by Ho, Kai-Man. / Thesis submitted in: December 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-179). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Contents --- p.vii / List of figures --- p.xiv / List of tables --- p.xvii / Abbreviations --- p.xx / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of PAHs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Environmental fates of PAHs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Effects of PAHs on living organisms --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Summary --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Target PAH: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- PAH contamination in Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Remediation for PAHs contaminated soils --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chemical/ Physical methods --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Bioremediation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Biodegradation of PAHs by bacteria and fungi --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Tolerance and degradation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Biodegradation of PAHs by microorganisms --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Bacteria --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Fungi --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6 --- Environmental standards --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7 --- Strategies of soil sampling and microbial isolation --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Contaminated soil vs. uncontaminated soil --- p.26 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Native species vs. foreign species --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Background of the sampling areas --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7.3.1 --- North Tsing Yi shipyard --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7.3.2 --- "Tsam Chuk Wan, Sai Kung" --- p.33 / Chapter 1.8 --- Objectives of this study --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1 --- Soil Collection --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Abandoned shipyard soil and its sediment soil --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- "Tsam Chuk Wan, Sai Kung" --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of soils --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Soil pH --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Salinity --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Total organic carbon contents --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Metal analys --- p.is / Chapter 2.2.7. --- Oil and grease content --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Soil texture --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Available ammoniacal nitrogen and oxidized nitrogen --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Available Phosporus --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Total Nitrogen and total Phosporus --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Moisture / Chapter 2.2.13 --- DTPA-extractable metals --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.14 --- Extraction of PAHs and organic pollutants --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.14.1 --- Extraction procedures --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.14.2 --- GC-MSD conditions --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.14.3 --- Extraction efficiency --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.15 --- Soil colour --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Screening and selection of microorganismms --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Isolation of potential BaP-degrading microorganisms --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Isolation of bacteria --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Isolation of fungi --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cultures preserving microorganisms --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Screening and selection of microbes --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Bacteria --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Fungi --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Survival test --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Removal efficiency (RE) towards BaP by the microorganisms --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Bacteria --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Fungi --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Removal efficiency (RE) --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Relationship of absorbance of bacterial culture and bacterial biomass --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4 --- Identification of selected microorganisms --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Identification of bacterium --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- 16S rDNA sequencing --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.1.1.1 --- Primers --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.1.1.2 --- DNA extraction --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1.1.3 --- Specific PCR --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1.1.4 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1.1.5 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.1.1.6 --- DNA sequencing --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Midi Sherlock® Microbial Identification System (MIDI) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Biolog MicroLog´ёØ system (Biolog) --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Identification of fungi --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- ITS DNA sequencing --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Observation under electronic microscope --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5 --- Growth curve of the microorganism --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Bacterium --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Fungi --- p.58 / Chapter 2.6 --- Preparation of Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) stock solution --- p.58 / Chapter 2.7 --- Comparison of isolated bacterium and fungi --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8 --- Optimization of BaP degradation by selected fungus --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Preparation of straw compost inoculated with selected fungus --- p.60 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Effect of initial BaP concentration --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Effect of inoculum size / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.61 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- Effect of soil pH --- p.62 / Chapter 2.8.7 --- Study of BaP degradation pathway by the microorganisms using GC-MSD --- p.62 / Chapter 2.9 --- Chitin Assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.10 --- Enzyme assay --- p.63 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Laccase assay --- p.63 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Manganese peroxidase assay --- p.63 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- Lignin peroxidase assay --- p.64 / Chapter 2.11 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.64 / Chapter 2.12 --- Statistical analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1 --- Soil Collection --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- North Tsing Yi shipyard --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Tsam Chuk Wan, Sai Kung" --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization of soil samples --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Extraction efficiency of Benzo[a]pyrene --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4 --- Screening and selection of microorganisms --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Isolation ofpotential BaP-degrading microorganisms --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Screening and selection of microbes --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Bacteria --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Fungi --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Growth curve of the microorganisms --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Bacterium --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Fungi --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5 --- Comparison of isolated bacterium and fungi --- p.99 / Chapter 3.6 --- Identification of selected microorganisms --- p.102 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Identification of bacterium --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- 16S rDNA sequencing --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- Midi Sherlock® Microbial Identification System (MIDI) --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6.1.3 --- Biolog MicroLog´ёØ system (Biolog) --- p.107 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Identification of fungi --- p.107 / Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- ITS DNA sequencing --- p.107 / Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Observation under electronic microscope --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7 --- Optimization of BaP degradation by the selected fungus: Trichoderma asperellum --- p.107 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.107 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Effect of inoculum size --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Effect of initial BaP concentration --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Effect of soil pH --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.117 / Chapter 3.8 --- Determination of breakdown products of BaP by BaP-degrading microorganisms --- p.117 / Chapter 3.9 --- Enzyme assay --- p.117 / Chapter 3.10 --- Evaluation of toxicity by using indigenous bacteria --- p.121 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1 --- Physico-chemical properties of soil samples --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2 --- Determination of BaP and other organic compounds --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- Identification of the microorganisms --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Bacteria --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Fungi --- p.134 / Chapter 4.4 --- Biodegradation by BaP-degrading microorganisms --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Isolation and screening of BaP-degrading microorganisms --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Biodegradation of BaP --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Bacteria --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Fungi --- p.138 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- BaP degradation pathway --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Bacteria --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Fungi --- p.140 / Chapter 4.5 --- Optimization of PAH degradation by T. asperellum --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of initial BaP concentration --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effect of inoculum size fungus --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Effect of soil pH --- p.145 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.146 / Chapter 4.6 --- Comparison the selected bacterium and fungi --- p.146 / Chapter 4.7 --- Evaluation of toxicity by using in indigenous bacteria --- p.148 / Chapter 4.8 --- Post treatment by crude enzyme of Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.149 / Chapter 4.9 --- Limiting factors for BaP degradation --- p.150 / Chapter 4.10 --- Further Investigations --- p.152 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.155 / Chapter 6. --- References --- p.158

by Sam Shun-shun Lau. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-220). / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Plates --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve (Hong Kong) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Site description --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Ecological and conservation importance --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Local and international recognition --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Birds --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Gei wais and its wildlife --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Fishpond aquaculture --- p.20 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pollution sources and impacts --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2 --- Self-purification Capability of Wetland Ecosystems --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Principles and mechanisms --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Treatment efficiency --- p.38 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and Outlines of the Present Study --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Water Quality of the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Water sampling and analyses --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Statistical analyses --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Water quality in the Mai Po Marshes --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Spatial pattern of water pollution --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Temporal pattern of water pollution --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Correlation between various parameters --- p.79 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Nutrient and Metal Contaminationin Sediments of the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sediment collection --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Laboratory analyses --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Statistical analyses --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Pollution loads in sediments --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Spatial variation of contamination in sediments --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Temporal variation of contamination in sediments --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Vertical variation of contamination in sediments --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Correlation between various parameters --- p.131 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.133 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Behaviour of Contaminants in Sediments in a Shrimp-growing Gei Wai / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.137 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sediment collection --- p.137 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- General physico-chemical analyses --- p.139 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of salinity and temperature --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of drying --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Toxicity assays --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Preparation of sediment extract for toxicity tests --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Microtox® toxicity testing --- p.141 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.5.3.1 --- Algal culture --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.5.3.2 --- Algal growth inhibition test --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- Amphipod bioassay --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Statistical analyses --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- General properties --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effects of temperature and salinity --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effects of drying --- p.151 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Toxicity assays --- p.154 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.156 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Self-purification Capability of Gei Wais at the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sample collection --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Laboratory analyses --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analyses --- p.166 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Changes in water quality --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Removal efficiency --- p.185 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- General Conclusions --- p.188 / References / Appendices

Poon Lok-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / GLOSSARY --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- AIR POLLUTANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- PRINCIPLE OF LEAD FINGERPRINTING --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- INSTRUMENTATION AND THEORY --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- OPTIMIZATION OF ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE IN LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- DETERMINATION OF LEAD CONTENTS AND ISOTOPIC RATIOS IN POTENTIAL AIRBORNE LEAD SOURCES --- p.55 / Chapter CHAPTER 7: --- DETERMINATION OF LEAD CONTENT IN PARTICULATES COLLECTED ONTO HV-FILTERS --- p.69 / Chapter CHAPTER 8: --- ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER 9: --- "CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER DIRECTION" --- p.97 / APPENDICES --- p.105 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.126

Chan Pui-Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-182). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chan Pui-Ling. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Plates --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiv / Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): An overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Importance of indoor air quality --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Common indoor air pollutants --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Airborne bacteria --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Possible sources of airborne bacteria --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Health effects of the airborne bacteria --- p.5 / Chapter a. --- Sick building syndromes --- p.5 / Chapter b. --- Building-related illness --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Importance of studying airborne bacteria --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Situation in Hong Kong --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Outdoor air quality --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Indoor air quality --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Hong Kong studies --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Air quality objectives in Hong Kong --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Different sampling methods --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Identification of bacteria --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5 --- Site selection --- p.26 / Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.28 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and methods --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Samples collection --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Sampling site --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Complete Biosampler System --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sampling preparation --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Sampling procedures --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Recovery of the airborne bacteria --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cultural medium --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Recovery procedures --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Frozen stocks --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Indentification of bacterial strains --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Gram stain --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Gram stain procedures --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Oxidase test --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Oxidase test procedures --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Midi Sherlock® Microbial Identification System (MIDI) --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Culture medium --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Chemical reagents --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- MIDI procedures --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Biolog MicroLogTM system (Biolog) --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Culture medium --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Chemical reagents --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Biolog procedures --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- DuPont Qualicon RiboPrinter® Microbial Characterization System (RiboPrinter) --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Culture medium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Chemical reagents --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- RiboPrinter procedures --- p.46 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sample naming system --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2 --- Interpretation of results --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Midi Sherlock® Microbial Identification System (MIDI) --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Biolog MicroLog´ёØ System (Biolog) --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- DuPont Qualicon RiboPrinter® Microbial Characterization System (RiboPrinter) --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Sample results --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Sample 1 (Spring) --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sample 2 (Summer-holiday) --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Sample 3 (Summer-school time) --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Sample 4 (Autumn) --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Sample 5 (Winter) --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4 --- Bacterial profile of the student canteen --- p.100 / Chapter 4.5 --- The cell and colony morphology of the dominant bacteria --- p.100 / Chapter 4.6 --- Comparison between samples --- p.121 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Spatial variation --- p.121 / Chapter 4.6.1.1 --- Spatial effect on bacterial abundance --- p.121 / Chapter 4.6.1.2 --- Spatial effect on species diversity --- p.121 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Daily variation --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.2.1 --- Daily effect on bacterial abundance --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.2.2 --- Daily effect on species diversity --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Seasonal variation --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.3.1 --- Seasonal effect on bacterial abundance --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.3.2 --- Seasonal effect on species diversity --- p.130 / Chapter 4.7 --- Temperature effect on individual airborne bacterial population --- p.130 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Gram positive bacteria --- p.130 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Gram negative bacteria --- p.130 / Chapter 4.8 --- Effect of relative humidity on individual airborne bacterial population --- p.137 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Gram positive bacteria --- p.137 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Gram negative bacteria --- p.137 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1 --- Bacterial profile --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Bacterial diversity --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Information of the identified bacteria from the student canteen --- p.144 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Pathogenicity --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Summary on the bacterial profile --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2 --- Comparison between samples --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Spatial variation (Sampling point 1 against Sampling point 2) --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Daily variation (Morning against Afternoon) --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Seasonal variation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Summer holiday against Summer school time --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Summary on the factors affecting the bacterial content --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary on indoor air quality of the student canteen in terms of bacterial level. --- p.166 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.168 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.169 / Appendix 1 --- p.183 / Appendix 2 --- p.187

published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Urban Studies / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Lau Wing-Ngar Vivian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-144). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abbreviations --- p.vi / List of figures --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.xi / Contents --- p.xiii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Roadside air pollution worldwide and in Hong Kong --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Air quality in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Characteristics of particulate matter --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Composition and sources of particulate matter --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxic effects of particulate matter --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Lung injury --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Cardiovascular injury --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aims of my study --- p.16 / Chapter 2 --- Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals Ions on Selected Cultured Cell-lines --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Metals --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Cadmium --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Chromium --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Lead --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Zinc --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Metallothioneins --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- p53 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Aims of this chapter --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cultured Cell lines --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- PU5-18 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- LL24 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- HBE4-E6/E7 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cytotoxicity assays --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- ELISA assays --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- ELISA assay ofp53 levels --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- ELISA assay of TNF-α levels --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- MT gene expression studies by Luciferase assay --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- PCR amplification --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- 5´ة End modification of PCR amplified DNA --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Ligation of DNA fragment to linearized vector --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.5.4 --- E. coli. transformation by heat shock --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.5.5 --- PCR sequencing --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.5.6 --- Transfection of plasmid into HBE4-E6/E7 cells --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.5.7 --- Data analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cytotoxicity assays --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Combination effects of metals on cytotoxicity --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- p53 --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- TNF-α --- p.68 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- MT gene expression studies by Luciferase assay --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.74 / Chapter 3 --- Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Cultured Cell-lines --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cell culture --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- AlamarBlue assay --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- EROD assay --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.88 / Chapter 4 --- Chemical and Biological Assays on Roadside Dust --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Composition of particulate matter in Hong Kong --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Metal contents of particulate matter in Hong Kong --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Possible adverse health impacts of particulate matter --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- In vitro studies using different cell models --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- In vivo studies using rodents --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.3.3 --- Epidemiological studies --- p.98 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Aims of this chapter --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling of roadside dust --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of roadside dust --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Reagents --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Total metal contents --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Extractable metal contents --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Biological assays --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Cell models --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Pretreatment of roadside dust --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- AlamarBlue assay --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- ELISA assays --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.3.5 --- Luciferase assay --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Total metal contents --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Extractable metal contents --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- AlamarBlue assay --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- p53 --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- TNF-α --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Luciferase assay --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.129 / Chapter 5 --- General discussion and conclusion --- p.130 / Chapter 6 --- References --- p.135