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Atualmente muitas instituições mantêm coleções de espécimes biológicas, e através de ferramentas computacionais digitalizam e disponibilizam seus dados para acesso através de portais de dados de biodiversidade. Um exemplo deste tipo de ferramenta é o portal de espécimes utilizado pelo GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), que centraliza em suas bases de dados milhões de registros, provenientes de instituições de diferentes localizações. A replicação das bases de dados locais nos portais é realizada através da utilização de protocolos (DiGIR / TAPIR) e esquemas de dados (DarwinCore). Entretanto a execução desta solução demanda uma grande quantidade de tempo, englobando tanto a transferência dos fragmentos de dados como o processamento dos mesmos dentro do portal. Com o crescimento da digitalização de dados dentro das instituições, este cenário tende a ser agravado cada vez mais, dificultando assim a manutenção de dados sempre atualizados dentro dos portais. Esta pesquisa propõe uma análise do processo de replicação de dados com objetivo de avaliar seu desempenho. Para isto é utilizado o portal de biodiversidade de polinizadores da IABIN como estudo de caso, o qual possui, além da replicação de dados convencionais o suporte a dados de interação. Com os resultados desta pesquisa é possível simular situações antes da efetivação das mesmas, prevendo assim qual será o seu desempenho. Adicionalmente estes resultados podem contribuir para melhorias futuras deste processo, visando a diminuição do tempo necessário da disponibilização dos dados dentro de portais de biodiversidade. / Currently many institutions keep collections of biological specimens, and through computational tools they digitalize and provide access to their data through biodiversity data portals. An example of this tool is the specimens portal used by GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), which focuses on its databases millions of records from different institutions around the world. The replication of databases in those portals is accomplished through the use of protocols (DiGIR / TAPIR) and data schemas (DarwinCore). However the implementation of this solution demands a large amount of time, encompassing both, the transfer of fragments of data as processing data within the portal. With the growth of data digitalization within the institutions, this scenario tends to be increasingly exacerbated, making it hard to maintenance the records up to date within the portals. This research proposes analyze the replication process data to evaluate its performance. To reach this objective is used the IABIN biodiversity portal of pollinators as study case, which support both situations: the conventional data and the interaction data replication. With the results of this research is possible to simulate situations before its execution, thus predicting what will be its performance. Additionally these results may contribute to future improvements of this process; in order to decrease the time required to make the data available in the biodiversity portals.

'Golden Delicious' winter squash (GDWS), Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, provides significant amounts of pollen (24 mg) and nectar (236 μl), but with a low reward of 14% nectar sugar. The quantity of nectar produced per GDWS flower differed between sites and floral sex. The GDWS male flowers had 25% higher sugar concentration than female flowers. There was no statistical difference in the percent of nectar sugars per flower between sites, but the interaction between site and floral sex was statistically significant for the amount of nectar and percent of nectar sugars. Pollen production per flower differed significantly between sites with the most productive site producing 27% more, and 45% more than the other sites. Pollination efficiency of honeybees and bumble bees was assessed with field cages (1.8x1.8x1.8 m). No significant differences were found except for the interaction between the bee treatment and year on number of fruit per cage. This significant difference reflects the increase in fruit number produced by honey bees in 1997. The effect of distance from honey bee hives on fruit and seed quality was tested, and found significant only for B- and C-seeds weight, which were both less in the plots farthest from the nearest group of honey bee hives. Placement of honey bee hives in fields of ≤120 ha appears not to be critical for adequate pollination of GDWS. Other pollinators (excluding honey bees) were frequent visitors to the squash flowers studied here - for example, Bombus spp., Megachilids, Halictids, etc. These other pollinators, mostly bumble bees, accounted for 3.55% of all bee visits. Honey bees visited proportionately more female flowers in the morning, and progressively switched to the more abundant male flowers in the afternoon. This bias differed by site and year. Bumble bees visited proportionally slightly more male GDWS flowers than did female flowers and did it in a similar rate throughout the day. From 15 minute observations each hour of individual female GDWS flower, we calculated that they received approximately 80 honey bee visits per day. / Graduation date: 2001

Pollination data is provided for a third of the Plectranthus species in southern Africa. In the largest genus of Lamiaceae in the region (53 species), 18 were studied, plus two species of allied genera (Pycnostachys urticifolia and Aeollanthus parvifolius). Study of these 20 species aimed to describe the groups of pollinators that have driven pollinator specialisation. Case histories are provided upon which future studies of Lamiaceae pollination, breeding systems and speciation may be based. Bees (Apidae) and flies (Nemestrinidae, Acroceridae and Tabanidae) are the main pollinating insect groups. Seven straight-tubed Plectranthus species show a match between corolla tube- and proboscis length of nectar-feeding pollinators. Long-proboscid nemestrinid flies are specialised on long-tubed Plectranthus species (P. ambiguus, P. hilliardiae, P. reflexus and P. saccatus), while shorter-proboscid flies of all three families are important pollinators of straight-tubed species with medium- and short corolla tubes. Seven species with sigmoid corolla tubes are bee-pollinated, with fly-pollination prevalent in some. Bent corolla tubes, coupled with length, act as barriers to illegitimate nectarfeeders and ensures alignment of pollinators for effective pollen placement and carryover. It is suggested that straight-tubed species may have evolved from sigmoid-tubed species. Long-tubed species with straight corollas in other Lamiaceae may show convergent pollination by long-proboscid flies, with the guild being dependent on habitat and distribution of plants and flies. Formal establishment of the Stenobasipteron wiedemanni pollination guild extends the study from Plectranthus to selected Acanthaceae, Orchidaceae, Balsaminaceae, Gesneriaceae and Iridaceae, occurring in forested habitat along the Eastern seaboard. Micro-distillation of essential oils confirmed parentage of a putative natural hybrid; once established, hybrid data allows studies of the importance of natural hybridisation events in explaining pollinator fidelity. Nectar sugar studies in Plectranthus mostly showed sucrose dominance; cases of hexose dominance are noted and discussed. Nectar volume and concentration proved variable and do not fit any trends. Pollination by medium-proboscid acrocerid flies has importance for ‘medium-tubed’ plants, since six of the Plectranthus species are solely or partially reliant on Acroceridae for pollination. An appendix with consolidated data describes the 20 study species i.t.o. morphology, habitat, study sites, field work, pollinator observations and insect vouchers. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Honeybees are used as a major agricultural input around the world and their pollination services have been valued at US$14.6 billion to the United States alone. Dramatic declines in honeybee populations around the globe, however, questioned the sustainability of this reliance on a single pollinator species. In this study, I investigated the response of wild pollinator communities to declining honeybee density and changing land use intensity to determine the potential of wild pollinators to compensate for honeybee loss in an increasingly human-modified environment. I generated a gradient of declining honeybee density using increasing distances from commercial bee hives, and conducted flower observations on experimentally-grown plants across this gradient. I investigate how declining honeybee densities and intensifying land use combine to influence the composition of the pollinator community as a whole, then go on to explore individual trends in the most common pollinator species. I then analyze how this impacts the transport of viable pollen by the pollinator community and determine how these changes alter seed set in several common plant species. I then change my focus away from the composition of the pollinator community, and instead investigate how declining honeybee densities and land-use intensification influence the structuring of interactions between plants and pollinators within the community. I identify the pollen species carried by pollinators, and use this to construct a network of pollination interactions. I then use this network to analyze how changes in the way species interact influences the pollination services delivered by the pollinator community to different plant groups (weeds, native plants, and crop species). My findings show that honeybee declines may have a large impact on community structure and interactions within pollination systems. I observed a significant shift in the wild pollinator community composition as honeybee densities declined, from a generally bee/hoverfly dominated community to one more dominated by large flies. This was associated with a significant decline in the total pollen load transported by the community, indicating that pollination services may suffer in the absence of honeybees. As honeybee densities declined, however, I also observed a shift toward greater specialisation of pollinators on abundant resources, increased pollinator constancy, and a higher viability rate of the pollen transported. These findings show that although the total amount of pollen transported by the community declined as honeybee densities decreased, the probability of this pollen transport resulting in effective pollination likely increased. Thus, I observed no decrease in seed set with honeybee declines in any of the three plant species tested, and one of these even showed a significant increase. Finally, I also demonstrated that this change differentially affected different plant types, and that the extent of changes to each plant species differed between land-use types. This reflected changes in the relative abundance of pollen types in different land uses, with greater specialisation in the absence of honeybees disproportionately benefiting common species. These findings have strong implications for several contemporary issues in pollination biology, both locally within New Zealand and on a global scale. These are discussed in the following sections. Finally, I conclude by discussing the implications of this research on several contemporary issues in pollination biology, namely the ability for wild pollinators to compensate for honeybee declines, the impact of honeybees on natural new Zealand ecosystems, the contribution of honeybees to invasive weed pollination and finally the management of surrounding land use types to maximize the effectiveness of wild pollinators.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EwertonMC_TESE.pdf: 1708737 bytes, checksum: e277a1035e33eab2444295f8131d57e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aims of this study were to measure the damaged leaf area and evaluate the physiological responses of plants of melon (Cucumis melo L.) submitted to different levels of infestation per larvae of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, evaluate the natural parasitism of larvae of said pest and check the toxicity of insecticides used in the management of insect pests of culture on A. mellifera. Each objective corresponds to a chapter of the work. Damaged leaf area and physiological responses of the melon plants submitted the different levels of infestation of leafminer: The study was conducted in a greenhouse and the infestation levels were: 0 (no infestation leaves), 1; 10 ± 0.4; 20 ± 0, 9 and 30 ± 1.3 larvae per leaf. We observed averages the damaged leaf area of 1.2 cm2, 6.3 cm2, 19.6 cm2 and 40.8 cm2 for infestations of 1; 10 ± 0.4; 20 ± 0.9 and 30 ± 1.3 larvae/leaf, respectively. With respect to the physiological aspects, the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration significantly decreased with the increase of leafminer larvae per leaf. On the other hand, the internal CO2 concentration increased with the increase in the number of larvae per leaf. Natural parasitism of larvae the leafminer in the melon crop in semiarid of Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil: The study was conducted in areas of commercial production of melon, located in the rural zone municipality of Mossoró-RN, during of period growing season of two agricultural years, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. We identified the parasitoids Opius scabriventris Nixon and Neochrysocharis sp. parasitizing larvae of the leafminer during of the two agricultural years. It was found that Neochrysocharis sp. presented higher means of parasitism than O. scabriventris throughout the evaluation period of the first year and in the second year O. scabriventris excelled relative to Neochrysocharis sp. in the beginning and mid growing season. During the crop cycle, regardless of the period of each growing season, of two years of evaluation, there was an increase in parasitism with development of melon plants, and parasitism peaks in the moment of fruits harvest. Toxicity of insecticides used in the Brazilian melon crop to the honey bee Apis mellifera under laboratory conditions: The bees were exposed to insecticides abamectin, acetamiprid, cartap chloride, chlorfenapyr, cyromazin, deltamethrin, thiamethoxam, flufenoxuron and pyriproxyfen at the highest dosages recommended by the manufacturers for pest control in melon crop. Exposure to the insecticides was performed via direct spray, feeding the bees with diet contaminated with insecticide and through contact with sprayed leaves. Results indicated that, regardless of how the bees were exposed to insecticides, thiamethoxam, abamectin, and chlorfenapyr were extremely toxic to adults of A. mellifera. Acetamiprid, deltamethrin and cartap chloride were most toxic when directly sprayed on the bees. Cyromazin and pyriproxyfen caused low mortality rates to A. mellifera, whereas flufenoxuron caused moderate mortality when fed to adult bees / Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram mensurar a área foliar danificada e avaliar as respostas fisiológicas do meloeiro (Cucumis melo L.) frente a diferentes níveis de infestação por larvas de Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, avaliar o parasitismo natural sobre larvas da referida praga e verificar a toxicidade dos inseticidas utilizados no manejo de insetos praga da cultura sobre A. mellifera. Cada objetivo corresponde a um capítulo do trabalho. Área foliar danificada e respostas fisiológicas do meloeiro frente a diferentes níveis de infestação da mosca minadora: O trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação e os níveis de infestação foram: 0 (folhas sem infestação), 1, 10 ± 0,4, 20 ± 0,9 e 30 ± 1,3 larvas por folha. Foram observadas médias de área foliar danificada de 1,2 cm2, 6,3 cm2, 19,6 cm2 e 40,8 cm2 para as infestações de 1, 10 ± 0,4, 20 ± 0,9 e 30 ± 1,3 larvas/folha, respectivamente. Em relação aos aspectos fisiológicos, a taxa fotossintética, condutância estomática e transpiração diminuíram significativamente com o aumento do número de larvas da mosca minadora por folha. Já a concentração interna de CO2 aumentou com o incremento do número de larvas por folha. Parasitismo natural sobre larvas da mosca minadora em meloeiro no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil: O trabalho foi desenvolvido em áreas de produção comercial de melão, localizadas na zona rural do município de Mossoró RN, durante as safras de dois anos agrícolas, 2012-2013 e 2013-2014. Foram identificados os parasitoides Opius scabriventris Nixon e Neochrysocharis sp. parasitando larvas da mosca minadora durante as safras dos dois anos agrícolas. Verificou-se que Neochrysocharis sp. apresentou médias de parasitismo superiores ao O. scabriventris durante todo o período de avaliação do primeiro ano e que no segundo ano O. scabriventris se sobressaiu ao Neochrysocharis sp. no início e em meados da safra. Durante o ciclo da cultura, independentemente do momento de cada safra, dos dois anos de avaliação, houve incremento no parasitismo conforme o desenvolvimento das plantas de meloeiro, com picos de parasitismo no momento da colheita dos frutos. Toxicidade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura do meloeiro no Brasil sobre Apis mellifera em condições de laboratório: As abelhas foram expostas aos inseticidas abamectina, acetamiprido, cloridrato de cartape, clorfenapir, ciromazina, deltametrina, tiametoxam, flufenoxurom e piriproxifem nas dosagens máximas recomendadas pelos fabricantes para o controle de pragas em meloeiro. A exposição aos inseticidas foi realizada via pulverização direta, alimentando as abelhas com dieta contaminada com inseticida e por meio do contato com folhas pulverizadas. Os resultados indicaram que, independentemente de como as abelhas foram expostas aos inseticidas, tiametoxam, abamectina, e clorfenapir foram extremamente tóxicos para os adultos de A. mellifera. Acetamiprido, deltametrina, e cloridrato de cartape foram mais tóxicos quando pulverizados diretamente sobre as abelhas. Ciromazina e piriproxifem causaram baixas taxas de mortalidade a A. mellifera, ao passo que flufenoxurom causou mortalidade moderada quando fornecido via dieta contaminada para as abelhas adultas

Submitted by FABIANA DA SILVA FRANÇA (fabiana21franca@gmail.com) on 2017-12-07T14:47:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1704926 bytes, checksum: fd29046df62b2cc7dd594f9946611baa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T14:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1704926 bytes, checksum: fd29046df62b2cc7dd594f9946611baa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-28 / Bees are the main pollinators of plant species of agricultural system and most terrestrial environments, interacting with native and exotic plants. Exotic plants are usually found in urban areas, like Tecoma stans, an introduced ornamental species in Brazil, native from the southern United States and northern Central America. In flowers with long tubular corolla as T. stans it is common to certain species of bees make openings/holes that enable access to the floral resources. However, as they do not enter the flower, these bees perform illegitimate visits, because they do not contact the reproductive structures of flowers, and thus rob the floral resources without pollinate the flowers. However, no studies on the robbing behavior in this species has been done. Studies show that the robbing behavior of pollen and nectar can benefit, be neutral or decrease the reproductive success of other plant species. Some studies have been published on the interaction of bees with this plant, mainly in the region south and southeast of Brazil. The objective of this research was to study the bee species assemblage that visit the flowers of Tecoma stans in two areas with different characteristics emphasizing the robbing behavior and its consequences. The study was carried out at the Campus I of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa - PB, and the Sítio Olho D'água, Alhambra - PB, during October 2014 and November 2015. All the manual pollination tests resulted in fruit yield while spontaneous self-pollination did not yield fruits, confirming that Tecoma stans is auto-compatible, but needs pollinators to transfer the pollen grains. After floral anthesis, the flowers last for two days and provide pollen for its visitors, an average of 4064.9±543.9 grains/anther; and nectar, mean production of 14.4±7.3μl/day, with an average concentration of sugar of 21.3±3,8% and 0.47±0.3mg of sugar/μl. 24 species of bees were recorded in UFPB and 21 species at the Sítio Olho D'água. The bees started foraging around 5:00h till 17:30h. Visits and visitors were more constant in UFPB than at the Sítio Olho D'água that showed greater variation during the day The number of visits and visitors were significantly higher in UFPB. Peak of visitors occurred in the flowers at 8.00h (average of 9.3±8.3 visitors/plant/day in UFPB. While at the Sítio Olho D'água there was a mean peak of visitors at 8:00h and 12:00h, average of 5.6±2.4 visitors/plant/day and 4.9±2,7 visitors/plant/day, respectively. The most abundant bee species were Trigona spinipes, T. fuscipennis, Partamona littoralis, Plebeia flavocincta and Xylocopa spp. in UFPB, and M. scutellaris and Augochlora spp. in Sítio Olho D'água. Eulaema nigrita, E. atleticana, Centris analis, C. fuscata, C. tarsata, C. aenea, Euglossa carolina, M. scutellaris and Melitoma segmentaria were considered effective pollinators. Apis mellifera, Augochlora sp., Ceratina chloris, C. maculifrons, Nannotrigona punctata, Partamona littoralis, Plebeia flavocincta, Trigona spinipes and T. fuscipennis were classified as occasional pollinators. Females of Xylocopa spp., Pseudaugochlora spp. and Trigona spinipes were primary nectar robbers. Trigona spinipes and Trigona fuscipennis were primary pollen robbers. In experiments in which the flowers received a barrier to prevent nectar robbing, the Reproductive Success of open-pollination with and without barrier were low and similar in both areas, suggesting that the nectar robbing did not influenced the production of fruits, refuting the hypothesis proposed. However, in later tests the Reproductive Success and Reproductive Efficacy in flowers was higher without barrier suggesting that the nectar robbing favored pollination supporting the hypothesis tested. This difference in results may be related to different periods of carrying out the tests, as well as differences in the abundance and pollinator composition in each area. Although some results showed that nectar robbing can affect negatively the fruit production of T stans, we still need more conclusive experiments. / As abelhas são as principais polinizadoras de espécies vegetais do sistema agrícola e da maioria dos ambientes terrestres, interagindo com plantas nativas e exóticas. As plantas exóticas geralmente são encontradas em áreas urbanas como Tecoma stans, espécie nativa da região sul dos Estados Unidos e norte da América Central, introduzida no Brasil para ornamentação. Por apresentar flores com corolas tubulares longas, é comum a realização de aberturas/orifícios por certas espécies de abelhas que possibilitam o acesso aos recursos florais de T. stans. Todavia, como não entram na flor, essas abelhas realizam visitas ilegítimas, pois não contatam as estruturas reprodutivas das flores, e realizam a pilhagem dos recursos florais sem efetuar a polinização das mesmas. Alguns estudos foram publicados sobre a interação das abelhas com essa planta, principalmente, na região sul e sudeste do Brasil. Entretanto, não foram realizados estudos sobre o comportamento de pilhagem nessa espécie. Estudos demonstram que a pilhagem de pólen e néctar pode favorecer, ser neutra ou diminuir o sucesso reprodutivo de outras espécies vegetais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a apifauna visitante de Tecoma stans em duas áreas com características diferentes, enfatizando o comportamento de pilhagem e suas consequências. O estudo foi realizado no Campus I da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa - PB, e no Sítio Olho D'água, Alhandra – PB, durante outubro de 2014 e novembro de 2015. Todos os testes de polinização manual resultaram na formação de frutos enquanto a polinização espontânea não gerou frutos, confirmando que Tecoma stans possui o sistema reprodutivo autocompatível, porém necessita de agentes polinizadores para a transferência dos grãos de pólen. Após a antese, as flores duram dois dias e oferecem pólen para seus visitantes, com média de 4.064,9±543,9 grãos/antera; e néctar, com produção média de 14,4±7,3μl/dia, com concentração média de açúcar de 21,3±3,8% e 0,47±0,3mg de acúcar/μl. Foram registradas 24 espécies de abelhas visitantes florais na UFPB e 21 espécies no Sítio Olho D’água. As abelhas iniciaram o forrageio por volta das 5:00h até às 17:30h. As visitas e os visitantes foram mais constantes na UFPB que no Sítio Olho D’água que apresentou maior variação durante os dias. O número de visitas e o número de visitantes foram significativamente maiores na UFPB. Ocorreu um pico de visitantes às 8:00h (média de 9,3±8,3 visitantes/planta/dia) na UFPB. Enquanto no Sítio Olho D’água ocorreu um pico médio de visitantes às 8:00h e outro às 12:00h (média de 5,6±2,4 visitantes/plantas/dia e 4,9±2,7 visitantes/planta/dia, respectivamente). As abelhas mais abundantes foram Trigona spinipes, T. fuscipennis, Partamona littoralis, Plebeia flavocincta e Xylocopa spp. na UFPB e Melipona scutellaris e Augochlora spp. no Sítio Olho D'água. Eulaema nigrita, E. atleticana, Centris analis, C. fuscata, C. tarsata, C. aenea, Euglossa carolina, Melipona scutellaris e Melitoma segmentaria foram consideradas polinizadoras efetivas; e Apis mellifera, Augochlora sp., Ceratina chloris, C. maculifrons, Nannotrigona punctata, Partamona littoralis, Plebeia flavocincta, Trigona spinipes e T. fuscipennis foram classificadas como polinizadoras ocasionais. As espécies de Xylocopa, Pseudaugochlora e Trigona spinipes foram pilhadoras primárias de néctar. Trigona spinipes e Trigona fuscipennis foram pilhadoras primárias de pólen. Em experimentos nos quais as flores receberam uma barreira para evitar a pilhagem de néctar, o sucesso reprodutivo da polinização livre em flores com e sem barreira foram baixos e semelhantes nas duas áreas, sugerindo que a pilhagem de néctar não influenciou na produção de frutos, refutando a hipótese proposta. Porém, em testes posteriores o Sucesso Reprodutivo e a Eficácia Reprodutiva nas flores sem barreira foi maior, sugerindo que a pilhagem de néctar favorece a polinização. Essa diferença nos resultados pode estar relacionada a diferentes períodos de realização dos testes, assim como a diferenças na abundância e composição de polinizadores em cada área. Os resultados mostraram que a pilhagem de néctar pode afetar a produção de frutos, porém são necessários experimentos mais conclusivos.

Fundação Araucária / Escassas são as informações sobre os efeitos dos entomopatógenos e extratos vegetais sobre organimos não alvos, como os polinizadores, em especial as abelhas Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de micro-organismos entomopatogênicos e extratos vegetais sobre A. mellifera. Para isto, os entomopatógenos Metarhizium anisopliae (Metarril® WP) Beauveria bassiana (Boveril® WP) e Bacillus thuringiensies subespécie Kurstaki (Thuricide® WP) e os extratos vegetais de Romã (Punica granatum L.), Chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus grandiflorus), Manjerona (Origanum majorana L.), Camomila (Matricaria recutita L.) foram avaliados sobre as operárias de A. mellifera em quatro diferentes formas de aplicação: 1- pulverização direta dos tratamentos sobre as abelhas operárias ; 2- contato em superfície vítrea pulverizada com os tratamentos; 3- contato com as folhas de soja imersas na solução dos tratamentos e 4- misturando-se os tratamentos na pasta Cândi. Para as respectivas testemunhas utilizou-se água destilada esterilizada e pasta Cândi pura. Cada tratamento foi composto por cinco repetições, com 20 abelhas por repetição, estas foram acondicionadas em caixa gerbox e posteriormente em câmara climatizada tipo B.O.D. (27 ± 2 °C, U.R. 60% ± 10%, fotofase de 12 h). A mortalidade/sobrevivência das operárias foi avaliada a partir da uma hora até ás 240 horas, sendo os dados submetidos ao procedimento Bayesiano. As operárias mortas pela ingestão de pasta Cândi contaminada foram separadas e selecionadas aleatoriamente para a retirada do mesêntero (ventrículo) e posterior análise histológica. Os mesmos foram avaliados quanti e qualitativamente.Os produtos Boveril®, Metarril® e Thuricide® e os extratos vegetais de Manjerona, Camomila, Romã e Chapéu-de-couro reduziram a sobrevivência das operárias de A. mellifera. Verificou-se que o produto Boveril® e o extrato vegetal de Manjerona reduziram a sobrevivência das operárias de A. mellifera em todos os bioensaios realizados. Os tratamentos com os produtos biológicos comerciais Boveril® e Thuricide® provocaram alterações morfológicas no mesêntero de A. mellifera, quando alimentadas com pasta Cândi incorporada com esses produtos. Os extratos vegetais Manjerona e Romã causaram modificações morfométricas, reduzindo o comprimento de células do mesêntero de A. mellifera,mas sem causar alterações morfológicas.Estes resultados fornecem informações importantes para o manejo dos insetos-pragas com o intuito de preservar os agentes polinizadores. / Information on the effects of plant extracts and entomopathogens on non-target organisms such as pollinators, especially bees Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are scarce. In this sense, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of entomopathogenic microorganisms and plant extracts on A. mellifera. For this, the entomopathogenic Metarhizium anisopliae (Metarril® WP), Beauveria bassiana (Boveril® WP) and Bacillus thuringiensies subspecies Kurstaki (Thuricide® WP) and plant extracts of Romã (Punica granatum L.), Chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus grandiflorus), Manjerona (Origanum majorana L.), Camomila (Matricaria recutita L.) were evaluated on the workers of A. mellifera in four different forms of application: 1 - direct spray of treatments on the worker bees; 2- contact in a glass surface sprayed with the treatments; 3- contact with soybean leaves immersed in the solution treatments and 4- mixing the treatments in a paste Candi pure. For the respective controls it has been used sterile distilled water and paste Candi pure. Each treatment consisted of five replicates, with 20 bees per replication, and these were placed in Gerboxes and later in a climate chamber type B.O.D. (27 ± 2 °C, U.R. 60% ± 10%, photoperiod of 12 h). The mortality / survival of the workers were assessed from one hour to 240 hours, and the data submitted to the Bayesian procedure. The workers bee killed by the ingestion of contaminated Candi paste were separated and randomly selected for the withdrawal of the midgut (ventricle) and subsequent histological analysis. The same quality and quantity have been assessed. The products Boveril®, Metarril® and Thuricide® and the plant extract of Manjerona, Camomila, Romã e Chapéu-de-couro have decreased the survival of A. mellifera workers. It has been found that the product Boveril® and the plant extract of Manjerona have reduced the survival of A. mellifera workers in all bioassays performed. The treatments with the biological commercial products Boveril® and Thuricide® caused morphological changes in the midgut of A. mellifera, when they were fed with Candi paste incorporated to these products.The plant extracts of Manjerona and Romã caused morphological changes, reducing the length of the midgut cells of A. mellifera, but without causing morphological changes. These results provide important information for the management of insect pests in order to conserve pollinator’s agents.

Fundação Araucária / Escassas são as informações sobre os efeitos dos entomopatógenos e extratos vegetais sobre organimos não alvos, como os polinizadores, em especial as abelhas Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de micro-organismos entomopatogênicos e extratos vegetais sobre A. mellifera. Para isto, os entomopatógenos Metarhizium anisopliae (Metarril® WP) Beauveria bassiana (Boveril® WP) e Bacillus thuringiensies subespécie Kurstaki (Thuricide® WP) e os extratos vegetais de Romã (Punica granatum L.), Chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus grandiflorus), Manjerona (Origanum majorana L.), Camomila (Matricaria recutita L.) foram avaliados sobre as operárias de A. mellifera em quatro diferentes formas de aplicação: 1- pulverização direta dos tratamentos sobre as abelhas operárias ; 2- contato em superfície vítrea pulverizada com os tratamentos; 3- contato com as folhas de soja imersas na solução dos tratamentos e 4- misturando-se os tratamentos na pasta Cândi. Para as respectivas testemunhas utilizou-se água destilada esterilizada e pasta Cândi pura. Cada tratamento foi composto por cinco repetições, com 20 abelhas por repetição, estas foram acondicionadas em caixa gerbox e posteriormente em câmara climatizada tipo B.O.D. (27 ± 2 °C, U.R. 60% ± 10%, fotofase de 12 h). A mortalidade/sobrevivência das operárias foi avaliada a partir da uma hora até ás 240 horas, sendo os dados submetidos ao procedimento Bayesiano. As operárias mortas pela ingestão de pasta Cândi contaminada foram separadas e selecionadas aleatoriamente para a retirada do mesêntero (ventrículo) e posterior análise histológica. Os mesmos foram avaliados quanti e qualitativamente.Os produtos Boveril®, Metarril® e Thuricide® e os extratos vegetais de Manjerona, Camomila, Romã e Chapéu-de-couro reduziram a sobrevivência das operárias de A. mellifera. Verificou-se que o produto Boveril® e o extrato vegetal de Manjerona reduziram a sobrevivência das operárias de A. mellifera em todos os bioensaios realizados. Os tratamentos com os produtos biológicos comerciais Boveril® e Thuricide® provocaram alterações morfológicas no mesêntero de A. mellifera, quando alimentadas com pasta Cândi incorporada com esses produtos. Os extratos vegetais Manjerona e Romã causaram modificações morfométricas, reduzindo o comprimento de células do mesêntero de A. mellifera,mas sem causar alterações morfológicas.Estes resultados fornecem informações importantes para o manejo dos insetos-pragas com o intuito de preservar os agentes polinizadores. / Information on the effects of plant extracts and entomopathogens on non-target organisms such as pollinators, especially bees Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are scarce. In this sense, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of entomopathogenic microorganisms and plant extracts on A. mellifera. For this, the entomopathogenic Metarhizium anisopliae (Metarril® WP), Beauveria bassiana (Boveril® WP) and Bacillus thuringiensies subspecies Kurstaki (Thuricide® WP) and plant extracts of Romã (Punica granatum L.), Chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus grandiflorus), Manjerona (Origanum majorana L.), Camomila (Matricaria recutita L.) were evaluated on the workers of A. mellifera in four different forms of application: 1 - direct spray of treatments on the worker bees; 2- contact in a glass surface sprayed with the treatments; 3- contact with soybean leaves immersed in the solution treatments and 4- mixing the treatments in a paste Candi pure. For the respective controls it has been used sterile distilled water and paste Candi pure. Each treatment consisted of five replicates, with 20 bees per replication, and these were placed in Gerboxes and later in a climate chamber type B.O.D. (27 ± 2 °C, U.R. 60% ± 10%, photoperiod of 12 h). The mortality / survival of the workers were assessed from one hour to 240 hours, and the data submitted to the Bayesian procedure. The workers bee killed by the ingestion of contaminated Candi paste were separated and randomly selected for the withdrawal of the midgut (ventricle) and subsequent histological analysis. The same quality and quantity have been assessed. The products Boveril®, Metarril® and Thuricide® and the plant extract of Manjerona, Camomila, Romã e Chapéu-de-couro have decreased the survival of A. mellifera workers. It has been found that the product Boveril® and the plant extract of Manjerona have reduced the survival of A. mellifera workers in all bioassays performed. The treatments with the biological commercial products Boveril® and Thuricide® caused morphological changes in the midgut of A. mellifera, when they were fed with Candi paste incorporated to these products.The plant extracts of Manjerona and Romã caused morphological changes, reducing the length of the midgut cells of A. mellifera, but without causing morphological changes. These results provide important information for the management of insect pests in order to conserve pollinator’s agents.