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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work involves the study of the effects of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) agents on the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The feasibility of RAFT as a method for obtaining controlled radical polymerizations in emulsion systems is also investigated. Both seeded and ab initio systems were studied with three RAFT agents of varying structure. Inhibition and retardation effects on addition of various amounts of the RAFT agents to the emulsion systems were observed and the trends noticed. The effect of the RAFT agents on the average number of radicals per latex particle was calculated from reaction rates. The effect of the RAFT agent on the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution was monitored by gel permeation chromatography. Exit of free radicals from the latex particles proves to be a major feature in the studied RAFT emulsion systems. Fragmentation of the RAFT agent in the latex particles, gives rise to free radical species that can exit from the particle and enter other particles where they can either terminate instantaneously or propagate. The exit and termination processes presumably result in both the inhibition and retardation of the emulsion polymerizations. A linear increase in Mn with conversion is observed, however the low concentration of RAFT agent in the latex particles is responsible for the obtained number average molecular weights being much higher than predicted. The low concentrations of RAFT agents in the latex particles is also responsible for the broad molecular weight distributions that are obtained. Reaction conditions for RAFT experiments should to be chosen so that the effects of exit processes are minimized and that the RAFT agent is primarily situated in the latex particles. These conditions must be met if the RAFT process is to be successful as a method of controlled radical polymerization in emulsions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing behels die studie van die effek van In bygevoegde addisie-fragmentasie kettingsoordragsreagent (RAFT1) op die emulsie polimerisasie van stireen. Die uitvoerbaarheid van RAFT as 'n metode om gekontroleerde radikale polimerisasies in emulsiesisteme te verkry is ook ondersoek. Eksperimente met drie RAFTkettingoordragsreagente van gevarieerde strukture is uitgevoer in beide seeded en ab initia sisteme. Die effek van die RAFT-reagent op die inhibisie en vertraging van die emulsie polimerisasie is waargeneem en die invloed van RAFT op die gemiddelde aantal radikale per partikel is bepaal. Die ontwikkeling van die molekulêre massa en die molekulêre massadistribusie is waargeneem deur middel van gel permeasie- kromatografiese tegnieke. Die ontsnapping van vrye radikale vanuit die partikels was 'n belangrike faktor in RAFT emulsiesisteme wat ondersoek is. Hierdie radikale is gegenereer deur die fragmentasie van die oorspronklike RAFT-reagent. Fragmentasie van die RAFT-reagent in die lateks partikels lei tot die vorming van vrye radikale spesies wat uit een partikel kan ontsnap en ander partikels kan binnedring waar dit onmiddellik kan termineer of propageer. Die ontsnappings- en terminasieprosesse van vrye radikale lei oënskynlik tot die inhibering en vertraging van die emulsie polimerisasie. 'n Lineêre verhoging in die gemiddelde molekulêre massa tydens konversie is waargeneem, alhoewel die Mn-waardes baie hoër was as wat verwag is. Die verskil kan toegeskryf word aan die klein hoeveelhede van die RAFT-reagent wat in die partikels teenwoordig is. Hierdie lae RAFT-konsentrasies is ook verantwoordelik vir die breë molekulêre massa distribusie wat waargeneem is. Vir die RAFT-proses om suksesvol te wees in gekontroleerde radikale polimerisasies in emulsies, moet reaksie kondisies so gekies word dat die ontsnapping van vrye radikale tot 'n minimum beperk word en die RAFT-reagent hoofsaaklik in die lateks partikels teenwoordig is.

Chu, Wai Siu = 聚合物添加劑對邊界層流動中熱傳輸量的影響 / 朱瑋韶. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-68). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chu, Wai Siu = Ju he wu tian jia ji dui bian jie ceng liu dong zhong re chuan shu liang de ying xiang / Zhu Weishao. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.3 / Chapter 3 --- Formulation of the problem --- p.9 / Chapter 3.1 --- Prandtl-Blasius equations with temperature field --- p.9 / Chapter 3.2 --- The evolution equation for Rij --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3 --- Equations of motion with polymers --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4 --- Nusselt number and drag coefficient --- p.26 / Chapter 4 --- Results and discussion --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Obtaining the converged solutions --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Studying different parameters --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3 --- The parameter a --- p.54 / Chapter 5 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.65 / Bibliography --- p.67

Mask Projection micro Stereolithography (MPuSLA) is an additive manufacturing process used to build physical components out of a photopolymer resin. Existing MPuSLA technology cut the CAD model of part into slices by horizontal planes and the slices are stored as bitmaps. A layer corresponding to the shape of each bitmap gets cured. This layer is coated with a fresh layer of resin by lowering the Z-stage inside a vat holding the resin and the next layer is cured on top of it. In our Thick-film MPuSLA(TfMPuSLA) system, incident radiation, patterned by a dynamic mask, passes through a fixed transparent substrate to cure photopolymer resin. The existing MPuSLA fabrication models can work only for controlling the lateral dimension, without any control over the thickness of the cured part. The proposed process plan controls both the lateral dimensions and the thickness of profile of the cured part. In this thesis, a novel process planning for TfMPuSLA method is developed, to fabricate films on fixed flat substrate. The process of curing a part using this system is analytically modeled as the column cure model. It is different from the conventional process - layer cure model. Column means that a CAD model of part is discretized into vertical columns instead of being sliced into horizontal layers, and all columns get cured simultaneously till the desired heights. The process planning system is modularized into geometrical, chemical, optical, mathematical and physical modules and validated by curing test parts on our system. The thesis formulates a feasible process planning method, providing a strong basis for continued investigation of MPuSLA technology in microfabrication, such as micro lens fabrication.

The modification of polymeric materials using plasticizers or elastomers has been investigated in three research programs. The first describes epoxy resins modified with dimethylsiloxane, dimethyl-co-methyltrifluoropropyl siloxane, and dimethyl-co-diphenyl siloxane. The apparent compatibility between the epoxy and the siloxanes was enhanced by increasing methyltrifluoropropyl or diphenyl siloxane content or lowering molecular weight, resulting in profound changes in morphology and the resultant mechanical properties of the modified resins. Fracture toughness was most significantly improved using siloxanes containing at least 40% methyltrifluoropropyl siloxane or 20 and 40% diphenyl siloxane. Comparison of siloxane modifiers with butadiene acrylonitrile modifiers was valuable with regard to both property and morphological effects. The second research project considers the structure-property behavior of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticized with low molecular weight diesters with emphasis on the contrasting effects of different plasticizers on the breadth of PVC's dynamic mechanical spectrum. It was clearly demonstrated that a less soluble plasticizer promoted a greater broadening at intermediate concentrations. Crystallization phenomena and static mechanical properties reflected the greater diluent effect of a more soluble plasticizer. The dynamic mechanical behavior as well as other critical experimental observations were explained using a model which postulates that the network junctions of plasticized PVC consist of "pockets" containing several small crystallites. These pockets are randomly dispersed in a matrix whose homogeneity is governed by the plasticizer's solubility and molar volume. The third research project describes the modification of high 1,4 polybutadiene (PB) with isopropyl azodicarboxylate (IAD) for potential .use as impact modifiers for polar polymers. A method for finding the extent of IAD modification of the PB has been developed using ¹³C nmr and UV spectroscopy. Solution blends of PVC with PB modified with up to 11 mol% IAD were found to be immiscible. Stress-strain testing suggested that IAD modification (11%) enhanced the apparent compatibility between PB and PVC at 25% rubber content. The relatively poor mechanical response of the blends was believed to be related to their somewhat porous morphology. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Orientadores: Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Heizir Ferreira de Castro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T20:07:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_CleideMaraFaria_M.pdf: 5966176 bytes, checksum: 181a14205ef4b15d71734d115dd39efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: A metodologia de preparação do biocatalisador pode influenciar no processo catalítico. De acordo com estudos anteriores a lipase de Candida rugosa pode ser imobilizada com presença de alta atividade em sílica de porosidade controlada (SPC) ativada com glutaraldeído. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas estratégias para otimizar a estabilidade operacional desta preparação de lipase imobilizada. Para atingir este propósito, foram testados diferentes tipos de agentes estabilizantes com a finalidade de proteger a enzima de efeitos de agregação ou desnaturação que ocorrem devido à presença dos silanos usados durante a formação da matriz de sílica. Os aditivos usados como estabilizantes foram as proteínas (albumina e lecitina) e os polímeros orgânicos (P-ciclodextrina e polietilenoglicol) e seus efeitos foram comparados ao controle (lipase imobilizada sem aditivo). A metodologia de planejamento experimental foi utilizada para selecionar o aditivo que fornecesse maior rendimento de imobilização. Foram realizados três planejamentos fatoriais completos 22, com repetição no ponto central para avaliar a variável resposta, em função do tipo de aditivo e concentração de enzima. Entre todos os aditivos testados, rendimentos mais elevados foram obtidos quando PEG-1500 foi utilizado como agente estabilizante. De acordo com os resultados estatísticos, um novo planejamento fatorial completo 22, com repetição no ponto central foi realizado, para avaliar o rendimento de imobilização em função da concentração de PEG-1500 e lipase. Utilizandose da metodologia de superficie resposta, obteve-se o seguinte modelo matemático para o rendimento de imobilização: Y = 50,91+4,70X1 - 9,89X2 + 4,04 XI X2 onde X I e X2 correspondem aos valores codificados para as variáveis concentração de aditivo e enzima, respectivamente. A estabilidade operacional das preparações de lipase imobilizada na presença de PEG-1500 foi determinada na síntese de butirato de butila em regime de bateladas consecutivas. Adotando a estratégia proposta neste trabalho, o tempo de meia vida da lipase imobilizada em SPC foi aumentado em 13 vezes, quando comparado com o tempo de meiavida do controle (lipase imobilizada em SPC sem aditivo) / Abstract: The method for preparing the biocatalyst can influence the catalytic processo In agreement with previous studies Candida rugosa lipase can be immobilized with high activity retention on silanized controlled pore silica (CPS) activated with glutaraldehyde. This work aimed at improving the performance of the immobilized form in long-term operation. Five additives were tested in the immobilization step in order to select the most activity derivative for esterification reactions. This strategy is suggested to protect the enzyme from aggregation effects or denaturation that occur due to the presence of silane precursors used in the formation of the silica matrix. Proteins (albumin and lechitin) and polymers (B-cyclodextrin and polyethyleneglycol) were added during the immobilization procedure and their effects are reported and compared with the behavior of the immobilized biocatalyst in the absence of additive. The methodology of experimental design was used to select the most efficient additive considering the coupling yield as a response variable. Three 22 full factorial design with repetitions at the center point were employed to evaluate the immobilization yield as a function of additive type and lipase loading. The best stabilizing effect was found when small amounts of PEG-1500 and lipase were added simultaneously to the lipase onto support. According to statistic results, further 22 full factorial design with 2 repetitions at the center point were employed to evaluate the immobilization yield as a function of PEG and lipase concentrations. A response surface methodology permitted to obtain the following mathematical model for immobilization yield: Y = 50.91+4.70X1 - 9.89X2 + 4.04 Xl X2 where: Xl and X2 are the codified values for additive PEG-1.500 and enzyme concentrations, respectively. This immobilized system was used to perform esterification reactions under repeated batch cycles (for the synthesis of butyl butyrate as a model). The half-life of the lipase immobilized on CPS in the presence of PEG-1500 was found to increase 13 times when compared with the control (immobilized lipase on CPS without additive) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Ana Rita Morales / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T18:19:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_RenatoBrisigueli_M.pdf: 31889860 bytes, checksum: dc126cb07343f751172187cc992844e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos de aditivo modificador térmico (MT), aditivo modificador de impacto (MI) e tratamento de recozimento nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas do poli(ácido lático), PLA. As propriedades térmicas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de temperatura de deflexão térmica (HDT) e ponto de amolecimento Vicat e a partir de curvas de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) de cada composição testada. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas a partir de ensaios de resistência à tração. As alterações morfológicas na estrutura cristalina das amostras também foram analisadas por análise de difração de raios¿X. O uso dos aditivos propostos não se mostrou viável para o aumento da temperatura de deflexão térmica (HDT) e do ponto de amolecimento Vicat do PLA estudado. Estas propriedades mostraram-se sensíveis ao aumento do grau de cristalinidade que aumentou de 3% do PLA puro para aproximadamente 12% do PLA modificado, porém não foi suficiente para promover as melhorias esperadas. O tratamento de recozimento foi mais efetivo que os aditivos promovendo aumento no grau de cristalinidade para valores de até 44% e elevou os valores de HDT em torno de 10ºC e de Vicat em mais de 70ºC. A temperatura de transição vítrea, Tg, foi pouco alterada, sendo observados uma tendência de redução pela presença dos aditivos e um discreto aumento pelo recozimento. A cristalização a frio do PLA foi acelerada pelo aditivo nucleante e totalmente eliminada pelo tratamento de recozimento. O módulo de elasticidade apresentou aumento significativo pela adição dos aditivos testados, o que não foi observado para a resistência à tração e para o alongamento. O recozimento também foi significativo, porém, diferentemente do esperado, causou redução em todas as propriedades mecânicas. A maior cristalinidade observada deveria ter aumentado o módulo elástico, bem como a resistência à tração, o que não ocorreu por uma possível degradação causada pelas condições empregadas no tratamento térmico. As modificações no estado cristalino também foram acompanhadas pela alteração na transparência das amostras e por difração de raios-X que identificou a predominância da fase ?, caracterizada por uma célula unitária ortorrômbica. Para potenciais aplicações industriais os teores adequados de aditivos e uma análise detalhada do processo são necessários, incluindo-se o tempo e temperatura de resfriamento durante o processo de moldagem, para que o material final possa apresentar as propriedades desejadas / Abstract: This work evaluated the effects of a thermal modifier additive, an impact modifier additive, and an annealing treatment over the thermal and mechanical properties of the poli(lactic acid) (PLA). The thermal properties were evaluated through heat deflection temperature (HDT) and Vicat softening point measurements and through differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) curves of each tested composition. The mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile strength measurements. Morphological changes in the crystalline structure of the samples were also analyzed through X-ray diffraction. The use of the proposed additives was not feasible to increase the heat deflection temperature (HDT), and the Vicat softening point of the studied PLA. These properties were sensitive to the degree of crystallinity that was increased from 3% of the pure to around 12% of the modified PLA, but was not sufficient to promote the expected improvements. The annealing treatment was more effective than the additives and promoted an increasing of the degree of crystallinity to values up to 44%, it also increased the HDT values in approximately 10°C and the Vicat in more than 70°C. The glass transition temperature, Tg, was slightly altered, being observed a tendency of reduction by the presence of additives and a minor increase by the annealing treatment. The cold crystallization of the PLA was accelerated by the nucleating additive and completely eliminated by annealing treatment. The modulus of elasticity was significantly increased by the addition of the tested additives, but not for the tensile strength and the elongation. Annealing was also significant, however, unlike the expected, caused a reduction in all the mechanical properties. The higher crystallinity observed should have increased the elastic modulus and the tensile strength, which did not occur because of a possible sample degradation caused by annealing treatment conditions employed. Changes in the crystalline state were also accompanied by changes in the transparency of the samples and through X-ray diffraction where it was identified the prevalence of the ? phase, characterized by an orthorhombic unit cell. For potential industrial applications the appropriate levels of the additives and a detailed analysis of the process is required, including time and temperature of cooling during the molding process, so that the final material can offer the desired properties / Mestrado / Engenharia Química / Mestre em Engenharia Química

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