A molecule can crystallise in more than one crystal structure, a common phenomenon in organic compounds known as polymorphism. Different polymorphic forms may have significantly different physical properties, and a reliable prediction would be beneficial to the pharmaceutical industry. However, crystal structure prediction (CSP) based on the knowledge of the chemical structure had long been considered impossible. Previous failures of some CSP attempts led to speculation that the thermodynamic calculations in CSP methodologies failed to predict the kinetically favoured structures. Similarly, regarding the stabilities of co-crystals relative to their pure components, the results from lattice energy calculations and full CSP studies were inconclusive. In this thesis, these problems are addressed using the state-of-the-art CSP methodology implemented in the GRACE software. Firstly, it is shown that the low-energy predicted structures of four organic molecules, which have previously been considered difficult for CSP, correspond to their experimental structures. The possible outcomes of crystallisation can be reliably predicted by sufficiently accurate thermodynamic calculations. Then, the polymorphism of 5- chloroaspirin is investigated theoretically. The order of polymorph stability is predicted correctly and the isostructural relationships between a number of predicted structures and the experimental structures of other aspirin derivatives are established. Regarding the stabilities of co-crystals, 99 out of 102 co-crystals and salts of nicotinamide, isonicotinamide and picolinamide reported in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) are found to be more stable than their corresponding co-formers. Finally, full CSP studies of two co-crystal systems are conducted to explain why the co-crystals are not easily obtained experimentally. / University of Bradford

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A range of small molecules of interest for use in organic semiconductor devices were studied computationally. Trends in geometry, absorption spectra, molecular orbitals, electrostatic potentials, reorganisation energies were studied. Results suggest that, as with acenes, the performance of non-linear cata-condensed polyaromatic hydrocarbons improves as number of fused benzene rings increases. The torsion in these molecules did not appear to have a large impact on the conjugation across the core and little effect on the absorption spectra, although it did affect the reorganisation energies on which charge mobilities depend. Computational studies of mobilities of anthradithiophene molecules were broadly able to reproduce trends seen experimentally and emphasised the importance of crystal morphology. Experimental work was also carried out to search for cocrystals between anthradithiophene derivatives. Many examples were found with some mixtures forming different cocrystals at different mixture ratios. These results were rationalised by a computational study that showed molecules which had a similar binding energy were more likely to be able to form cocrystals. Cocrystal devices were fabricated and 3 out of 7 showed a larger mobility than devices made out of its constituent materials alone. The best of these had a mobility 65% higher than a device made out of the constituent material with the largest mobility. An energy decomposition analysis was carried out on a novel thallophilic system, a complex of thallium with a neutral β-triketimine ligand which was found to form dimers with close Tl-Tl interactions. Calculations show the electrostatic interaction to be repulsive for the dimer with no counter ions, but attractive when 3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl borate counter ions are included. This suggests the metallophilic interaction is counter ion-mediated, requiring the anions to provide favourable electrostatics, even in the case of spatially diffuse and distant counter ions such used here. To enable the studies described here software was written for simulating absorption spectra. An implementation into the Gaussian Suite of programs of an energy decomposition scheme and its extension to include an empirical dispersion correction was also carried out.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste estudo foram preparados polimorfos do fármaco tolbutamida, um hipoglicemiante oral usado no tratamento dos Diabetes Mellitus tipo II. Foram também preparados polimorfos da nifedipina, fármaco usado no tratamento das desordens cardiovasculares, como angina pectoris e hipertensão. A preparação dos polimorfos foi mediada por solvente, ou seja, foi em função do solvente usado nas etapas de cristalização e de precipitação das espécies. Um método de resfriamento rápido por nitrogênio líquido também foi utilizado. Técnicas analíticas como a espectrofotometria de infravermelho, a calorimetria diferencial de varredura, a difratometria de raio-X e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram úteis para a caracterização dos produtos obtidos experimentalmente. Os resultados comprovaram que dois polimorfos da tolbutamida foram preparados, ambos com estrutura cristalina. No caso da nifedipina, dois polimorfos foram preparados e a caracterização mostrou que um destes foi obtido num estado amorfo enquanto o outro estava sob forma cristalina. A instabilidade da nifedipina no estado amorfo foi monitorada pela técnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura que, através de diferentes curvas, mostrou uma transformação rápida para uma estrutura cristalina. Esta mesma técnica aliada à termogravimetria confirmou a obtenção de um terceiro produto da nifedipina, de estrutura cristalina, que foi considerado um pseudopolimorfo por ser uma espécie solvatada. Ao final do procedimento experimental e da avaliação dos resultados foi sugerido um esquema, passo a passo, para obtenção e caracterização de polimorfos de uma substância / In this study the polymorphs of tolbutamide, an oral hypoglicemiant used on Diabetes Mellitus type II treatment, and of nifedipine, a drug used in the cardiovascular disorders treatment, were prepared. All crystalline forms were obtained by crystallization from different solvents. Tolbutamide was isolated only in crystalline forms and nifedipine in two crystalline forms and in the amorphous form prepared by melting and subsequent cooling. The polymorphs from each drug were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (PDRX), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy (FT-RAMAN), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results proved that two different crystalline forms of tolbutamide were obtained and two crystalline form to nifedipine, one of them as a pseudo-polymorph. The characterization confirmed that melting and quickly cooling procedure prepared amorphous nifedipine. Differential scanning calorimetry technique generated curves whose data proved that the amorphous nifedipine is a very unstable form. Thermogravimetry confirmed a pseudo-polymorphs preparation of nifedipine. In spite of the modification observed on the profile of X-ray diffraction, because of the solvent present, was possible to prove that this solvated form have an crystalline structure. A methodology was proposed step by step to prepare and characterize polymorphs of a substance

La règle des phases d'Ostwald classiquement utilisée pour justifier la cristallisation d'un système polymorphique, stipule que la phase métastable apparait en premier puis subit une transition polymorphique vers la phase stable. Les modèles classiques, qui ne considèrent que la nucléation et la croissance, ne permettent pas de refléter l'avantage cinétique de la phase métastable formulé par la règle d'Ostwald. Cette étude propose d'étudier et de mieux comprendre la cristallisation d'un système polymorphe en prenant en compte le mécanisme de mûrissement d'Ostwald, habituellement négligé. Un produit modèle, l'acide L-Glutamique, est choisi pour l'étude expérimentale menée en milieu agité et stagnant. Deux modèles, l'un basé sur les bilans de population, l'autre basé sur les équations cinétiques, sont développés et qualitativement comparés pour simuler le comportement expérimental des phases polymorphes. Alors que le modèle de bilan de population s'avère limité, le modèle des équations cinétiques a permis de souligner l'effet du mécanisme de mûrissement sur la compétition entre les phases polymorphes et de valider, ainsi, une nouvelle explication pour la règle des phases d'Ostwald / The Ostwald rule of stages is conventionally used to explain the crystallization behavior of a polymorphic system. It states that the metastable phase first appears and undergoes a polymorphic transition toward the stable phase, in a second step. The Classical models, which only consider nucleation and growth, fail to reflect the kinetic advantage of the metastable phase formulated by Ostwald’s rule. Hence, this work intends to study and better understand the crystallization of a polymorphic system, taking into account the Ostwald ripening mechanism, usually neglected. A model compound, L-Glutamic acid, is chosen for the experimental study in agitated and stagnant conditions. Two numerical models, one based on the population balance equation and the other based on the kinetic equations, are developed to simulate the behavior of that polymorphic system, observed experimentally. A qualitative comparison between these two models is proposed. The model that relates the population balance equation does not permit correct implementation of all the mechanisms. Conversely, the model based on the kinetic equations highlights the effect of the ripening mechanism on the competition between the two polymorphic phases and allows us to propose a new explanation of the Ostwald rule of stages

This diploma thesis is containing the description of the LabVIEW Instrument Control Toolbox project. Initial preparations like the development environment choosing process, as well as the instrument driver layer choice are present along with the project requirements. A signal approach to the instrument control is defined and described in detail. This thesis also contains the main project development in The National Instruments LabVIEW and at the end, a detailed description and user guidance for each developed and fully integrated toolbox module.

Les composés qui existent sous de multiples formes cristallines sont qualifiés de polymorphiques. Les polymorphes ont la même composition, mais leurs structures et leurs propriétés peuvent varier significativement. Dans de nombreux domaines, les conditions de cristallisation des composés d’intérêt sont étudiées de façon exhaustive afin de générer autant de polymorphes que possible, à partir desquels le polymorphe le plus avantageux pour l’application souhaitée peut être sélectionné. Nous rapportons une nouvelle façon d’augmenter la diversité polymorphique basée sur la cristallisation induite par l’ensemencement à l’aide de cristaux mixtes. Nous rapportons également une nouvelle stratégie de cristallisation de composés fondus suspendus qui permet d’induire la formation de cristaux uniques qui sont trop instables pour être produits par des méthodes traditionnelles. Cette stratégie permet la résolution par diffraction des rayons X d’une plus large variété de structures cristallines. L’efficacité des méthodes présentées ci-dessus a été démontrée en les utilisant pour produire des cristaux uniques caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X de nouveaux polymorphes du composé ROY, une référence en matière de polymorphisme. Cela permet à ROY de regagner sa part de la position de composé le plus polymorphique dans la Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). / Chemical compounds that exist in multiple crystalline forms are said to exhibit polymorphism. Polymorphs have the same composition, but their structures and properties can vary markedly. In many fields, conditions for crystallizing compounds of interest are screened exhaustively to generate as many polymorphs as possible, from which the most advantageous form for the desired application can be selected. Here we report a new way to increase polymorphic diversity, based on crystallization induced by suitably designed mixed-crystal seeds. Also reported herein is a new strategy of suspended-melt crystallization, which can be used to induce the formation of single crystals that are too unstable to be produced by traditional methods. This strategy allows for a broader scope of crystalline structures to be resolved by X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of the above methods has been demonstrated by using them to produce new polymorphs of the benchmark compound ROY as single crystals structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. This allows ROY to reclaim a share of the crown as the most polymorphic compound in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).

The aim of this master's theses it to focuse on the usage of genetic algorithms in combination with a technique of biologically inspired development in cellular automata. The principles of the proposed method is described. The main part of this work deals with the design of combinational logic circuits. The genetic algorithm is utilized to design a nonuniform one-dimensional cellular automaton (in particular, the local transition functions) which serves as a circuit generator. Experiments have been conducted to design of basic types of combinational circuits and polymorphic circuits. Finally, the results are presented and compared with the results obtained in the previous work in which a uniform cellular automaton was applied.