Lubrificantes são produtos gasosos, líquidos, semi sólidos ou sólidos (pó) que formam um filme entre duas partes evitando o atrito. Lubrificantes de alto desempenho são designados para trabalharem em condições severas de temperatura, pressão e contaminação. Os mais utilizados são os líquidos (óleos) e semi sólidos (graxas). As graxas são aplicadas aonde o óleo pode escorrer e em pontos de difícil acesso e são divididas basicamente em duas classes, sabão e não sabão. A graxa não sabão mais utilizada é a poliuréia, obtida pela reação entre aminas e isocianato, possui elevada tixotropia, alta rigidez dielétrica e excelente poder anticorrosivo, por isso é amplamente utilizada para lubrificação de motores elétricos e maquinário naval. Para obter uma graxa com altíssimo desempenho, nesse estudo foi utilizado o fluido lubrificante sintético polialfaolefina e também foi empregado o aditivo lubrificante sólido politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE) por apresentar o menor coeficiente de atrito conhecido, é comercialmente encontrado irradiado em ar para obter partículas menores e produzir grupos terminais oxigenados que são mais compatíveis com a superfície metálica. Os ensaios foram realizados de forma comparativa usando a graxa de poliuréia pura e aditivada com PTFE. As caracterizações foram feitas por espectroscopia de infravermelho, análise elementar de C, N, e H e índice de NCO livre, comprovando a formação de poliuréia de quatro carbonos (tetrauréia). As propriedades funcionais de ponto de gota e separação de óleo mostraram alta compatibilidade e estabilidade entre os polímeros, que aumentaram quando foi adicionado PTFE. A excelente resistência da graxa de tetrauréia pura ao desgaste e extrema pressão foram demonstradas pelo teste de quatro esferas e teste prático em rolamentos, caracterizando esta graxa como de alto desempenho quando comparada com as graxas mais utilizadas no mercado. / Lubricants are gaseous, liquid, semi solid or solid (powder) materials those form a film between two parties preventing friction. High performance lubricants are designed to work under severe conditions of temperature, pressure, and contamination. The most used are liquids (oils) and semi solids (greases). Greases are applied where oils can drain or in inaccessible places and are divided generally into two classes, soap and no soap. The most used non soap grease is polyurea, obtained by the reaction between amine and isocyanate, has highly thixotropic, high dielectric strength and excellent anticorrosive property, so it is widely used for lubrication of electric motors and shipbuilding machinery. For a grease with high performance, in this study was used a synthetic lubricant fluid, polyalphaolefin, and was also employed solid lubricant additive polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) due its lowest coefficient of friction, is found commercially irradiated in air to obtain smaller particles and to produce oxygenated terminal groups those are more compatible with the metal surface. The tests conducted were comparatively between pure polyurea grease and with PTFE additive. The characterizations were made by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis of C, N and H and Free NCO index, proving the formation of four carbons polyurea (tetraurea). The functional analysis of drop point and oil separation showed high stability and compatibility between the polymers increased when PTFE was added. The excellent resistance of pure tetraurea grease to wear and extreme pressure were demonstrated by four-ball and practical bearings tests, characterizing this grease as a high performance lubricant, when compared to most used greases in the market.

Lubrificantes são produtos gasosos, líquidos, semi sólidos ou sólidos (pó) que formam um filme entre duas partes evitando o atrito. Lubrificantes de alto desempenho são designados para trabalharem em condições severas de temperatura, pressão e contaminação. Os mais utilizados são os líquidos (óleos) e semi sólidos (graxas). As graxas são aplicadas aonde o óleo pode escorrer e em pontos de difícil acesso e são divididas basicamente em duas classes, sabão e não sabão. A graxa não sabão mais utilizada é a poliuréia, obtida pela reação entre aminas e isocianato, possui elevada tixotropia, alta rigidez dielétrica e excelente poder anticorrosivo, por isso é amplamente utilizada para lubrificação de motores elétricos e maquinário naval. Para obter uma graxa com altíssimo desempenho, nesse estudo foi utilizado o fluido lubrificante sintético polialfaolefina e também foi empregado o aditivo lubrificante sólido politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE) por apresentar o menor coeficiente de atrito conhecido, é comercialmente encontrado irradiado em ar para obter partículas menores e produzir grupos terminais oxigenados que são mais compatíveis com a superfície metálica. Os ensaios foram realizados de forma comparativa usando a graxa de poliuréia pura e aditivada com PTFE. As caracterizações foram feitas por espectroscopia de infravermelho, análise elementar de C, N, e H e índice de NCO livre, comprovando a formação de poliuréia de quatro carbonos (tetrauréia). As propriedades funcionais de ponto de gota e separação de óleo mostraram alta compatibilidade e estabilidade entre os polímeros, que aumentaram quando foi adicionado PTFE. A excelente resistência da graxa de tetrauréia pura ao desgaste e extrema pressão foram demonstradas pelo teste de quatro esferas e teste prático em rolamentos, caracterizando esta graxa como de alto desempenho quando comparada com as graxas mais utilizadas no mercado. / Lubricants are gaseous, liquid, semi solid or solid (powder) materials those form a film between two parties preventing friction. High performance lubricants are designed to work under severe conditions of temperature, pressure, and contamination. The most used are liquids (oils) and semi solids (greases). Greases are applied where oils can drain or in inaccessible places and are divided generally into two classes, soap and no soap. The most used non soap grease is polyurea, obtained by the reaction between amine and isocyanate, has highly thixotropic, high dielectric strength and excellent anticorrosive property, so it is widely used for lubrication of electric motors and shipbuilding machinery. For a grease with high performance, in this study was used a synthetic lubricant fluid, polyalphaolefin, and was also employed solid lubricant additive polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) due its lowest coefficient of friction, is found commercially irradiated in air to obtain smaller particles and to produce oxygenated terminal groups those are more compatible with the metal surface. The tests conducted were comparatively between pure polyurea grease and with PTFE additive. The characterizations were made by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis of C, N and H and Free NCO index, proving the formation of four carbons polyurea (tetraurea). The functional analysis of drop point and oil separation showed high stability and compatibility between the polymers increased when PTFE was added. The excellent resistance of pure tetraurea grease to wear and extreme pressure were demonstrated by four-ball and practical bearings tests, characterizing this grease as a high performance lubricant, when compared to most used greases in the market.

Les produits pétroliers formulés actuels tels que les carburants et les lubrifiants doiventrépondre à des cahiers des charges bien précis pour garantir les meilleures performances,fiabilité et longévité des moteurs tout en limitant l’émission de polluants. Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement de méthodologies d’analyse pour l’identification d’additifs polymériques dans les gazoles et la caractérisation des polyalphaoléfines. L’analyse des additifs a été effectuée par couplage de la chromatographie liquide, de la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique et de la spectrométrie de masse (LC-IMSMS), l’ionisation étant obtenue par electrospray (ESI). Après ajustement des paramètres expérimentaux, les différents additifs ont été identifiés dans les gazoles sans préparation d'échantillon. Le couplage de la chromatographie liquide aux conditions critiques (LCCC) avec la spectrométrie de masse a également été évalué dans l’objectif d’améliorer la séparation des additifs de la matrice gazole. La caractérisation des polyalphaoléfines (PAO) a été réalisée par couplage IMS-MS associé à la source ASAP (sonde d’analyse de solide à pression atmosphérique) ou la source APPI (photoionisation à pression atmosphérique). En ASAP, outre les ions de pyrolyse, des espèces intactes peuvent être détectées pour les PAO de faible grade. Dans le cas des PAO de haut grade, seuls des ions fragments pyrolytiques ont été détectés, permettant toutefois d’identifier les alpha-oléfines utilisées pour produire les PAOs. En APPI, l’utilisation de solvants halogénés et de toluène, a permis d’observer des espèces intactes pour les PAOs de haut grade via la formation d’adduits halogénés. Le couplage IMS-MS a permis de différencier les polyalphaoléfines par l’étude des temps de dérive et des largeurs de signaux IMS. / Nowadays, formulated petroleum products such as fuels and lubricants must respond toprecise technical requirements to ensure the best performance, reliability and longevity ofengines while limiting the emission of pollutants. This thesis work focused on the development of analytical methodologies for the identification of polymeric additives in diesel fuels and the characterization of polyalphaolefins. The additive analysis was performed by coupling of liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-MS), the ionization was performed by electrospray (ESI). After adjusting the experimental parameters, all additives were identified in the diesel fuel without sample preparation. The coupling of liquid chromatography at the critical condition chromatography (LCCC) with mass spectrometry was also evaluated in order to improve the separation of additives from the diesel fuel matrix. The characterization of polyalphaolefins (PAO) was carried out by IMS-MS with ASAP (atmospheric solids analysis probe) or APPI (atmospheric pressure photoionization) sources. With ASAP, in addition to pyrolysis ions, intact species were detected for low PAO grades. In the case of high PAO grades, only pyrolytic fragments were detected, yet it was possible to identify the alphaolefins used to produce the PAOs. In APPI, the use of halogenated solvents and toluene, allowed to observe intact species for high PAO grades through the formation of halogenated adducts. With IMS-MS coupling polyalphaolefins were differentiated the by the study of drift times and full width at half maximum.

A fairly new technology used to produce metallic components is powder metallurgy (PM). Among the advantages with this technique are decreased cost of production for complex-shaped parts, new alloys are made possible, reduced end processing, less material loss, and vibrational damping effects. The downside is the number of pores created which can alter the tribological properties of the material. The focus of this report is to investigate how lean PM steel behaves under tribological contacts.  Friction and wear will be investigated using a pin-on-disc setup to mimic the sliding part of a gear tooth mesh. Previous studies show that the amount of wear, and if the wear increases or decreases with increased density is dependent on the degree of porosity and the pore size. This means that the wear might be minimized by optimizing the number of pores in the material and their shape and size. The result of this study shows that the friction coefficient decreases with increasing density. The wear coefficient show signs of the same correlations but further tests are needed. The main wear comes from adhesive wear, with signs of abrasive wear. The amount of abrasive wear seems to increase with an increase in density, supporting previous studies claiming that pores can trap wear debris and decrease the number of abrasive particles in the contact.