Despite efforts of U.S. education institutions to encourage study abroad participation, Black and low income students are severely underrepresented compared with their White and higher income peers. Literature reveals that a combination of individual and institutional factors influences study abroad involvement; however, they fail to address how these factors work to limit the participation of interested students. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 Black and White students to investigate how they navigate the study abroad process. Cultural and social capital theories were used to understand their experiences. My findings demonstrate that for students that did not study abroad, Blacks compared to Whites encountered more difficulties when trying to activate their available resources to navigate the process. Also, non participating White students were more likely to make the conscious decision not to invest their class privileges to study abroad compared with their Black counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that race and class play a role in the activation and usage of cultural and social resources to study abroad.

Despite efforts of U.S. education institutions to encourage study abroad participation, Black and low income students are severely underrepresented compared with their White and higher income peers. Literature reveals that a combination of individual and institutional factors influences study abroad involvement; however, they fail to address how these factors work to limit the participation of interested students. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 Black and White students to investigate how they navigate the study abroad process. Cultural and social capital theories were used to understand their experiences. My findings demonstrate that for students that did not study abroad, Blacks compared to Whites encountered more difficulties when trying to activate their available resources to navigate the process. Also, non participating White students were more likely to make the conscious decision not to invest their class privileges to study abroad compared with their Black counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that race and class play a role in the activation and usage of cultural and social resources to study abroad.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o cenário e os processos políticos que culminaram com a alteração do antigo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965), revogado pela Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012. Busca-se identificar quais foram os fatores que levaram a essa alteração, os principais atores e grupos de interesse que atuaram nas coalizões denominadas de ambientalistas e ruralistas, bem como os argumentos e recursos de poder empregados. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que prevaleceram os interesses privados, em especial dos grupos de interesse do agronegócio, em relação aos interesses da coletividade e que dizem respeito à conservação ambiental. Foram utilizados como ponto de partida metodológica os modelos de Laswell (1936) para entender \"quem ganha o que, porquê e que diferença isso faz\", de coalizões de defesa de Sabatier (1988) e de múltiplos fluxos de Kingdon (2007), bem como o ciclo e as dimensões das políticas públicas de Frey (2000). Para a análise foram utilizados documentos jurídicos, estudos científicos, manifestos públicos, matérias da mídia e postagens nas redes sociais, além de entrevistas semiabertas. Evidenciouse que a atuação da bancada ruralista foi imprescindível na alteração da lei e que esta priorizou interesses privados, em especial dos setores produtivos agropecuários, em detrimento aos interesses públicos e coletivos. O estudo mostra ainda que a polarização entre as coalizões ambientalistas e ruralistas silenciou outros conflitos socioambientais que são recorrentes nos espaços públicos brasileiros. Também foi possível verificar que, embora a questão ambiental tenha se popularizado, ganhando espaço nas agendas governamentais, quando não é tratada de maneira utilitarista, há prevalência de um discurso em que o meio ambiente parece ser uma externalidade e até mesmo um empecilho para o desenvolvimento econômico do país. / This work seeks to analyze the context and the political processes that had led to the alteration from the old Brazilian Forest Code, (Federal Law nº 4.771/1965), repealed by Federal Law No. 12,651 / 2012. The aim is to appoint what were the factors that had led to this alteration, the main actors and the interest groups that had worked in coalitions known as environmentalists and ruralists, as well as arguments and power resources. Our initial assumption was that private interests prevailed. The methodological starting point utilized was the models of Laswell (1936) used to understand \"Who gets what\'s, why and what different it makes\", Sabatier´s advocacy coalitions approach (1988) and Kingdon\'s multiple stream model (2007), as well as the cycle and dimensions of public policy by Frey (2000). Documents, scientific studies, public manifests, media materials and posts on social network and interviews have been used in this analysis. The action of the rural caucus was vital on the alteration of the law, prioritizing. Agricultural Productive Sectors interests became evident. The study still shows that the polarization between environmental and rural caucus silenced other socio-environmental conflicts which are common in the Brazilian public spaces. It was also possible to observe that, although the environmental issue had been popularized, receiving attention in governmental agendas, there is still a prevalence of a speech in which the environment seems to be an externality and even a hindrance to economic development.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o cenário e os processos políticos que culminaram com a alteração do antigo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965), revogado pela Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012. Busca-se identificar quais foram os fatores que levaram a essa alteração, os principais atores e grupos de interesse que atuaram nas coalizões denominadas de ambientalistas e ruralistas, bem como os argumentos e recursos de poder empregados. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que prevaleceram os interesses privados, em especial dos grupos de interesse do agronegócio, em relação aos interesses da coletividade e que dizem respeito à conservação ambiental. Foram utilizados como ponto de partida metodológica os modelos de Laswell (1936) para entender \"quem ganha o que, porquê e que diferença isso faz\", de coalizões de defesa de Sabatier (1988) e de múltiplos fluxos de Kingdon (2007), bem como o ciclo e as dimensões das políticas públicas de Frey (2000). Para a análise foram utilizados documentos jurídicos, estudos científicos, manifestos públicos, matérias da mídia e postagens nas redes sociais, além de entrevistas semiabertas. Evidenciouse que a atuação da bancada ruralista foi imprescindível na alteração da lei e que esta priorizou interesses privados, em especial dos setores produtivos agropecuários, em detrimento aos interesses públicos e coletivos. O estudo mostra ainda que a polarização entre as coalizões ambientalistas e ruralistas silenciou outros conflitos socioambientais que são recorrentes nos espaços públicos brasileiros. Também foi possível verificar que, embora a questão ambiental tenha se popularizado, ganhando espaço nas agendas governamentais, quando não é tratada de maneira utilitarista, há prevalência de um discurso em que o meio ambiente parece ser uma externalidade e até mesmo um empecilho para o desenvolvimento econômico do país. / This work seeks to analyze the context and the political processes that had led to the alteration from the old Brazilian Forest Code, (Federal Law nº 4.771/1965), repealed by Federal Law No. 12,651 / 2012. The aim is to appoint what were the factors that had led to this alteration, the main actors and the interest groups that had worked in coalitions known as environmentalists and ruralists, as well as arguments and power resources. Our initial assumption was that private interests prevailed. The methodological starting point utilized was the models of Laswell (1936) used to understand \"Who gets what\'s, why and what different it makes\", Sabatier´s advocacy coalitions approach (1988) and Kingdon\'s multiple stream model (2007), as well as the cycle and dimensions of public policy by Frey (2000). Documents, scientific studies, public manifests, media materials and posts on social network and interviews have been used in this analysis. The action of the rural caucus was vital on the alteration of the law, prioritizing. Agricultural Productive Sectors interests became evident. The study still shows that the polarization between environmental and rural caucus silenced other socio-environmental conflicts which are common in the Brazilian public spaces. It was also possible to observe that, although the environmental issue had been popularized, receiving attention in governmental agendas, there is still a prevalence of a speech in which the environment seems to be an externality and even a hindrance to economic development.

Most studies of emerging Swedish parties and politics have mainly focused on the Swedish Social Democrats and their struggle for democracy and political power, most as a prelude  to the so called ”Swedish Model”. Competing parties have received attention from historians on the national level, but their local origin remains to large extent an open field. The aim of this study is to investigate how local political factors shaped the emerging liberal party organizations in two small Swedish towns. By a case-oriented comparison two towns are contrasted, Skövde in Skaraborg county and Filipstad in Värmland. This thesis suggests that the distinction between national politics and municipal government, based on the interests of economic elites, was transformed during the period 1880-1920. During this period local elections and local government became increasingly sites for political struggle between different parties, with new agendas. With a framework that considered parties in light of their functions rather than organizational types and theoretical concepts borrowed from the sociology of social movements, the thesis main results suggest that political mobilization and liberal party-formation was depending on the local political traditions. The theoretical framework made it possible to pinpoint both similarities and differences between the cases. The results of the study indicate that the historical tradition is central to parties to emerge and flourish. This suggests that it is more meaningful to focus attention on local and regional processes to understand the historical development than has previously been done. / De svenska partiernas historia är relativt väl känd på nationell nivå, men deras lokala ursprung är mindre utforskat och inte minst gäller det borgerliga partier. I den här avhandlingen undersöks hur lokalpolitiska faktorer formade de framväxande frisinnade, eller liberala, lokalorganisationerna i Filipstad och Skövde. Avhandlingen visar att politisk mobilisering och politisk organisering i städerna i hög grad formades av lokala och regionala politiska traditioner. Den visar också att kommunerna var politiserade långt före att de nationella partierna tog hand om valen och kommunala frågor.   Studien visar att det fanns en kontinuitet mellan äldre lokala partier och de lokalavdelningar av nationella partier som etablerades efter sekelskiftet 1900. Det var en kontinuitet som återspeglades såväl ideologiskt som organisatoriskt.     Avhandlingens resultat pekar på att det är mer meningsfullt att fokusera uppmärksamheten mot lokala och regionala politiseringsprocesser för att förstå den generella politiska utvecklingen i Sveriges historia än vad som tidigare har gjorts. Anders Forsell är doktorand i historia inom Forskarskolan i regionalt samhällsbyggande. Det här är hans doktorsavhandling.

This diploma thesis deals with the history of Kutná Hora in 1950's. It contains a description of the period between years 1948 - 1960. The period, during which the most important political and cultural changes but also the toughest repressions against the people took place all around the Czechoslovakia (majority of the changes and repressions was caused by the communist leadership). These years were the period of huge political purges and processes, violent collectivization and many other precautions which were only meant to provide the communists with all the power over the country. The main aim of this thesis is to introduce the situation in Kutná Hora during 1950's and to give the reader a complex overview of the local political and cultural background. All the institutions which determined everyday life in Kutná Hora are described in this thesis. The author focuses especially on the activity of The Local National Committee, courts and individual cultural institutions. The author used archive funds, historic press and specialized literature.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-12T12:18:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 direito_espaco.pdf: 676913 bytes, checksum: dbdfeaaf6dc8de5d9fd08d15919b9b03 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T12:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 direito_espaco.pdf: 676913 bytes, checksum: dbdfeaaf6dc8de5d9fd08d15919b9b03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Por volta dos anos oitenta, como resposta aos desafios da crescente globalização e pelas dificuldades que enfrentam as economias nacionais em desenvolvimento, para enquadrarem-se ao novo cenário econômico internacional, produziu-se processos de integração regional na América Latina. Em 1991, criou-se o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL), atualmente composto por Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai como membros plenos - República Bolivariana da Venezuela em fase final de adesão ao Bloco -, mais Bolívia, Chile, Colômbia, Equador e Peru como membros associados. Este projeto de integração regional tem sido na, sua maioria, processos intergovernamentais com objetivos essencialmente econômicos: uns pretendem acordos de livre comércio enquanto outros planejam alcançar níveis mais profundos de integração, como uniões aduaneiras ou mercados comuns. Ocorre que, com o tempo, os grupos, organizações e redes da sociedade civil foram se multiplicando e adquirindo lugar no processo de integração regional MERCOSULino. Em resposta a essas pressões da sociedade civil, criaram-se mecanismos consultivos com a finalidade de possibilitar uma maior participação das organizações e das redes sociais. Prima-se por alavancar esse processo de desenvolvimento, porém precisa-se não só o acelerar das questões de mercado, mas que este processo se desenvolva com justiça social, e para isso precisa, cada vez mais, democratizar-se, legitimar o processo através da participação da sociedade civil. No MERCOSUL existe o Foro Consultivo Econômico e Social (FCES), que abre espaço de forma direta para a participação social. Este órgão será analisado no presente trabalho, verificando-se, por conseguinte, suas deficiências e também a sua contribuição para a formação de uma esfera pública no MERCOSUL. Essa esfera pública regional seria acessada por meio da legitimação e representação social, ampliação e democratização dos fóruns (como esse o FCES) de decisão política, instituindo uma cultura pública que supere o poder burocrático do Estado, o autoritarismo social e a cultura privatista de apropriação do público pelo privado. Com o trabalho, conclui-se que é preciso a continuidade dos esforços na criação desta esfera pública, de uma maneira discursiva/reflexiva, mesmo no interior das mídias, aliando princípios reconstruídos da modernidade em crise, tais como o princípio da publicidade e da transparência pública das decisões e, também, com pressupostos de criação de um espaço público regional, utópico realista. / Around the eighties and as an answer to the challenges of the growing globalization and for the difficulties that face the national economies in development and for being framed to the new international economical scenery, they were produced processes of regional integration in Latin America. In 1991 the market common of the South MERCOSUL was grown up the Market Common of the South (MERCOSUL), now composed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay as full members and Republic Bolivariana of Venezuela in finaly process to agree at the group, more Bolivia, Chile, Equador, Colombian and Peruvian as associated member’s. This project of regional integration has been in its majority, processes intergovernmental with objectives essentially economical: some of them intend free trade agreements while others plan to reach deeper levels of integration, as union’s custom or common markets. Along the time the groups, organizations and nets of the civil society were multiplying themselves and acquiring place in the process of regional integration in MERCOSUL. As a response to those pressures of the civil society advisory mechanisms where grown up with the purpose of making possible a larger participation of the organizations and social nets. They excel for going ahead the process of development, however it is not necessary just accelerating of the market subjects but that this process grows with social justice, and for that it needs more and more to be democratized, for legitimating the process through the participation of the civil society. In MERCOSUL there is the Economical Advisory Forum and Social (FCES) that opens space in a direct way for the social participation. This organ will be analyzed in the present work, being verified your deficiencies consequently and also your contribution for the formation of a public sphere in MERCOSUL. That regional public sphere would be accessed through the legitimation and social representation, amplification and democratization of the forums (as that FCES) of political decision, instituting a public culture that overcomes the bureaucratic power of the State, the social authoritarianism and the privates culture ofthe public's appropriation for the private. With the work, it is concluded that is necessary the continuity of the efforts in the creation of this public sphere, with manner discursive/reflexive , even in medias adding reconstructed principles of the modernity incrisis, such as the Principle of the Publicity and of the public transparency of the decisions and also with presupposed of creation of a public regional utopian realist space

Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo e a análise da evolução dos partidos políticos de matriz socialista na política argentina durante um século (1880 e 1980). Ainda notamos a ausência no âmbito acadêmico de uma análise minuciosa e coerente de e do conjunto das organizações que formaram parte do Partido Socialista (PS). O mesmo ocorre com suas múltiplas divisões e incorporações ou com os vários aspectos políticos, sociais e culturais que sua praxis implicou. Neste sentido, esta tese tem dois objetivos, por um lado cobrir a mencionada lacuna e por outro colaborar com a reconstrução da memória histórica das classes subalternas. Relaciona os partidos socialistas argentinos com o socialismo internacional, o marxismo e seu impacto na América Latina, no marco da formação econômico-social argentina e dos processos políticos argentinos em sua interação com outras esquerdas, os dois grandes movimentos nacionais, o radicalismo e o peronismo, os conservadores e os militares. / The object of this thesis is the study and analysis of the evolution processes of the socialist political parties in argentinian politics during a century (1880 to 1980). We can even now notice the absence in the academic level of a minute and coherent analisys of the hole picture involving the organizations that took part in the formation of the Socialist Party (PS). The same happens in the multiple divisions and mergers or the various political, social and cultural aspects involved in its praxis. So, this thesis has two objectives, in a way, tends to cover the absence of academic literature about the subject and, in another sense, cooperate with the reconstruction of the working clases memory history. It draws the relation between the argentinian socialist parties, the marxism and its social and economic impacts in Latin America, and, finally, the mayor argentinian political processes like the radicals, the peronismo, the conservatives and the military.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os processos político-legislativos que culminaram na criação e nas modificações do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal, previsto no revogado Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965) e na lei que o substituiu (Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012). A questão central que orienta esta pesquisa é a seguinte: por que, desde o seu surgimento, a compensação de reserva legal sofreu constantes modificações? As hipóteses para a pergunta formulada consideram que, no complexo jogo político de alteração do Código Florestal, prevaleceram as proposições de dois agrupamentos de atores: o agronegócio (e de outros interesses associados, como mineradoras e hidrelétricas) e a bancada ruralista do Congresso Nacional. Assim, focalizando na compensação de reserva legal, estabeleceu-se um recorte temporal de 1996 a 2012, onde se analisou os processos políticos das seguintes etapas: (i) a formação da agenda governamental em 1996, que culminou na alteração do Código Florestal por medida provisória; (ii) a criação da compensação em 1998; (iii) a modificação desse instrumento no anteprojeto de lei do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) (2000); e (iv) a alteração proposta pelo projeto de lei aprovado na Comissão Especial Temporária do Código Florestal (2010), instituída na Câmara dos Deputados, e sua aprovação pelo plenário daquela Casa (2011), cujo texto foi incorporado na nova lei florestal (2012). No exame dessas quatro fases, considerou-se que uma política pública é o resultado da multiplicidade de elementos e sua complexa interação. Assim, conforme as especificidades de cada etapa, o desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de componentes teóricos dos seguintes referenciais da ciência política: o neo institucionalismo, a hegemonia do Poder Executivo sobre o Legislativo, a articulação dos grupos de interesses econômicos, a teoria dos Múltiplos Fluxos (John W. Kingdon), o pluralismo (Robert A. Dahl) e a tipologia de Theodore Lowi. Assim, o trabalho identifica os atores chaves, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao agronegócio e à bancada ruralista, seus aspectos essenciais, suas interações, a correlação de forças, os embates, as tentativas de influenciar o jogo político em relevo. Na análise da Comissão Especial do Código Florestal (2010), o trabalho identifica os parlamentares ruralistas, os donos de terras, aqueles cujas campanhas eleitorais receberam financiamento do agronegócio/interesses associados, bem como outras características que permitam entender o peso daquela bancada suprapartidária e daquele setor econômico no abrandamento das regras alusivas à compensação de reserva legal. O trabalho colheu evidencias que corroboram as hipóteses levantadas, pois a bancada ruralista e o agronegócio/interessados associados atuaram em várias frentes, mobilizaram recursos políticos e, aproveitando-se do desenho institucional, contribuíram decisivamente para a criação e modificação da compensação de reserva legal ao longo dos anos. O estudo mostra ainda que outros fatores foram importantes nesse contexto, como a posição do governo e a formação das coalizões partidárias, especialmente no Congresso Nacional. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the political and legislative processes that culminated in the creation and modification of the compensation mechanism of legal forest reserve, provided for in the repealed Brazilian Forest Act (Federal Act No. 4.771/1965) and in the law that replaced it (Federal Act No. 12.651/2012). The central matter guiding this research is the following: why, since its appearance, the compensation of legal forest reserves has been suffering constant changes? The hypothesis regarding the question posed considers that in the complex political game of the Forest Act alteration, there have prevailed the propositions of two groups of actors: agribusiness (and other associated interests such as mining and hydropower companies) and the Brazilian Congressional Rural caucus members performance congressmen and senators. Thus, focusing on the compensation of the legal forest reserve, a time frame from 1996 until 2012 was established, where the political processes of the following stages were analyzed: (i) the formation of the government agenda in 1996, which culminated in the amendment of the Forest Act by provisional decree; (ii) the creation of compensation in 1998; (iii) modification of this instrument in the draft bill of the National Council of Environment (CONAMA) (2000); and (iv) the amendment proposed by the bill of law approved by the Temporary Special Commission of the Forest Act (2010), introduced in the House of Representatives, and its approval by the plenary of that House (2011), whose text was incorporated in the new forest code (2012). Examining these four stages, it was considered that a public policy is the result of multiple factors and their complex interaction. Thus, according to the specificities of each stage, the development work required the mobilization of theoretical components of the following references of political science: the new institutionalism, the hegemony of the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch, the articulation of the economic interest group, the Multiple Stream Model (John W. Kingdon), pluralism (Robert A. Dahl) and Theodore Lowis typology. Thus, the work identifies the key actors, especially those related to agribusiness and to the rural caucus, their essential aspects, their interactions, the correlation of forces, the conflicts, and attempts to influence the political game at issue. In the analysis of the Special Committee of the Forest Act (2010), the work identifies the rural parliaments, landowners, those whose electoral campaigns received funding from associated agribusiness/interests, as well as other characteristics that allow the understanding of the weight of that bench and that economic sector in loosening the rules regarding the compensation of legal forest reserve. The work gathered evidences that corroborated the hypotheses because the caucus and agribusiness/interested members acted on several fronts, mobilized political resources, taking advantage of the institutional design, contributed decisively for the creation and modification of the legal forest reserve compensation along the years. The study further demonstrates that other factors were important in this context, as the government position and formation of party coalitions, especially in the National Congress.

Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo e a análise da evolução dos partidos políticos de matriz socialista na política argentina durante um século (1880 e 1980). Ainda notamos a ausência no âmbito acadêmico de uma análise minuciosa e coerente de e do conjunto das organizações que formaram parte do Partido Socialista (PS). O mesmo ocorre com suas múltiplas divisões e incorporações ou com os vários aspectos políticos, sociais e culturais que sua praxis implicou. Neste sentido, esta tese tem dois objetivos, por um lado cobrir a mencionada lacuna e por outro colaborar com a reconstrução da memória histórica das classes subalternas. Relaciona os partidos socialistas argentinos com o socialismo internacional, o marxismo e seu impacto na América Latina, no marco da formação econômico-social argentina e dos processos políticos argentinos em sua interação com outras esquerdas, os dois grandes movimentos nacionais, o radicalismo e o peronismo, os conservadores e os militares. / The object of this thesis is the study and analysis of the evolution processes of the socialist political parties in argentinian politics during a century (1880 to 1980). We can even now notice the absence in the academic level of a minute and coherent analisys of the hole picture involving the organizations that took part in the formation of the Socialist Party (PS). The same happens in the multiple divisions and mergers or the various political, social and cultural aspects involved in its praxis. So, this thesis has two objectives, in a way, tends to cover the absence of academic literature about the subject and, in another sense, cooperate with the reconstruction of the working clases memory history. It draws the relation between the argentinian socialist parties, the marxism and its social and economic impacts in Latin America, and, finally, the mayor argentinian political processes like the radicals, the peronismo, the conservatives and the military.