinomiques au progrès : gabegie, favoritisme, concussion, sectarisme... monolithisme. / The concept of development aid made its intrusion in history shortly after the Second World War. Title XIII of the constitution of October 4, 1958 outlined the policy of co-operation. The General De Gaulle intended to solve the dilemma : to fold up the Tricolour without breaking the historical bonds. However, if French legitimacy in the new partnership found legal quibbles, the ambitions which it concentrated comprised of the weakness. Engagement for the development can last « Ad vitam aeternam ». The diversity of administrative and financial instruments, as well as the multitude of actors add to confusion. The reforms of the mechanism of the co-operation did not gum yet the idea of the « changes impromptues ». The « theoretical draft of the French Gabonese co-operation since 1960 until nowadays : a public aid for the underdevelopment ? » reveals ambiguity, the dichotomy between co-operation and development. In spite of the enormous potentialities of a country from approximately 1,5 million inhabitants, the co-operation pains to bring out the Gabonese of the poverty line. They are as poor, 50 years after the independences, as they were at the time when the colonial administration passed the hand over. If the French technical aid allowed certainly a certain changing of this one, called « gabonisation », the essential of the economy in this country remains concentrated in the hands of the French where a considerable share of the French public investments passes. The importance of Gabon for France caused a co-operation of the shade where all kind of paradoxical drifts to progress perspires : underhand dealings, favoritism, misappropriation, sectarianism... monolithism.

Drawing from an extensive literature review and international experiences, it is found that TEC is a dynamic process of environmental governance to manage environmental conflicts and achieve mutually agreed goals. It is also a political process involving complex mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions in which stakeholders can articulate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations, and mediate their differences. Transforming theory into a pragmatic research holism, this study constructs an analytical framework which stresses the great importance of a few key aspects of TEC. These key aspects include the nature and characteristics of environmental issue of concern, sociopolitical situations where TEC appears, co-operation regime, determinants of cooperation formation and persistence, and elements of environmental governance. In this study, knowledge, interests and power are identified as the three key determinants and the eight elements involved are participation, compatibility, benefit to all participants, communication, transparency, adaptability, certainty, and expertise. / In order to critically examine the involvement of stakeholders, processes, and mechanisms of TEC in GPRD, a case study approach was employed. An in-depth analysis of two milestone cases, i.e., regional air quality management and Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, illustrates how TEC plays a vital role in managing the environmental challenges resulting from economic growth, building of infrastructure and disparity in the level of regional development. Findings of the case studies reveal that joint efforts of the various jurisdictions have significantly promoted the regional environmental governance over the past two decades. There are mechanisms for knowledge building and conflict resolution. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of TEC needs to be further improved because several key elements are still not in place, including mutually agreed goals, effective negotiation among government bodies at different levels, symmetric distribution of benefits as perceived by the parties involved, and transparency as a result of free flow of information. The findings of this study also show that the absence or inadequacy of these key elements is deeply rooted in the "One Country, Two Systems" framework under which differences between both sides exist in political culture, mindset, environmental regulations and standards, as well as conflicting interests and priorities. These differences coupled with complex administrative hierarchy and pro-economic growth ethos point to a long drawn-out battle for consensus building and regional collaboration. / This study aims to conceptualize transboundary environmental cooperation (TEC) and examine how TEC helps solve environmental problems in the Greater Pearl River Delta region (GPRD) where the unique "One Country, Two Systems" framework is in place. With two different socio-political systems under the Chinese Government, the GPRD region has witnessed rapid economic growth driven mainly by industrialization and urbanization over the past two decades and has experienced a variety of environmental problems. By conducting a critical analysis of environmental governance in the region, the study offers unique insights into the environmental management problems in the Chinese context and hence the research findings are useful for devising alternative ways for more effective management of the environment. / Hui, Wing Chi. / "January 2008." / Advisers: Lam Kin Che; Yongqin Chen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: A, page: 0978. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-244). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

In the Twenty-first Century, sustainable water management is likely to be humanity's greatest challenge in a world of ever-increasing demand. Legal instruments both international and national regulate and provide a general framework for the use and management of international waters. Future basin management agreements can be informed by examining the degree of success, in terms of sustainability and equity, achieved by such agreements. That success can be influenced by the degree to which such agreements support the human right to water implicitly stated in international customary law, through a collaborative management approach. Since 1988, attempts by communities on the Pongolo floodplain to be involved in Pongolopoort Dam releases, have met with little success. Recently, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has begun to support those efforts, but the approach remains a sectoral one, and is primarily concerned with water issues. The South African National Water Act 36 of 1998 provides for environmental management and public participation, as well as providing explicitly for the rights of individual water users, but its implementation is hampered by an overwhelming emphasis on technical considerations and a lack of political will to embrace collaborative management systems. Little effort is expended on collaborative management methods, though the level of transparency in water management is improving, despite remaining highly centralised. The level and extent of incentives for local community participation is low, and systematic monitoring is in its early development. International river basin agreements generally take a top-down or state-driven approach, though there are some examples where local cross-border communities have participated successfully in the implementation of international agreements and management of transboundary basins. South Africa, Swaziland and M09ambique signed the Interim Incomaputo Agreement, which includes the Maputo basin, in August 2002. Once again, the approach to this agreement has been highly sectoral in that negotiations were handled entirely by water officials in the relevant countries. A lack of transparency has prevailed in the negotiation stages, though through the basin studies, which will inform implementation plans, the level of participation should improve. There is overwhelming consensus that integrated management is the key to sustainable international river basin management. Formal and systematic methods for inter-departmental communication, both nationally and internationally are currently not being implemented, which has significant negative impacts on integrated management. Research in this area represents an opportunity to explore collaborative management of an international river basin in an area that is, as yet, unstressed in terms of population and water supply. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Political Science)--Vanderbilt University, May 2010. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Bibiography: leaves 91-96. The Timor Gap area is managed jointly by Australia and Indonesia through the Treaty of Timor Gap (1989). The Zone of Cooperation area A 's main activity is oil exploration and exploitation. The main concern of the research is the provisions for environmental protection and the procedure of environmental impact assessment in the Treaty.

‘What is required is the ‘politics of the rhizome’ in which everyone, every community, every nation and every major region comes to terms with the uniqueness of their situation and acts accordingly – and realises that it is only by vast numbers of people, of groups and organizations acting in accordance with possibilities of their situations, that the environmental crisis will be solved.’ (Gare, 1995:161). The study investigates the implementation of Local Agenda 21’s education, awareness and training component by the Gaborone City Council Environmental Health Department (GCCEHD) to address environmental challenges facing the city of Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study that made use of semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and document analysis as instruments of data generation. Samples of respondents were selected from the Gaborone City Council (GCCEHD) employees in management positions, workers, and elected political councillors. The study is contextualised through establishing environmental issues in the Gaborone City Council, identifying strategies to address environmental issues and the review of the Waste Management Plan 2003-2009, which the department uses as a guiding document for waste management. The study establishes that the council employees are mostly concerned with issues of waste management and need commitment from all Local Government sectors of the work force. The study established the importance of education, awareness and training as a response to environmental issues facing Gaborone. The study also establishes the need for social education in terms of public education, awareness and training needed for the public to adequately respond to environmental challenges in their context. Models and relevant policy and guiding documents such as the Vision for Greater Gaborone, DPSEEA Model and Botswana Environmental Planning Principles were identified and recommended for the department to consider. The awareness and training activities should be developed and involve the community in environmental management. This should enable the council to create opportunities for income generation, at the same time changing community negative attitudes towards the environment and improving service delivery by the department.

Current crisis in Ukraine: the impact on Czech migration policy Bc. Tereza Jarolímová Abstract In November 2013 protests in response on cancelation of Association Agreements preparations between EU and Ukraine stand on the beginning of crisis, which resulted in annexation of Crimea by Russian Federation and in armed conflict at Eastern Ukraine. Those events led to a significant deterioration of security and socioeconomic conditions and influenced migration flows in Ukraine. In April 2015 there was 1 192 000 Internally Displaced Persons and more than 700 000 people fled Ukraine. This situation also affected Czech Republic that is common target of migration from this country. This thesis analyses the reaction of the Czech state institutions on Ukrainian crisis and its influence on migration flows. Migration policy is in this thesis divided in immigration policy, asylum policy, integration policy, external dimension of migration policy and crisis reaction. Author analyses budget changes, Government Resolutions and changes in state strategies concerning migration or security in connection with possible migration flow from Ukraine. It is also evaluated how Czech Republic grants different kinds of international protection to refugees from Ukraine.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this agreement. The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time. Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00 million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum should be possible. The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU. Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100 million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector. The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of competitiveness of his or her enterprise. Thus the message is very clear: Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to follow. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie handelsooreenkoms. Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn. Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen. Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop. Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125 miljoen moontlik wees. Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25 miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23 van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms. Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is, beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo", "kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer. Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan uitspreek. Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik: Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad om te volg.