This paper is mainly based on Brown and Levinson’s negative politeness strategies and Mona Baker’s translation strategies to analyze how the translators of the Chinese novel, Honglou meng, employ these strategies to render honorifics and self-deprecatory expressions in Honglou meng from Chinese into English. It compares the two English translations and observes the translators’ tendencies in both translations. The findings suggest that David Hawkes’ translation is esthetically crafted language and more target-oriented, whereas Yang Hsien-yi and Glays Yang’s translation is not such natural-sounding English and more source-oriented. This paper also states that a comprehensive theoretical frame in this area is yet to be established.

abstract: The ways in which human relationships are managed via language is a topic of particular interest in the area of sociolinguistics where work into the study of such topics as politeness, impoliteness, and rapport management have attempted to shed light on this phenomenon. This study examines two segments of extended discourse by President Alvaro Uribe of Colombia at the 2008 Summit of the Rio Group where he addressed a gathering of Rio Group members comprising heads of state from Latin American and Caribbean nations. Faced with serious accusations about his nation's military actions into Ecuador a few days before the meeting in question, Uribe engaged the group through two extended statements where he defended his government's actions. In these two segments of discourse Uribe changed his tone; it is this change that the present study attempts to describe in terms of modification to the effects of his discourse on the relationship between himself and the other interlocutors. To this end, an analysis is done classifying Uribe's utterances as polite, per Brown and Levinson's politeness model, and impolite, per Culpeper's impoliteness model. Additionally, Spencer Oatey's model of rapport management is used to classify Uribe's utterances according to their effect on the components of rapport. These classifications are examined alongside an analysis of factors related to rapport management such as frame, purpose of the exchange, and participants, for the purpose of understanding how these many factors work together to generate a changed effect to rapport. Of greatest significance in this study is the relationship between (im)politeness strategies and components of rapport. This dynamic provided an interesting way of examining (im)politeness in a new context, one that factored-in the effects of (im)politeness to the relationship between interlocutors. The study, as described above, showed that Uribe's change in tone was indeed a change to approach to rapport management characterized by an initial focus on the transactional and relational goals rapport component in the first of two segments, that then changed in the second part to a focus on face and association rights. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Spanish 2011

This thesis aims to analyze the formation of politeness in the use of Orwell's artificial language, Newspeak. Multiple theories of politeness will be utilized for the examination but with primary focuses on Brown and Levinson's (1987) original theory and Watts' (2003) views on politic behavior. Orwell's (1949) original novel will be used for the grammatical and lexical basis of the language as well as the source for the language's sociolinguistic aspects. It will be shown that politeness is present within the society and its language, even though it is mechanically altered due to the structure of Newspeak. The largest changes are through the realization of face in INGSOC where a hybrid of Western and Eastern social principles are present.

This study examines the speech act of refusal among Saudis. Specifically, it investigates the refusal strategies implemented by Saudis in Saudi Arabian Social settings. Data was gathered using Discourse Completion Task (DCT). Thirty Saudi male and female students, graduate, undergraduate, and ESL students participated in this study creating 180 natural responses. The responses were coded and classified according to the classification of refusals proposed by Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss- Weltz. The results revealed that Saudi females and males choose to use indirectness more than directness when refusing an invitation. Even when using direct strategies, indirect strategies accompany the direct once to mitigate the threat of directness. The results also showed a great deal of implementing adjuncts as part of Saudis refusal statements. The result showed that Saudis use one new strategy, refusal-functioning acceptance, and one new adjunct, pray.

O presente trabalho avalia o uso de dois emoticons (pequenos ícones que supostamente denotam emoções) no universo virtual, particularmente em Mensagens Instantâneas (MI) de interações ocorridas no MSN. O trabalho conta como sujeitos com um grupo de 67 indivíduos entre 17 e 23 anos residentes do Rio de Janeiro que pertencem ao mesmo nível social e não possuem nenhuma diferença hierárquica. As interações foram transformadas em txt e tratadas através da ferramenta Wordsmith 5.0 (Scott, 2008) para organizá-las, quantificá-las e prepará-las para análise. Após separadas as linhas com emoticons, essas foram classificadas de acordo com a Teoria da Polidez com vistas a verificar se o emoticon teria função polida no discurso e se poderia mitigar um AAF (Ato Ameaçador de Face). Lançou-se mão também do conceito de atos de fala para explicar aqueles emoticons que a Teoria da Polidez não deu conta. A pesquisa ocorreu com material autêntico doado pelos participantes e coletado ao longo do ano de 2011. O presente trabalho levantou dados de como os emoticons eram usados, por quem, e qual sua frequência e preferência, inclusive por parte de gênero. Os resultados apontam para uma restrição da aplicação da Teoria da Polidez para explicar os emoticons: esses parecem desempenhar múltiplas funções além daquelas de polidez e mitigação. Apontam também para uma preferência por parte de cada sexo por uma função específica para os emoticons investigados / The present project evaluates the use of two emoticons (little icons that supposedly denote emotions) in the virtual world, particularly in Instant Messages (IM) of interactions that happened on MSN. The project uses as subjects a group of 67 individuals between the ages of 17 and 23 years old, residents of Rio de Janeiro, who belong to the same social level and have no hierarchical difference. The interactions were transformed into txt and treated through the Wordsmith 5.0 tool (Scott, 2008) to organize them, quantify them and prepare them for analysis. After separating the lines with emoticons, they were classified according to the Politeness Theory to verify if the emoticon could have the function of politeness in the discourse and if it could mitigate an FTA (Face Threatening Act). The concept of speech acts was also used to explain those emoticons that could not be explained by the Politeness Theory. The research used authentic material donated by its participants and collected throughout the year 2011. The present work researched how emoticons were used, by whom and its frequency and preference, including in terms of gender. The results point to a restriction of the application of the Politeness Theory to explain emoticons: they seem to have multiple functions besides politeness and mitigation. The results also point to a preference by each gender for a specific function of the investigated emoticons.

O presente trabalho avalia o uso de dois emoticons (pequenos ícones que supostamente denotam emoções) no universo virtual, particularmente em Mensagens Instantâneas (MI) de interações ocorridas no MSN. O trabalho conta como sujeitos com um grupo de 67 indivíduos entre 17 e 23 anos residentes do Rio de Janeiro que pertencem ao mesmo nível social e não possuem nenhuma diferença hierárquica. As interações foram transformadas em txt e tratadas através da ferramenta Wordsmith 5.0 (Scott, 2008) para organizá-las, quantificá-las e prepará-las para análise. Após separadas as linhas com emoticons, essas foram classificadas de acordo com a Teoria da Polidez com vistas a verificar se o emoticon teria função polida no discurso e se poderia mitigar um AAF (Ato Ameaçador de Face). Lançou-se mão também do conceito de atos de fala para explicar aqueles emoticons que a Teoria da Polidez não deu conta. A pesquisa ocorreu com material autêntico doado pelos participantes e coletado ao longo do ano de 2011. O presente trabalho levantou dados de como os emoticons eram usados, por quem, e qual sua frequência e preferência, inclusive por parte de gênero. Os resultados apontam para uma restrição da aplicação da Teoria da Polidez para explicar os emoticons: esses parecem desempenhar múltiplas funções além daquelas de polidez e mitigação. Apontam também para uma preferência por parte de cada sexo por uma função específica para os emoticons investigados / The present project evaluates the use of two emoticons (little icons that supposedly denote emotions) in the virtual world, particularly in Instant Messages (IM) of interactions that happened on MSN. The project uses as subjects a group of 67 individuals between the ages of 17 and 23 years old, residents of Rio de Janeiro, who belong to the same social level and have no hierarchical difference. The interactions were transformed into txt and treated through the Wordsmith 5.0 tool (Scott, 2008) to organize them, quantify them and prepare them for analysis. After separating the lines with emoticons, they were classified according to the Politeness Theory to verify if the emoticon could have the function of politeness in the discourse and if it could mitigate an FTA (Face Threatening Act). The concept of speech acts was also used to explain those emoticons that could not be explained by the Politeness Theory. The research used authentic material donated by its participants and collected throughout the year 2011. The present work researched how emoticons were used, by whom and its frequency and preference, including in terms of gender. The results point to a restriction of the application of the Politeness Theory to explain emoticons: they seem to have multiple functions besides politeness and mitigation. The results also point to a preference by each gender for a specific function of the investigated emoticons.

This essay gives a comprehensive theoretical background and then uses observations of how FTAs can be analyzed. The observation, made in a school setting is characterized by an asymmetric relationship between the main participants. The aim is to discuss theories and models of politeness, and how to operationalize them. As theoretical foundation Brown and Levinson´s theory of politeness strategies is used. My conclusions are that theories and models describing politeness can be expressed quantitatively and that there is correlation between my observations and Brown and Levinson´s theory of politeness face threatening acts and the author’s formula to calculate the degree of imposition. My Conclusions from the theoretical background is that the argument of universality for politeness increases with globalisation. There is though a likely development that the multinational class create their own variety of politeness and that the use of this code gives access to power and prestige. At the same time this creates social boundaries and alienation by those excluded from access. A conclusion from my observations is that the social relationship between teacher and student is constant, in the sense that it does not vary depending on the specific question or type of imposition that is currently going on. / <p>Titelsida i färg</p>

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy in the Department of African Languages at the University Of Zululand, 2016 / The aim of this study was to investigate politeness within the isiZulu speaking community. The study focused on the understanding of politeness within the target community (Umlazi Township) and whether this understanding has changed over the past generation. It also examined if males and females exhibit and value politeness differently. Finally, the study investigated which of the existing Western/non-Western models of politeness are relevant for describing the politeness phenomena in the target community. This study was conducted through the realisation of the speech acts of requests and apologies focusing on the variables of age, status and social distance. In order to achieve triangulation, qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used. These comprised of observation of domestic and educational contexts, interviews with cultural/religious leaders, discourse completion tasks (DCTs) and interviews with families. My findings reveal that the understanding of politeness phenomena within the target community is more in keeping with that of other non-Western cultures than in Western cultures. Females are found to exhibit more polite behaviours than males. Furthermore, the general understanding of politeness over the past generation has remained more or less constant.

No description available.

This thesis examines Neo-Aramaic as an endangered language in the diaspora. It sheds some light on some linguistic and pragmatic aspects that have received little scholarly attention to date in Semitic literature, language endangerment and first language (L1) erosion in language contact studies. This thesis also draws attention to the fact that research on North Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects needs to take into account that language (pragmatics) is an emergent phenomenon, especially in contract situations. Linguists need to shift gears and start empirical research that is derived from contextualized language use. In three studies, the thesis addresses the role that acculturation plays in molding L1 communicative competence and, in turn, macro-linguistic components of language, such as idioms, metaphors and politeness strategies. Chapter 2 deals with animal-based metaphors as conceptual categories belonging to a rudimentary level of knowledge. We report evidence which shows that Neo-Aramaic-English bilinguals (NA-E) failed to provide interpretations of culturally distinct animal-based metaphors that align with the interpretations of older NA speakers. This finding indicates that the cognitive process of conceptualizing animal metaphors is motivated by the way NA-E bilinguals perceive the world around them in an environment where NA is considered the language of an ethnocultural group. This shift in the NA-E bilinguals’ cognition represents a departure from the concerted conceptualizations of their L1 culture. In chapter 3, we examined NA-E bilinguals’ comprehension of two sets of decomposable and non-decomposable NA idioms obtained from older NA speakers and chosen on the basis of their high familiarity. NA-E bilinguals’ performance showed a marked decline on both decomposable and nondecomposable task compared to Canadian-English monolingual speakers (CE). The evidence reported here shows a high degree of L1 erosion in figurative competence which is, to a large extent, dependent on cultural beliefs and conventions. The study in chapter 4 documents the effect of acculturation on NA-E bilinguals’ behavioural competencies in terms of separateness and connectedness politeness strategies. Chapter 4 foregrounds the idea that NA speakers represent a collectivist culture whereas CE speakers belong to individualistic cultures. The study shows that NA-E bilinguals diverge from the politeness patterns of their cultural group, but their shift is compatible with the individualistic cultural norms. It provides fresh evidence that cultural adaptation to the majority group shapes cultural cognition and thus prompts L1 speakers to approximate L2 cultural preferences. Taken all together, the findings of this thesis demonstrate that language erosion is not limited to the structural aspects of language (morphosyntax and phonology), but it extends, in a regressive fashion, to include more advanced skills that are necessary to develop native-like proficiency. By and large, language atrophy is not necessarily caused by mere linguistic factors, but rather by a number of extralinguistic factors and culture is one of them. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)