Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaMariaSM.pdf: 217960 bytes, checksum: 2de591943a3cac6bc496d8cf75adf593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-25 / Modified polyacrylamides with ≅ 0.2 mol % of N,N-dihexylacrylamide and hydrolysis degree from 0 to 25 % were synthesized by micellar copolymerization. The hydrophobic monomer was obtained by the reaction between acryloyl chloride and N,Ndihexylamine and characterized by infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer molecular structures were determined through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and the polymers were studied in dilute and semi-dilute regimes by viscometry, rheometry, static light scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy, at the temperature range from 25 to 55 ?C. The data obtained by viscometry showed that the intrinsic viscosity from the hydrolyzed polymers is larger than the precursor polymers at the same ionic strength. The comparison between the charged polymers showed that the polymer with higher hydrolysis degree has a more compact structure in formation water (AFS). The increase of temperature led to an enhanced reduced viscosity to the polymers in Milli-Q water (AMQ), although, in brine, only the unhydrolyzed polymer had an increase in the reduced viscosity with the temperature, and the hydrolyzed derivatives had a decrease in the reduced viscosity. The static light scattering (SLS) analyses in salt solutions evidenced a decrease of weight-average molecular weight (⎯Mw) with the increase of the hydrolysis degree, due to the reduction of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent, which was evidenced by the decrease of the second virial coefficient (A2). The polymers showed more than one relaxation mode in solution, when analyzed by photon correlation spectroscopy, and these modes were attributed to isolated coils and aggregates of several sizes. The aggregation behavior depended strongly on the ionic strength, and also on the temperature, although in a lower extension. The polymers showed large aggregates in all studied conditions, however, their solutions did not displayed a good increase in water viscosity to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes / Poliacrilamidas modificadas com ≅ 0,2 mol % de N,N-dihexilacrilamida e grau de hidr?lise de 0 a 25 % foram sintetizadas por copolimeriza??o micelar. O mon?mero hidrof?bico foi obtido pela rea??o entre cloreto de acrilo?la e N,N-dihexilamina e foi caracterizado por espectroscopia no infravermelho (IV) e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear de pr?ton (1H RMN). As estruturas moleculares dos pol?meros foram determinadas atrav?s de espectroscopia de RMN 1H e 13C e os pol?meros foram estudados em regime dilu?do e semidilu?do por viscosimetria, reometria, espalhamento de luz est?tico e espectroscopia de correla??o de f?tons, na faixa de temperatura de 25 a 55 ?C. Os dados obtidos por viscosimetria mostraram que as viscosidades intr?nsecas dos pol?meros hidrolisados s?o maiores que a do pol?mero precursor na mesma for?a i?nica e a compara??o entre os pol?meros carregados mostrou que o pol?mero com maior grau de hidr?lise tem uma estrutura mais compacta em ?gua de forma??o sint?tica (AFS). A eleva??o da temperatura induziu um aumento na viscosidade reduzida dos pol?meros em ?gua Milli-Q (AMQ). Em solu??o salina, apenas o pol?mero neutro apresentou aumento na viscosidade reduzida com a temperatura, enquanto os derivados hidrolisados apresentaram uma diminui??o na viscosidade reduzida. A partir do espalhamento de luz est?tico (SLS), em meio salino, foi evidenciada uma diminui??o da massa molar ponderal m?dia (⎯Mw) com o aumento do grau de hidr?lise, que foi atribu?da ? redu??o das intera??es termodin?micas entre pol?mero e solvente, o que p?de ser deduzido pela diminui??o do segundo coeficiente do virial (A2). Os pol?meros apresentaram mais de um modo de relaxa??o em solu??o, quando analisados por espectroscopia de correla??o de f?tons, e esses modos foram atribu?dos a cadeias isoladas e a agregados de diversos tamanhos. O comportamento de agrega??o dependeu fortemente da for?a i?nica, e tamb?m da temperatura, embora de uma forma menos pronunciada. Os pol?meros apresentaram grandes agregados em todas as condi??es estudadas, contudo, suas solu??es n?o mostraram um bom aumento na viscosidade da ?gua para serem usados em processos de recupera??o melhorada de petr?leo (EOR)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EwertonRFT_DISSERT.pdf: 4228292 bytes, checksum: 8fb23445cdaa1e3bfe9b7d317ec439df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aims to study the influence of two additives, the monomer, acrylamide and its polymer, polyacrylamide, solubilized in microemulsion systems and applied on enhanced oil recovery. By the microemulsion system obtained, it was chosen points into the phase diagram, presenting these compositions: 25%, 30%, 35% C/T; 2% Fo (fixed for all points) e 73%, 68% e 63% Fa, respectively. However, the monomer and the polymer were solubilized in these microemulsion points with 0.1%; 0.5%; 1% e 2% of concentration, ordering to check the concentration influence at the physicochemical properties (surface tension and rheology) of the microemulsion. Through the salinity study, was possible to observe that the concentrations of 1% and 2% of polymer made the solution became blurred, accordingly, the study of surface tension and rheology only was made for the concentrations of 0.1% e 0.5% of monomer and polymer, respectively. By the surface tension study it was observed that how the concentration of active matter (C/T) was increasing the surface tension was amending for each system, with or without additives. In the rheology study, as it increases the concentration of active matter increases both the viscosity of the microemulsion system (SME) with no additive, as the SME with polymer (AD2). After the entire study, it was chosen the lower point of active matter (25% C/T; 2% Fo e 73% Fa), plus additives in concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% to be used on enhanced oil recovery. Assays were made on sandstone from Botucatu Formation, where after the tests, it was concluded that among the studied points, the point who showed the best efficiency of advanced shift was the microemulsion system + 0.5% AD2, with a recovery of 28% of oil in place and a total of 96,49%, while the other solution with 0.5% of polymer presented the worst result, with 14.1% of oil in place and 67,39% of efficiency of total displacement / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a influ?ncia de dois aditivos, a acrilamida e seu pol?mero, poliacrilamida, solubilizados em sistemas microemulsionados e aplicados na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo. Atrav?s da obten??o do sistema microemulsionado, foram escolhidos pontos do diagrama de fases apresentando as seguintes composi??es: 25%, 30%, 35% C/T; 2% Fo (fixa para todos os pontos) e 73%, 68% e 63% Fa, respectivamente. O mon?mero e o pol?mero foram solubilizados nestes pontos de microemuls?o nas concentra??es de 0,1%; 0,5%; 1% e 2%, visando verificar a influ?ncia da concentra??o nas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas (tens?o superficial e reologia) da microemuls?o. Atrav?s do estudo de salinidade, foi poss?vel observar que as concentra??es 1% e 2% de pol?mero turvaram a microemuls?o, portanto, o estudo de tens?o e reologia foi realizado para as concentra??es 0,1% e 0,5% de mon?mero e pol?mero, respectivamente. Atrav?s do estudo de tens?o superficial observou-se que ? medida que aumenta a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (C/T) altera a tens?o superficial para ambos sistemas com e sem aditivos. No estudo de reologia, ? medida que aumenta a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa, aumenta tanto a viscosidade do sistema microemulsionado (SME) sem aditivo, quanto o SME com pol?mero (AD2). Ap?s esse estudo, foi selecionado o ponto de menor concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (25% C/T; 2% Fo e 73% Fa) acrescido dos aditivos nas concentra??es 0,1% e 0,5% para serem utilizados na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo. Os ensaios foram realizados em arenitos da forma??o Botucatu, onde, ap?s terem sido realizados os testes, concluiu-se que dentre os pontos estudados, o que apresentou a melhor efici?ncia de deslocamento avan?ada foi o sistema microemulsionado + 0,5% de poliacrilamida (AD2), com uma recupera??o de 28% de ?leo in place e total de 96,49%, que ao ser comparada a solu??o de 0,5% do mesmo pol?mero apresentou recupera??o avan?ada de 14,1% de ?leo in place e 67,39% de efici?ncia de deslocamento total. A realiza??o deste trabalho mostrou que a utiliza??o de pol?meros em sistemas microemulsionado aparece como uma alternativa vi?vel na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-11T20:17:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuzianeMaia.pdf: 1947184 bytes, checksum: 04546b4f76a70fff92d57b9fee584431 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T20:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuzianeMaia.pdf: 1947184 bytes, checksum: 04546b4f76a70fff92d57b9fee584431 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Textile dyes are recognized as a serious environmental problem due the huge quantity discharged annually in water environments, and its dangerous health risks. Efficient and low cost methods for effluent treatment and recovery of impacted areas are necessary and increasingly researched. The photocatalytic degradation is one of these methods, and this work investigated the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue (AM) dye from aqueous solutions (5 and 15 mgL-1) in the presence and absence of prepared catalysts (chitosanpolyacrylamide (QT-P), and chitosan-polyacrylamide doped with Zn, QT-P/ZnO). The chitosan and polyacrylamide interaction was studied as a function of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan (64, 82 and 90%), previously obtained from the deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp exoskeletons. The QT-P/ZnO heterostructures were characterized by FTIR, XRD and MEV. The photocatalysis experiments were performed considering the effects of pH, contact time and mass variation. AM samples were irradiated with mercury vapor lamp (black light,50W mm-2) and photocatalysis was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, at the peak wavelength of 665 nm. The results indicated that QT-P interaction is favored by deacetylation. All the materials prepared showed a catalytic effect, but the heteroestructure obtained from the chitosan with the highest degree of deacetylation (QTC-P/ZnO) was the most efficient: 99.2% (AM, 15 mg L-1, 50 min) and 99.8% (AM, 5 mg L-1, 20 min). / Corantes têxteis são reconhecidamente um problema ambiental, não apenas devido a quantidade enorme despejada anualmente em ambientes hídricos, mas também pelos riscos que representam à vida, em virtude da sua natureza química. Métodos eficientes e de baixo custo para o tratamento de efluentes e recuperação de áreas impactadas são necessários e cada vez mais pesquisados. Entre tais métodos, investigou-se a viabilidade da degradação fotocatalítica do corante Azul de Metileno (AM), a partir de soluções aquosas (5 e 15 mgL-1), na presença e ausência de catalisadores preparados à base de quitosana-poliacrilamida (QT-P), dopados com Zn (QT-P/ZnO). A interação quitosana e poliacrilamida foi estudada em função do grau de desacetilação da quitosana (64, 82 e 90%), previamente obtidas a partir da desacetilação da quitina extraída de exoesqueletos de camarão. As heteroestruturas QT-P/ZnO foram caracterizadas por FTIR, XRD e MEV. Os experimentos de fotocatálise foram realizados considerando os efeitos do pH, do tempo de contato e da variação da massa. As amostras de AM foram irradiadas com lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio (luz negra, 50W mm-2) e a fotocatálise foi monitorada por espectrofotometria UV-Vis, no comprimento de onda de 665 nm. Os resultados indicaram que a interação QT-P é favorecida pela desacetilação. Todos os materiais preparados apresentaram efeito catalítico, porém a heteroestrutura obtida a partir da quitosana com maior grau de desacetilação (QTC-P/ZnO) foi a mais eficiente: 99,2% (AM, 15 mg L-1, 50 min) e 99,8 % (AM, 5 mg L-1, 20 min).

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-12-05T19:27:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AquilesAbreu.pdf: 1827634 bytes, checksum: d2d7ee078cf8878dfe676a53e1e8bdf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-05T19:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AquilesAbreu.pdf: 1827634 bytes, checksum: d2d7ee078cf8878dfe676a53e1e8bdf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / CAPES / Biofilms based on sodium alginate (AS) crosslinked with cationic polyacrylamide (PAMc) of high molar mass were made by the casting technique. In this study, the central rotational compound design (DCCR) was used and 11 trials were performed. The biofilms produced were characterized with respect to moisture (ω), water solubility (S), water vapor permeability (PVA), thickness (σ), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region with Fourier transform (FTIR), microscopy scanning (SEM) and mechanical properties. The experimental results showed that biofilms with lower glycerol contents obtained lower moisture content. It was observed that for the solubility and permeability to water vapor, the lower values observed were influenced by the concentrations of PAMc. Assay 5 (AS 6.0g, GLI 1.0g, PAMc 2.5%) presented lower values of ω and PVA, with possible application as food coatings and assay 10 (AS 6.0g, GLI 3.0g; PAMc 2.5%) higher S, and can be applied in biodegradable packages. The results obtained through FTIR confirmed the chemical interaction between AS and PAMc. Morphological analyzes showed that biofilms showed heterogeneity when the concentrations of MAP were increased. Regarding the mechanical properties, tensile strength (TR) and Young's modulus (E) were found to increase when the PAMc concentrations were higher and the deformation decreased when glycerol concentrations were high. Trial 11 (AS 6.0g, GLI 3.0g, PAMc 2.5%) showed higher TR (14.06 MPa) and E (21.17 MPa), with potential for applications as biodegradable bags. / Biofilmes à base de alginato de sódio (AS) reticulados com poliacrilamida catiônica (PAMc) de alta massa molar foram confeccionados pela técnica casting. Nesse estudo foi utilizado o delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) realizando-se 11 ensaios. Os biofilmes produzidos foram caracterizados com relação à umidade (ω), solubilidade em água (S), permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), espessura (σ), espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e propriedades mecânicas. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que os biofilmes com menores teores de glicerol obtiveram menores teores de umidade. Observou-se que para a solubilidade e permeabilidade ao vapor de água, os menores valores observados foram influenciados pelas concentrações de PAMc. O ensaio 5 (AS 6,0g; GLI 1,0g; PAMc 2,5%) apresentou menores valores de ω e PVA, com possível aplicação como coberturas de alimentos e o ensaio 10 (AS 6,0g; GLI 3,0g; PAMc 2,5%) maior S, podendo ser aplicado em embalagens biodegradáveis. Os resultados obtidos através FTIR confirmaram a interação química entre o AS e a PAMc. As análises morfológicas mostraram que os biofilmes apresentaram heterogeneidade quando as concentrações de PAMc foram aumentadas. Quanto às propriedades mecânicas, verificou-se que a tensão à ruptura (TR) e o módulo de Young (E) aumentaram quando as concentrações de PAMc foram maiores e a deformação diminuiu quando as concentrações de glicerol foram elevadas. O ensaio 11 (AS 6,0g; GLI 3,0g; PAMc 2,5%) apresenta maiores TR (14,06 MPa) e E (21,17 MPa), com potenciais para aplicações como sacolas biodegradáveis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-113).

In this thesis we synthesize two organic materials, one is discotic liquid crystal Acid-6, and the other is novel discotic liquid crystal polymer DLC-PAM. After demonstrating the molecular structures of Acid-6 and DLC-PAM by FT-MS, 1H-NMR and FT-IR, we use the two materials as photo-sensitized dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) and manufacture two kinds of cells. We use polyacrylamide(PAM) as main chain of the novel discotic liquid crystal polymer DLC-PAM and graft the discotic liquid crystal monomer Acid-6 onto PAM by chemical synthesis. DLC-PAM belongs to side-chain liquid crystal polymer, and it can show the properties of it¡¦s discotic liquid crystal function. One of the properties is absorption of visible light. By observing the UV-Vis spectrum, we can realize the absorption band is located between 200 ~ 450 nm and confirm that it is able to be a photo-sensitized dye. Another property of discotic liquid crystal is the self-assembly ability, the moleculars can assemble into hexagonal columnar structure by themselves, and the property enable discotic liquid crystal to have better mobility. In this part, we can demonstrate DLC-PAM and Acid-6 really have hexagonal columnar structure by X-ray diffractmeter. After qualitative demonstrating and optical analysis, we use DLC-PAM and Acid-6 as photo-sensitized dyes for DSSCs and manufacture two kinds of cells successfully. The more photocurrent occur when the two DSSCs are woking. Besides, the two DSSCs have good performance on power conversion efficiency which can achieve 0.047 % for DLC-PAM and 0.364 % for Acid-6. Therefore, in this research we prove that DLC-PAM and Acid-6 are able to be photo-sensitized dyes for DSSCs and successfully demonstrate that using the two materials to manufacture DSSCs is feasible.

With the production from mature oil fields declining, the increasing demand of oil urges towards more effective recovery of the available resources. Currently, the CO2 Floods are the second most applied EOR processes in the world behind steam injection. With more than 30 years of experience gained from CO2 flooding, successful projects have showed incremental oil recovery ranging from 7 to 15 % of the oil initially in place. Despite all of the anticipated success of CO2 floods, its viscosity nature is in heterogeneous and naturally fractured reservoirs is challenging; CO2 will flow preferentially through the easiest paths resulting in early breakthrough and extraction ineffectiveness leaving zones of oil intact. This research aims at investigating gel treatments and viscosified water-alternating-gas CO2 mobility control techniques. A set of experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed mobility control approaches. Our research employed an imaging technique integrating an X-Ray CT scanner with a CT friendly aluminum coreflood cell. With the integrated systems, we were able to obtain real time images when processed provide qualitative and qualitative evaluations to the coreflood. The research studies included preliminary studies of CO2 and water injection performance in fractured and unfractured cores. These experiments provided a base performance to which the performances of the mobility control attempts were compared. We have applied the same methodology in evaluation of the experimental results to both conformance control gel treatments and viscosified water-alternating-gas CO2 mobility control. The gel conformance control studies showed encouraging results in minimizing the effect of heterogeneities directing the injected CO2 to extract more oil from the low permeability zones; the gel strength was evaluated in terms of breakdown and leakoff utilizing the production data aided with CT imaging analysis. The viscosified water coupled with CO2 investigations showed great promising results proving the superiority over neat CO2 injection. This research serves as a preliminary understanding to the applicability of tested mobility control approaches providing a base to future studies in this category of research.

Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein with important biological role because of its capacity to bind to haemoglobin. Haptoglobin exists in three major genetic polymorphism types: Hp1-1, Hp2-1 and Hp2-2, the distribution of which has been associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), an asymptomatic aortic disease common among men older than 65 years.    Five different electrophoretic methods were tested according to their ability to separate the haptoglobin phenotypes. The detection was based on a produced hemolysate of blood in which haemoglobin binds to haptoglobin thereby forming a complex that can be detected by specific haemoglobin staining using TMB-dihydrochloride and hydro peroxide as substrate resulting in an azure-green color of the bands. Samples from 15 patients who had suffered surgery for not broken AAA, that is more than5.0 cmaortic diameter, and 15 samples from matched controls were analyzed.    Among the five tested electrophoretic methods best migration and separation was seen on the pre-cast agarosgel Hydragel HR on the instrument Hydrasys. The other four methods gave less successful results. This pilot investigation showed the following distribution of the phenotypes of haptoglobin among AAA patients; 7 % Hp1-1, 40 % Hp2-1 and 53 % Hp2-2 and for the controls; 13 % Hp1-1, 33 % Hp2-1 and 53 % Hp2-2.    In conclusion, the used techniques has to be further optimized and more patients have to be included in the study before it can be ascertained if the phenotypes of Haptoglobin play any role in the progress of the AAA disease.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (commonly known as NDMA) is a probable human carcinogen that has been recognized as an emerging drinking water contaminant in recent years. Previous studies have shown that certain N-containing organic compounds may form NDMA in reaction with chlorine or monochloramine and the NDMA yield is affected by the structure of the organic-N compounds, water conditions and treatment parameters. Many amine-based water treatment polymers contain organic-N functional groups and thus have been suspected as potential NDMA precursors in water treatment systems. The purpose of this research was to systematically assess the potential NDMA formation from different structural types of water treatment polymers in reactions with various oxidants and probe the possible factors that influence the NDMA formation. Robust analytical methods for detection of NDMA and the well-known NDMA precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in the reaction samples were established. The cationic polyacrylamide (cationic PAMS), aminomethylated polyacrylamide (Mannich), poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) and polyamine polymers were evaluated in reactions with nitrite, free chlorine, monochloramine or chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions at circumneutral pH and room temperature conditions. This study employed high dosages of polymer and oxidant and long reaction time in order to assess the maximum potential to form NDMA. A range of operational parameters that may affect the above reactions were also evaluated.

A new method for enhancing rates of enzymatic hydrolysis for cellulosic fiber is presented. By adding a cationic polyelectrolyte to a cellulase/cellulose hydrolytic system, the polyelectrolyte binds to the cellulase and fiber forming flocs. The cellulase is bound by a patching mechanism. By using this technique, the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis can be enhanced. This thesis covered observations made about the cellulase/cationic polyelectrolyte/fiber interactions. A mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results.