A integração do ferramental técnico-científico disponível com os diferentes instrumentos de política e gestão ambiental é essencial para a compatibilização das exigências impostas pelo desenvolvimento com a manutenção ou melhoria da qualidade ambiental e social e, também, para o equacionamento das demandas e dos interesses de cada setor envolvido no processo decisório. Assim, os modelos para a projeção das alterações no uso e ocupação do solo de um determinado território têm sido freqüentemente utilizados. A modelagem propicia a geração e a avaliação das informações para montagem de um panorama das possíveis alterações no uso do solo, considerando que as tendências identificadas para aquele território, num certo instante, sejam mantidas de modo a se desenvolverem de acordo com um determinado cenário projetado. O presente trabalho analisa a possibilidade de aplicação conjunta do método de projeção das alterações no uso e ocupação do solo e instrumentos de política ambiental, levando em conta os aspectos preventivos. Aplicado a uma porção do município de São Carlos (SP), o trabalho apresenta uma projeção para a expansão urbana para os anos de 2012 e 2019, considerando três cenários alternativos de ocupação territorial. Confrontando os resultados obtidos pela modelagem com a capacidade de suporte do meio para a implantação de empreendimentos urbanos - determinada a partir da elaboração de um zoneamento ambiental, verifica-se que, mantidas as tendências atuais, e para os três cenários de ocupação avaliados, a expansão urbana continuará avançando sobre áreas de baixa aptidão para a urbanização, permanecerá exercendo intensa pressão sobre os recursos hídricos e os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, caso não sejam adotadas medidas que modifiquem o atual padrão de ocupação do território. / To compatibilize the demands raised by development with the maintenance or improvement of the social and environmental quality, the integration among technical scientific tools and environmental management instruments is essential to solve the interests of each sector involved at the decision process. On this context are inserted land use and cover change models. The modelling permit the decision-making process to be done evaluating the consequences of possible alterations on land use, which can be identified considering the scenarios projected for the territory under certain circunstances. The presente work analyses the possibility of joint application of this technique and environmental policy tools considering preventive aspects. Allocated to a portion of the São Carlos (SP) municipality, the work projects urban growth for the years 2012 and 2019, considering three alternative scenarios of occupation. Confronting the results obtained by the model with the carrying capacity for the implementation of urban activities - determined from the elaboration of environmental zoning, is showed that, maintained the present tendencies, and for the scenarios evaluated, the urban growth will continue forward and towards the areas with low suitability. In the same way, the pressure over water resources and fragments of native vegetation will remains intense unless measures to modify the standards in occupation can be adopted.

Dans un contexte de multiplication d’expérimentations de « réseaux électriques intelligents » (REI) et de « villes intelligentes » à travers le monde, cette thèse questionne les reconfigurations qui affectent l’action publique liée à l’énergie depuis l’émergence de ces innovations technologiques. À partir d’une analyse de l’instrumentation des politiques énergétiques et de la gouvernance de quatre démonstrateurs de « smart communities » au Japon, nous souhaitons saisir la reformulation du rôle de l’État et de ses modes d’interaction avec les collectivités territoriales et avec les acteurs privés. Nous défendons la thèse que la pratique de l’expérimentation tend à devenir un instrument privilégié de la conduite des politiques locales, en réponse à d’importantes transformations qui affectent les politiques énergétiques. En nous appuyant sur une analyse néo-institutionnaliste, nous montrons que l’introduction des REI est marquée par des permanences dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques et dans les cadres cognitifs mobilisés, mais aussi par un « changement graduel transformateur » dans les instruments déployés. À travers l’étude des quatre premiers démonstrateurs de smart community mis en place entre 2010 et 2015 par le Ministère de l’Économie, du Commerce et de l’Industrie (METI) à Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, nous procédons à une analyse de l’influence de la pratique expérimentale sur la production de politiques énergétiques locales et sur les modes d’interaction entre l’État et les acteurs locaux. Il apparaît alors que la pratique expérimentale est appropriée par les acteurs locaux volontaristes comme un moyen de valoriser leurs « bonnes pratiques » et d’ériger leur territoire en vitrine de l’exemplarité. Cette démarche s’inscrit dans une perspective stratégique visant à capter les financements privés et publics, mais elle résulte aussi d’un repositionnement de l’appareil étatique visant à renforcer son contrôle au sein de politiques énergétiques territorialisées par la promotion d’expérimentations en phase avec ses stratégies. Nous mobilisons en particulier les notions de « méta-gouvernance » et de « gouvernement à distance » pour qualifier les dispositifs déployés par l’État pour conférer des marges de manœuvre aux acteurs locaux et accorder des concessions ponctuelles qui s’inscrivent dans ses perspectives stratégiques, tout en effectuant un contrôle sur ce processus afin de maintenir la structure du réseau. / As smart grids’ experiments and smart cities are spreading through the world, this doctoral thesis questions the reconfigurations that have been affecting public action about energy issues since the appearance of these technological innovations. Through an analysis of energy policy tools and case studies of the governance of four ‘smart communities’ demonstration projects in Japan, my goal is to understand how the State redefines its role and its process of interaction with local governments and private actors. My main contribution is to analyze the practice of experimentation as an emerging tool of local policies, in response to major transformation that affect energy policies. Based on a neo-institutionalist approach, I highlight that the introduction of smart grids is based on continuities in terms of policymaking process and cognitive frames, while the policy tools used to implement smart grids are characterized by a ‘gradual institutional change’. Through an analysis of the first ‘smart communities’ demonstration projects that have been implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) between 2010 and 2015 in Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, I study the influence of experimentations in the implementation of local energy policies and in the interactions between the State and local actors. My case studies show that proactive local actors took over experiment as a way of enhancing the exemplariness of their territory and “best practices”. From a strategic point of view, this approach aims at attracting public and private funding, but in an institutional perspective, it also reveals how the State positions itself in order to increase its control over territorialized energy policies by promoting experimentation projects according to its strategies. I use the notion of ‘meta-governor’ and ‘governing by distance’ as a way of describing the measures implemented by the METI and other ministries to give room for manoeuvre to local actors and to grant concessions that fits with their strategies, while controlling over this process in order to maintain the general structure of the grid.

This study aimed to explore the perceived role and mandate of civil servants employed in municipalities in Kronoberg county. The study aimed to answer the question whether civil servants engaged in municipal economics have different perspectives on their mandate and role based on how said civil servants implement and manage policy tools available in Swedish municipalities. The study aimed to through policy tools theory explain how civil servants through four categories view the policy tools employed in the municipality. The study is based on the reasoning that policy tools influences exercise of authority that in turn influences view on policy tools. In order to study civil servants perspective on perceived mandate and role interviews were conducted with a sample of civil servants from each of the eight municipalities in Kronoberg county. The results shows that out of eight civil servants, each representing one municipality six civil servants see their perceived mandate as free and their role as to create conditions for local economic development. Two out of eight civil servants perceive their role and mandate as limited in creating conditions for local economic development.

Abstract This thesis on Ecological housing -- passive houses (stimulation possibilities in the Czech environment) describes passive housing within the development of the Czech building market. This thesis focuses on the technologies of passive housing and compares the devel-opment of passive houses in the Czech Republic and in other European countries. Within the comparison this thesis points out individual economic policy tools used in specific countries. This thesis also defines hypothetical solutions for stimulation of passive housing in the Czech Republic. Efficiency analysis is applied to these solutions. Described hypothetical solutions are based on the costs evaluation of passive and ordinary housing, while the cost calculation takes into account mainly the return rate of additional investment adherent to the passive housing.

The conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo is recognized by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as a threat to international peace and security, due to its impact on the entire Great Lakes region of the African continent. Therefore, for the stability of this region, any feasible solution should take into consideration the regional dimensions of this conflict. Many diplomatic initiatives undertaken in this regard have thus focused on how to end the hostilities in the region. The International Conference on Peace, Security, Democracy and Development in the Great Lakes Region was also convened to address the regional factor of the conflict and therefore prevent further conflict in the area. How this Conference addresses this regional dimension in order to prevent a return to violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo and therefore to bring about sustainable peace in the region, is the main focus of this study. The basic premise on which this research is based, is that this Conference is the first gathering of all countries in the region to address the causes underlying the conflict in the region, thereby rendering it a framework around which to prevent violence from flaring up again in the DRC. A literature review of the theory behind preventive diplomacy is discussed in-depth throughout the study, chiefly applying the notion expressed by Lund (1996: 37) that alternative actions should be applied during periods of socio-economic, political or regional and international upheaval, in order to avoid the use of armed force and/or the manipulation of political disputes. The aim of this study is to apply this theory in the framework of the Conference, primarily because the diplomatic initiatives undertaken thus far have created an environment of unstable peace in which preventive diplomacy can work. / Dissertation (MA (Political Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Group of people with mental illness is a very diverse group. Due to its diagnosis they have to face prejudices and stigmatization, which influences all levels of their lives - even the working one. This diploma thesis People with mental disorders and their access to the labour market examines the position of persons with mental disorders on the labor market. It is based on the premise that employment is an important element for every person, as it provides an income and, above all, represents belonging to the majority society. In this work I introduce the setting of Czech legislation and public policy documents, I realize my own quantitative (using content analysis of media outputs) and qualitative (using semi-structured expert interviews) research and based on that I classify people with mental illness into the relevant target population according to the Theory of social construction of target populations (according to Schneider and Ingram). I choose this procedure of combined (= mixed) research to collect a sufficient amount of data. This theory says how benefits or burdens are allocated in society. I define the problems and, in conclusion, I present possible recommendations how the situation could change with the help of public policy instruments and how the the stigma that these people have to...

The master thesis introduces the topic of sustainable development, environmental policy and its tools as a mean of mitigating negative impact of economic activity on environment. The thesis analyzes optional tools of environmental policy as well as Eco-Management and Audit Scheme EMAS. The analytic part studies the motives and expectations of Czech organizations before the registration in EMAS and their fulfilment after implementation. The situation in the Czech Republic and EU member states is being compared and the common trends and variety identified. The output of the thesis is a design of measures for increasing the interest in registration in EMAS.

In the context of current urgent environmental and social problems is waste management policy increasingly moving from plain safe disposal of waste toward integrating systems, where waste is recognized as an important resource and is being incorporated into the material circle again. This thesis is tracks three particular political responses to the challenge of sustainable waste management. It discusses the strategies and applied policy tools in Japan, European union and the Slovak republic. The main focal point for their analysis is the sustainable development paradigm, the pursue of which is evaluated from the sustainability perspective in time and space using the SWOT analysis. This element of the sustainable development is supplemented and reinforced through an identification of the application of the key principles for pursuing the sustainable development. Apart from the evaluation of the strong and weak point of the particular policies from the viewpoint of sustainable development, the outcome of the thesis will be as well to identify eventual possibilities for a positive inspiration in the European context. Last, but not least, the thesis brings forward basic points of departure to steer the policies in a positive direction, with a special emphasis on the case of Slovak republic. Key words:...

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of insufficient support of employment at regional level. The main research objective of the thesis is to explain how a policy aimed at supporting employment within the framework of regional policy in the Czech Republic is implemented on the example of the Central Bohemia Region. In particular, the thesis focuses on public policy tools that are used to support employment at regional level. In addition, to identify the main actors and their beliefs in the field of employment support at the regional level, because on the one hand is conviction that the employment policy is a matter for the state and the Labor Office of the Czech Republic. On the other hand, however, there is a belief that support for the employment of the population should be part of other policies and should be the result of cooperation between different actors. As part of the actors' analysis and beliefs, the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Actor-network theory is used. The thesis is based on both the primary data from the professional interviews and the secondary data from professional publications and legislative documents. The analysis is based on a thematic analysis of expert interviews and the analysis of the content of secondary documents.

Unemployment is a subject examined in many fields, e.g. sociology, economics or psychology. However, all these areas for the most part disregard gender implications within the topic. This is why I have attempted in my work to address the issue of unemployment from a gender perspective in greater detail through the activities of the Labor Office, as the central institution dealing with unemployment in the Czech Republic. Specifically, I have examined whether or not there are gender stereotypes in the work of female and male employees of the Labor Office; in particular, whether or not jobs and retraining programs have been offered, or demanded, in a gender-stereotypical manner. Since I conducted interviews for my research shortly after the amendments to the Employment Act and the Labor Code took effect, which fundamentally influenced the activities of female and male employees of the Labor Office, I have obtained significant additional information on the functioning of the new measures in practice. Therefore, my thesis provides an insight not only into gender stereotypes in the work of the Labor Office, but also into the new tools of what is referred to as "active employment policy" (from the point of view of the Labor Office's employees), including both the envisaged benefits of these tools as well...