Le polyamide 66 est un polycondensat formé par condensation de l'acide adipique et de l'hexaméthylène diamine. La réaction a lieu sans catalyse. Cependant, elle peut être accélérée en présence de catalyseurs, les plus répandus étant les acides phosphorés organiques et minéraux. Aujourd'hui, on connaît peu de choses sur le mécanisme d'activation de la réaction. Dans un souci d'innovation et de compréhension, les recherches en catalyse de polycondensation du polyamide 66 se sont intensifiées ces dernières années. C'est dans cet optique que le travail de thèse a été réalisé. Les objectifs étaient de proposer et tester de nouveaux systèmes catalytiques et d'engager une recherche permettant de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de catalyse de polycondensation du polyamide 66. Nous avons mis en évidence une réelle spécificité du phosphore en catalyse. Des acides alkylphosphoniques porteurs de fonctions polaires se sont révélées particulièrement actifs en synthèse et en post condensation liquide. Grâce à des études sur des réactions modèles, l'hypothèse du passage par un intermédiaire réactionnel de type anhydride mixte, formé entre le catalyseur et l'acide adipique, a pu être confortée / Polyamide 6,6 is prepared by polycondensation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid The reaction occurs without catalyst. It can be accelerated using a catalyst, the most usual activators are organic and inorganic phosphorous acids. Today, we know little about the mechanism of activation of the reaction. To innovate and understand, researches in catalysis of polyamide 66 polycondensation have intensified in recent years. It is the reason for why thesis was done. The goal of the thesis was to propose and test new catalytic systems and to initiate a work to get a better understanding of the mechanism of polycondensation catalysis of polyamide 66. We have highlighted a real specificity of phosphorus in catalysis. Alkylphosphonic acids with polar functions were found to be particularly active in synthesis and post condensation liquid. Studies on model compounds have supported that the polycondensation may proceed through a reaction-typed mixed anhydride formed between the catalyst and adipic acid

Le dioxyde de chlore se positionne actuellement comme une alternative au chlore pour la désinfection de l'eau potable. Bien que son pouvoir biocide soit aujourd'hui bien connu, il existe peu de données bibliographiques sur ses effets sur les matériaux organiques dans les réseaux d'eau intérieurs. L'utilisation du PA66 pour des clapets anti-retour est récente : son comportement à long terme est donc méconnu. L'objectif de cette étude était de progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes d'interaction entre le dioxyde de chlore et une matrice PA66 stabilisée par un mélange de deux antioxydants et chargée de fibres de verre, mais aussi de proposer une méthode « multi-échelle » de prédiction de la durée de vie de ce matériau composite en service. Tout d'abord, une meilleure description des réactions chimiques se produisant au sein du matériau (oxydation, hydrolyse, protection du polymère par les antioxydants, attaque chimique du polymère et des antioxydants par le désinfectant) a permis d'élaborer un schéma mécanistique général de dégradation. Des équations cinétiques ont été dérivées de ce schéma mécanistique pour prédire l'évolution des modifications chimiques, en considérant une répartition hétérogène des antioxydants dans la matrice PA66 et en prenant en compte la plupart des conditions d'exposition (température de l'eau, concentration en réactifs chimiques, temps). Ensuite, le matériau vieilli a été testé en conditions d'usage grâce à des essais de pression hydrostatique pour identifier son régime de rupture. / Nowadays, chlorine dioxide is an alternative of chlorine for the disinfection of drinking water. Although its biocide ability is well known, scientific literature lacks of knowledge about its effects on organic materials in domestic water networks. The use of PA 66 for valves is quite recent: its long term behaviour is thus unknown. The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge of the interaction mechanisms between chlorine dioxide and a PA 66 matrix stabilized by blend of two antioxidants and reinforced by glass fibres, but also to propose a multi-scale method for the lifetime prediction of this composite material in service. First of all, a better description of the chemical reactions occurring within the material (oxidation, hydrolysis, polymer protection by antioxidants, chemical attack of polymer and antioxidants by disinfectant) has allowed elaborating a general degradation mechanistic scheme. Kinetic equations were derived from this mechanistic scheme for predicting the chemical changes, considering a heterogeneous distribution of antioxidants within the PA 66 matrix and taking into account most exposure conditions (water temperature, concentration in chemical reactants, time). Then, the aged material was tested in use conditions thanks to hydrostatic pressure experiments in order to identify its failure regime.

Biomimicry means literally ‘imitation of life’ and is providing sustainable solutions for challenges that are occurring in the human lives. To date, the biomimic research reports that wettability in nature, e.g. self-cleaning effect on a lotus leaf and a striking water strider’s leg, is related to the cooperation between the chemical composition and the topography of the surface. Moreover, this study is developing a textile substrate that goes one step further than biomimic, called ‘Biomimicking beyond nature’. The focus of this study is establishing a 100% polyamide-66 textile substrate that is switchable and reversible between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states under stimulation of UV. In this study the behaviour of a polyamide-66 textile substrate, coated with three individual photoresponsive materials (azobenzene, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide), was investigated, under stimulation of 24 hours UV and one-week of storage period in dark conditions. Silicone was added to enhance the hydrophobicity of a titanium dioxide coated substrate. A switchability effect was detected, but no reversibility effect could be observed. The only organic photoresponsive material, azobenzene, obtained no significant results to conclude that an alternation between hydrophobic and hydrophilic was even present after 24 hours of UV radiation. However, azobenzene obtained more promising results on a 100% polyester textile substrate. Even though, the H0 cannot be rejected for all three individual photoresponsive materials, the zinc oxide coated polyamide-66 substrate, did exhibit the strongest results in switchability and reversibility. Based on the characterization measurements, a switchability effect from a hydrophobic surface (ca. 120°) to a hydrophilic surface (0°) can be observed after 24 hours of UV radiation. Moreover, a reversibility effect was only reported on a zinc oxide coated polyamide-66 substrate. The substrate partially reversed back to its original state with ca. 50%. Fabricating intelligent substrates could enhance many challenges confiscating today’s life. For instance, the development of smarts membranes or microfluidic switches, that alternate their wettability upon light radiation, could improve the exhausting manual labour in watering the harvest good in the agricultural industry. Therefore, it is of great importance that further research will be conducted upon the photoresponsive material, zinc oxide, in order to achieve more stable results. This study can be added to the relatively small area of knowledge around switchability phenomenon on textile substrates and can even been reported as one of the first attempts on developing a textile substrate with switchable and reversible characteristics, by use of a facile and possibly industrialized method.

Les applications des fibres Polyamide 66 (PA66) dépassent largement le seul marché textile et offrent aujourd'hui des solutions techniques dans des industries de pointe telles que le renforcement pneumatique, la sérigraphie, etc. L'impact de la microstructure sur les performances mécaniques - i.e. rigidité et ténacité - constitue un axe de recherche dans lequel s'inscrit cette étude. A travers divers filaments techniques, il s'agit d'identifier les paramètres microstructuraux pertinents pilotant le comportement mécanique en traction et d'incriminer les entités responsables de l'initiation des mécanismes d'endommagement et de rupture. Le couplage d'analyses in situ, de l'échelle microstructurale (diffraction des rayons-X, micro-spectroscopie Raman) à l'échelle mécanique traction monotone, compression transverse, relaxation, suivi des cinétiques de fissuration sub-critiques), et à l'appui l'outil numérique (simulation par éléments finis), a permis de donner un éclairage sur les micro-mécanismes de déformation et d'endommagement. Un seuil viscoplastique, attribué au glissement entre macrofibrilles, a été démontré. En outre, un gradient de propriété dans la section de la fibre a été mis en évidence et a révélé un état de contrainte résiduel comparativement plus faible dans les zones périphériques de la fibre qu'à cour. Deux approches numériques de la rupture ont été menées: tout d'abord une approche évaluant le paramètre JIC et, une seconde approche, plus locale, propose un traitement statistique de la rupture basée sur la distribution des contraintes en pointe de fissure.

The present study was aimed at exploring the purification and modification of montmorillonite rich Turkish bentonites by organic salts and their subsequent effects on the morphology (X-diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy), melt flow index, mechanical (Tensile, Impact) and especially thermal stability (thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry) properties of polymer/organoclay nanocomposites with and without an elastomeric compatibilizer. The bentonite clay mined from Resadiye (Tokat/Turkey) was purified by sedimentation, resulting in higher cation exchange capacity and thermal stability in comparison to unpurified clay, and then used in the synthesis of six thermally stable organoclays by replacing the interlayer inorganic sodium cations with two (alkyl, aryl) phosphonium and four di-(alkyl, aryl) imidazolium surfactant cations in an attempt to overcome the problem of early decomposition of alkyl ammonium organoclays usually used in polymer nanocomposites. An optimum amount of these organoclays (wt %2) was then used in the production of Polyamide 66 and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) based nanocomposites by melt blending with the help of an optimum amount of elastomeric compatibilizer (wt %5) which also acted as impact modifier. Phosphonium organoclays were used in the production of nanocomposites for both polymers, whereas imidazolium organoclays were used with PET only. The importance of clay purification was revealed in the removal of non-clay minerals available in the raw bentonite clay as confirmed by XRF and XRD, the significant increase in cation exchange capacity and the improved thermal stability of the purified clays as proven by TGA. The interlayer spacing of the phosphonium organoclays ranged from 1.78 to 2.52 nm indicating arrangement between pseudo-trilayers and paraffin-type chains, while the interlayer spacing of imidazolium organoclays ranged between 1.35 nm and 1.45 nm indicating a monolayer arrangement. The effects of chemical structure (chain type), counter ion and alkyl chain length on the thermal stability of the imidazolium salts were investigated. TGA analysis showed that the thermal stability of (alkyl, aryl) phosphonium and di-(alkyl, aryl) imidazolium organoclays proved to be superior to conventionally used quaternary alkyl ammonium organoclays. Not only the thermal stability of the organoclays prevented the nanocomposite from early decomposition, but these organoclays also improved the onset decomposition temperatures of PA66 and PET nanocomposites compared to the pure polymer owing to the dominant barrier effect of the silicate layers as a result of the formation of carbonaceous-silicate char. The reinforcement of PA66 with surface modified phosphonium organoclays and PET with surface modified phosphonium and imidazolium organoclays enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties of the binary and ternary nanocomposites. The mechanical properties were in good agreement with DSC analysis for all the PA66 and PET compositions. The presence of elastomer and organoclays promoted the nucleation process in PA66 blend, binary and ternary nanocomposites. However, the presence of elastomer and organoclay retarded the nucleation in most of the PET composites.

Os processos de separação por membrana (PSM) vêm ganhando destaque em aplicações industriais por conta de suas vantagens, principalmente o baixo custo de implementação e o baixo consumo de energia para sua operação. A utilização de subprodutos agrícolas na obtenção de materiais é uma tendência crescente, sendo os seus maiores atrativos a grande disponibilidade desses subprodutos e por serem uma matéria-prima barata. O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos a produção de membranas sua utilização na detoxificação do hidrolisado hemicelulósico originado do tratamento ácido do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto foram produzidos dois tipos de membranas a partir de três polímeros diferentes, o acetato de celulose obtido a partir do bagaço de cana, o acetato de celulose comercial e a poliamida 66. Na produção de acetato a partir do bagaço foi realizado um estudo exploratório para extrair a celulose, matéria-prima do acetato, de uma maneira que se obtivesse um material com alto grau de pureza e que as perdas de celulose durante o processo fossem minimizadas. Para a produção das membranas foi utilizada a técnica de inversão de fases. No caso das membranas de acetato de celulose, foi realizada uma variação dos parâmetros utilizados no processo de confecção das membranas (tempo de evaporação do solvente, temperatura do banho de coagulação e tratamento térmico), com o intuito de se estabelecer as melhores variáveis do processo, enquanto que para a poliamida 66, foram utilizadas condições previamente determinadas por outros estudos. Depois de prontas, as membranas foram caracterizadas fisicamente e pelas suas propriedades de fluxo de água pura, fluxo de vapor de água, rejeição de sais, rejeição de açúcares e rejeição de compostos tóxicos. Finalmente, as membranas foram aplicadas no processo de detoxificação do hidrolisado hemicelulósico para testar sua capacidade de remoção de furfural, hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), ácido acético e compostos fenólicos. No estudo de extração da celulose do bagaço, as melhores condições produziram uma celulose com pureza de 84,01%. O acetato produzido apresentou um grau de substituição de 2,52, podendo ser classificado como um triacetato de celulose. Em comparação, o acetato comercial apresentou um grau de substituição de 2,85. Fisicamente, todas as membranas apresentaram uma morfologia que intercalava a presença de poros com regiões nodulares. As membranas de bagaço de cana apresentaram uma considerável fragilidade, por isso nos testes de permeação sob pressão, elas foram suportadas por uma membrana de polissulfona comercial. Todas as membranas de acetato de bagaço e membrana de poliamida apresentaram fluxo de água pura, enquanto que apenas algumas membranas de acetato comercial conseguiram permear água pura. As membranas apresentaram diferentes resultados nos experimentos de rejeição de compostos, resultado das diferenças estruturais entre elas. No ensaio de detoxificação, a membrana que alcançou o melhor desempenho foi a membrana obtida a partir do acetato comercial. Essa membrana conseguiu remover 89,92% de HMF, 91,99% de furfural, 51,52% de ácido acético e 8,35% de compostos fenólicos. As membranas produzidas a partir do bagaço de cana alcançaram uma remoção de 71,66 de HMF, 60,87% de furfural, 91,79% de ácido acético e 10,86% de fenólicos. / Membrane separation processes (MSP) have been highlighted at industrial processes because of their advantages, mainly the low cost of implementation and the low energy consumption during their operation. The utilization of agriculture co-products for the obtainment of material is a increasing trend, wherein the main attractive are the high availability and the low cost of these co-products. The aims of this work were to produce membranes and to investigate their utilization in the detoxification of the hemicellulosic hydrolisate originated from the acid treatment of sugarcane bagasse. For that, two types of membranes were produced from three different types of polymers, cellulose acetate obtained from sugarcane bagasse, commercial cellulose acetate and polyamide 66. For the production of the sugarcane bagasse cellulose acetate it was conducted an exploratory study in order to extract cellulose, raw-material of the acetate, in a manner that the final material possessed high purity degree and the losses of cellulose during the process were minimized. The technique of phase inversion was utilized to produce the membranes. In the case of cellulose acetate membranes, the variation of the membrane production parameters (time of solvent evaporation, temperature of coagulation bath and thermical treatment) was performed for the purpose of establishing the best process parameters, whereas it was utilized previously established conditions found in the literature for the polyamide membrane production. The membranes were characterized physically and for their properties of pure water flux, vapor water flux, salt rejection, sugar rejection and toxic compound rejection. Finally, the membranes were applied in the process of hemicellulosic hydrolysate detoxification for testing their capacity of furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acetic acid and phenolic compound removal. The best conditions of cellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse were able to produce cellulose with 84.01% of purity. The sugarcane cellulose acetate presented a substitution degree of 2.52, being classified as cellulose triacetate. In comparison, commercial cellulose acetate presented a substitution degree of 2,85. Physically, all membranes possessed a morphology that interspersed the presence of porous and nodular regions. Due to their fragility, sugarcane bagasse membranes were supported by a polysulfone commercial membrane in the tests of permeation under pressure. All sugarcane bagasse membranes and polyamide membrane achieved pure water flux. Nevertheless, just some commercial cellulose acetate membranes could permeate pure water. In the assays of compound rejection, the membranes reached different results, on behalf of their structural differences. The membrane that obtained the best performance in the detoxification process was the membrane produced form commercial cellulose acetate. This membrane was able to remove 89.92% of HMF, 91.99% of furfural, 51.52% of acetic acid and 8.35% of phenolic compounds. The membranes produced from sugarcane bagasse reached a removal of 71.66 of HMF, 60.87% of furfural, 91.79% of acetic acid and 10,86% of phenolics.

Os processos de separação por membrana (PSM) vêm ganhando destaque em aplicações industriais por conta de suas vantagens, principalmente o baixo custo de implementação e o baixo consumo de energia para sua operação. A utilização de subprodutos agrícolas na obtenção de materiais é uma tendência crescente, sendo os seus maiores atrativos a grande disponibilidade desses subprodutos e por serem uma matéria-prima barata. O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos a produção de membranas sua utilização na detoxificação do hidrolisado hemicelulósico originado do tratamento ácido do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto foram produzidos dois tipos de membranas a partir de três polímeros diferentes, o acetato de celulose obtido a partir do bagaço de cana, o acetato de celulose comercial e a poliamida 66. Na produção de acetato a partir do bagaço foi realizado um estudo exploratório para extrair a celulose, matéria-prima do acetato, de uma maneira que se obtivesse um material com alto grau de pureza e que as perdas de celulose durante o processo fossem minimizadas. Para a produção das membranas foi utilizada a técnica de inversão de fases. No caso das membranas de acetato de celulose, foi realizada uma variação dos parâmetros utilizados no processo de confecção das membranas (tempo de evaporação do solvente, temperatura do banho de coagulação e tratamento térmico), com o intuito de se estabelecer as melhores variáveis do processo, enquanto que para a poliamida 66, foram utilizadas condições previamente determinadas por outros estudos. Depois de prontas, as membranas foram caracterizadas fisicamente e pelas suas propriedades de fluxo de água pura, fluxo de vapor de água, rejeição de sais, rejeição de açúcares e rejeição de compostos tóxicos. Finalmente, as membranas foram aplicadas no processo de detoxificação do hidrolisado hemicelulósico para testar sua capacidade de remoção de furfural, hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), ácido acético e compostos fenólicos. No estudo de extração da celulose do bagaço, as melhores condições produziram uma celulose com pureza de 84,01%. O acetato produzido apresentou um grau de substituição de 2,52, podendo ser classificado como um triacetato de celulose. Em comparação, o acetato comercial apresentou um grau de substituição de 2,85. Fisicamente, todas as membranas apresentaram uma morfologia que intercalava a presença de poros com regiões nodulares. As membranas de bagaço de cana apresentaram uma considerável fragilidade, por isso nos testes de permeação sob pressão, elas foram suportadas por uma membrana de polissulfona comercial. Todas as membranas de acetato de bagaço e membrana de poliamida apresentaram fluxo de água pura, enquanto que apenas algumas membranas de acetato comercial conseguiram permear água pura. As membranas apresentaram diferentes resultados nos experimentos de rejeição de compostos, resultado das diferenças estruturais entre elas. No ensaio de detoxificação, a membrana que alcançou o melhor desempenho foi a membrana obtida a partir do acetato comercial. Essa membrana conseguiu remover 89,92% de HMF, 91,99% de furfural, 51,52% de ácido acético e 8,35% de compostos fenólicos. As membranas produzidas a partir do bagaço de cana alcançaram uma remoção de 71,66 de HMF, 60,87% de furfural, 91,79% de ácido acético e 10,86% de fenólicos. / Membrane separation processes (MSP) have been highlighted at industrial processes because of their advantages, mainly the low cost of implementation and the low energy consumption during their operation. The utilization of agriculture co-products for the obtainment of material is a increasing trend, wherein the main attractive are the high availability and the low cost of these co-products. The aims of this work were to produce membranes and to investigate their utilization in the detoxification of the hemicellulosic hydrolisate originated from the acid treatment of sugarcane bagasse. For that, two types of membranes were produced from three different types of polymers, cellulose acetate obtained from sugarcane bagasse, commercial cellulose acetate and polyamide 66. For the production of the sugarcane bagasse cellulose acetate it was conducted an exploratory study in order to extract cellulose, raw-material of the acetate, in a manner that the final material possessed high purity degree and the losses of cellulose during the process were minimized. The technique of phase inversion was utilized to produce the membranes. In the case of cellulose acetate membranes, the variation of the membrane production parameters (time of solvent evaporation, temperature of coagulation bath and thermical treatment) was performed for the purpose of establishing the best process parameters, whereas it was utilized previously established conditions found in the literature for the polyamide membrane production. The membranes were characterized physically and for their properties of pure water flux, vapor water flux, salt rejection, sugar rejection and toxic compound rejection. Finally, the membranes were applied in the process of hemicellulosic hydrolysate detoxification for testing their capacity of furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acetic acid and phenolic compound removal. The best conditions of cellulose extraction from sugarcane bagasse were able to produce cellulose with 84.01% of purity. The sugarcane cellulose acetate presented a substitution degree of 2.52, being classified as cellulose triacetate. In comparison, commercial cellulose acetate presented a substitution degree of 2,85. Physically, all membranes possessed a morphology that interspersed the presence of porous and nodular regions. Due to their fragility, sugarcane bagasse membranes were supported by a polysulfone commercial membrane in the tests of permeation under pressure. All sugarcane bagasse membranes and polyamide membrane achieved pure water flux. Nevertheless, just some commercial cellulose acetate membranes could permeate pure water. In the assays of compound rejection, the membranes reached different results, on behalf of their structural differences. The membrane that obtained the best performance in the detoxification process was the membrane produced form commercial cellulose acetate. This membrane was able to remove 89.92% of HMF, 91.99% of furfural, 51.52% of acetic acid and 8.35% of phenolic compounds. The membranes produced from sugarcane bagasse reached a removal of 71.66 of HMF, 60.87% of furfural, 91.79% of acetic acid and 10,86% of phenolics.

Pendant ce travail, nous avons étudié le comportement en fatigue d'un polyamide 66 chargé de fibres de verre. Ce matériau a de nombreuses applications où il subit des sollicitations dynamiques, comme les pièces sous capot d'un véhicule. La compréhension des micro-mécanismes qui gouvernent le comportement de ce matériau en fatigue joue un rôle essentiel dans la conception de ces pièces. Dans le but d'observer l'influence de la direction de sollicitation par rapport à l'orientation des fibres ainsi que le rôle de l'interface, deux types de sollicitation ont été choisis : La sollicitation en Flexion Alternée et la sollicitation en Traction- Traction. Pour les ces deux types de sollicitation, la température de surface augmente pendant les tests. Les résultats montrent que cette augmentation dépend du niveau de chargement et de la fréquence. Les courbes de Wöhler se rejoignent et la température induite par l'auto-échauffement à ce point de jonction augmente pour les deux essais avec une allure identique. Pendant la période d'amorçage des fissures en flexion alternée, nous n'avons pas observé de changement macroscopique des propriétés de l'éprouvette, densité, taux de cristallinité, température de transitions vitreuse et module d'élasticité. Un temps de repos à proximité de la rupture permet de relaxer les micro-défauts et d'augmenter le nombre de cycles à la rupture. La durée de vie a été modélisée pour le polyamide 66 et son composite.

The master thesis deals with design to produce terminal using the plastic injection molding. In the first part are theoretical information about injection molding and injection molding with inserts. The second part is a concrete design of production terminal which contains: injection mold design, calculation of the injection parameters, machine selection, technical and economic evaluation of production. Terminal is made of polyamide 66, inserts material is brass. Parts of injection mold assembly are selected from Hasco standards. The main parts of assembly are made of 1.2312 steel. Production cycle is placed on injection machine Allrounder 375 V from Arburg.