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Les biomatériaux jouent un rôle majeur dans le développement du génie tissulaire. Au cours des dernières années, les propriétés physiques, chimiques, et en particulier biologiques de ces matériaux ont été optimisées pour différentes applications. Le polypyrrole (PPy) électriquement conducteur et ses matières composites sont utiles pour connecter des composants électriques, des cellules ou des tissus vivants. Des efforts ont été faits pour bio-activer le PPy en incorporant électrochimiquement des biomolécules comme l'héparine et l'acide hyaluronique. Cette méthode est cependant limitée par la petite taille des électrodes, la dénaturation des biomolécules pendant les réactions électrochimiques, le changement des propriétés physiques et surtout la conductivité du polypyrrole. Le but de cette étude est de bio-activer le polypyrrole par l'incorporation de molécules bio-actives telles que la fibronectine et l'albumine de sérum bovin. Ce biomatériau serait d'une grande utilité dans le domaine de l'ingénierie tissulaire et constituerait un support bioactif, biodégradable et électriquement conducteur pour la culture de différents types cellulaires avec de multiples applications biomédicales

Des membranes conductrices composées de polypyrrole (PPy) dopé à l'héparine (HE) et de polylactide biodégradable (PLLA) ont été produites pour transmettre une stimulation électrique (ES) à des cellules en culture. La préparation de ces membranes constituées de PPy/HE/PLLA nécessite beaucoup de temps ; et la reproductibilité n'était pas satisfaisante. Le premier objectif de cette étude est de raccourcir le temps de préparation, d'améliorer les propriétés conductrices des membranes fabriquées en PPy/HE/PLLA. Le deuxième objectif est d'évaluer la cytotoxicité des nouvelles membranes, et leur utilisation pour délivrer des stimulations électriques aux fibroblastes de peau humaine. Le PPy a été synthétisé par polymérisation oxydative en utilisant l'héparine comme co-dopant. Les particules de PPy ont été mélangées avec le PLLA dans un rapport de 1:9 (p/p) dans du chloroforme. La solution a ensuite été coulée et séchée pour former une fine membrane de PPy/HE/PLLA. Cette membrane a été analysée par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) pour la morphologie de surface et par spectroscopie infrarouge de Fourier (FTIR) pour la chimie de surface. Sa conductivité a été mesurée par un système de sonde à quatre points. Sa cytocompatibilité a été évaluée en utilisant des fibroblastes de peau humaine par coloration Hochets et test MTT. La stabilité électrique a été déterminée dans un milieu de culture cellulaire pendant 24 heures. L'effet de la ES a été évalué après 6 et 24 heures d'exposition des fibroblastes à un champ électrique de 200 mV/mm. La membrane en PPy/HE/PLLA a affiché une conductivité d'environ 1,6 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm. Les observations SEM ont montré que les particules de PPy formaient des agrégats uniformes dispersés sur la surface. L'analyse FTIR a confirmé la présence de PPy et de PLLA. Les membranes n'étaient pas cytotoxiques et ont délivré des ES pour augmenter la prolifération des fibroblastes. Le nouveau protocole améliore considérablement l'efficacité et la reproductibilité de la préparation des membranes. La nouvelle membrane PPy/HE/PLLA possède une conductivité et une stabilité adéquates pour soutenir la croissance cellulaire sous stimulation électrique. / Electrically conductive membranes made of heparin (HE)-doped polypyrrole (PPy) and biodegradable polylactide (PLLA) have been engineered to mediate electrical stimulation (ES) to cultured cells. The preparation of such PPy/HE/PLLA membranes was time-consuming, and reproducibility was not satisfactory. The first objective of this thesis is to shorten the preparation time, improve the property consistency, and characterize the properties of the new PPy/HE/PLLA membranes. The second objective is to evaluate the new membranes' cytotoxicity and their suitability as a conductive cell culture substrate in electrically stimulating human skin fibroblasts. The PPy was synthesized by oxidative polymerization using heparin as the co-dopant. The PPy particles were mixed with the PLLA at a 1:9 ratio (w/w) in chloroform. The solution was then cast and dried to form a thin PPy/HE/PLLA membrane. This membrane was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for surface chemistry. A four-point probe system was used to measure its conductivity. Its cytocompatibility was evaluated using human skin fibroblasts by Hoechst staining and MTT assay. The electrical stability was measured in a cell culture medium for 24 hours. The effect of ES was evaluated after 6- and 24-hour exposures of the fibroblasts to an electrical field of 200 mV/mm. The PPy/HE/PLLA membrane had a conductivity of about 1,6 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm. The SEM observations showed that the PPy particles formed uniform aggregates dispersed as "islands" on the surface. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of PPy and PLLA. The membranes were not cytotoxic and delivered ES to increase fibroblast proliferation. The new protocol significantly increases membrane preparation efficiency and reproducibility. The new PPy/HE/PLLA membrane has adequate conductivity and stability to support cell growth under ES.

This research is focused on preparation of polypyrrole (PPy) composite particles by using socalled template oxidative polymerization method. As a template, water-soluble polymers, polymeric microgels, latex particles or bulk gels can be used. The morphology and properties of the composite particles can be controlled effectively by the proper use of the template. By choosing the dopant anion or oxidation agent it is possible to vary the conductivity of the polymer. In the case when uncrosslinked PVME was used as stabilizer, core-type polypyrrole spherical particles in the range of 50-100 nm were formed in both aqueous ethanol and water. Results of the elementary analysis, IR spectroscopy confirmed that the anionic salts can be incorporated in the PPy particles and play as the dopants. The presence of dopants in polypyrrole enhances the conductivity, especially in the case of sodium benzoate the conductivity of the final product has been improved by 3 orders. Polymeric microgels were also applied as the templates for polypyrrole deposition. When crosslinked PVME microgels were used in the oxidation polymerization of pyrrole, large PPy fibrils (appr. 400nm) were formed. Needle-like particles were formed due to the porous structure of microgels, which play a template role in the pyrrole polymerization process. When poly(VCL/AAEM) microgels were used as a template for oxidative polymerization of pyrrole, "raspberry-like" composite particles will be formed with PPy domains located in swollen hydropholic particle shell. Obtained stable composite microgels show similar thermal sensitivity as poly(VCL/AAEM) particles with fully reversible collapse-swelling properties. Increase of PPy content in composite particles increases conductivity of the composite material. The conductivity of composite particles prepared in water was much higher than that of prepared in water : ethanol mixtures. Furthermore, monodisperse PS-PEGMA particles, which were prepared in water medium by polymerization with sodium peroxydisulfate have been used as a template for deposition of polypyrrole (PPy). Obtained composite particles possess core-shell morphology where shell is composed out of small PPy nano-domains. The shell thickness can be varied by changing PPy load, controlling the overall template surface area in the system, and by influencing the pyrrole polymerization kinetics in presence of different oxidants. The last possibility provides also incorporation of different anions into polypyrrole shell. The stability of composite particles decreases gradually if the deposited PPy amount increases. It has been established that obtained particles are intrinsically coloured and the colour can be changed by the PS-PEGMA core size. Conductivity measurement shows that PS/PEGMA/PPy composite particles prepared by using phosphomolybdate as the oxidant are much more conductive than the particles prepared by the other two oxidants. The conductivity increases with the increase of PPy load in the system. Overall, the proper design of the template should give a possibility to control effectively the morphology, particle size and provide sufficient stability to the composite particles. Different morphologies, such as spherical, core-shell, raspberry and needle-like, with different particle size are expected to be available in different cases. By choosing the dopant anion or oxidation agent it is possible to vary the conductivity of the polymer. The stable water-based dispersions are expected to be used as additives for paint formulations, in electrorheology, microelectronic, ion-separation or disease diagnostics.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’élaborer par voie électrochimique un film de polypyrrole sur l’acier inoxydable 304 à partir d’un électrolyte support d’acide phosphorique et d’améliorer sa résistance à la corrosion par l’utilisation d’ondes ultrasonores haute fréquence (US) et l’incorporation d’un inhibiteur inorganique (KNO3) et de particules de silice (SiO2). L’inhibiteur inorganique a réduit le potentiel d’oxydation du monomère et a été incorporé dans la chaîne polymérique. Les ultrasons ont favorisé la réaction d’électropolymérisation en augmentant le transport des espèces électroactives vers l’électrode. Ils ont engendré des films plus compacts, présentant une topographie plus fine et plus homogène. Les films composites PPy-SiO2 ont été élaborés par différentes méthodes. Une bonne répartition des particules dans la chaîne polymérique a été obtenue avec la méthode multicouche. Tous les films élaborés : PPy-NO3-, PPy-US et PPy-SiO2 offrent une meilleure protection de l’acier inoxydable contre la corrosion en milieu chloruré que le revêtement PPy. / The aim of this work is to electrochemically elaborate polypyrrole films on 304 stainless steel in phosphoric acid solution and improve corrosion resistance by the use of high frequency ultrasound (US), incorporation of inorganic inhibitor (KNO3) and silica (SiO2) particles. The inorganic inhibitor reduced the oxidation potential of pyrrole monomers and was incorporated into polymer matrix. Ultrasound favors electrochemical polymerization reaction by improving mass transfer towards the electrode. It leads to films more compact, presenting a thinner and more homogeneous topography. PPy-SiO2 composite films were prepared by different methods. Good particles distribution within polymer matrix was achieved through multilayered method. All formed films: PPy-NO3-, PPy-US and PPy-SiO2 offer better protection of stainless steel against corrosion in chloride environment than PPy coatings.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / These days there are deep concerns over the environmental consequences of the rate of consumption of energy from non-renewable sources because of the accelerated increase in greenhouse effect. There is, therefore, increasing interest in research activities on renewable energy systems (e.g., supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells and photovoltaic cells) and their materials. Supercapacitor materials have attracted much attention because of their high energy storage capacity, large surface area, high specific power density (watts/kg) and low cost. The development of advanced supercapacitor devices requires active electrode materials with high storage capacity and dispensability. Graphene oxide-dendritic star copolymer nanocomposites are fascinating as electrode materials, both scientifically and technologically, due to their exceptional properties, including light weight and high potential. / 2020-08-31

La mise en forme de matériaux fonctionnels et leur texturation contrôlée à toutes les échelles sont des conditions sine qua non pour l’amélioration des systèmes existants. Ce projet de thèse consiste en la création de structures solides complexes en utilisant des méthodes interdisciplinaires telles que la chimie sol-gel et la physique des fluides complexes. Ainsi, il est possible d’obtenir des fibres ou des films de dioxyde de Titane poreux présentant des pores de différentes tailles organisés hiérarchiquement. Cette organisation texturale optimise le transport de matière (gaz / liquides) pour des applications telles que la dépollution d’air (photocatalyse) ou les cellules solaires à colorant. Par ailleurs, nous avons contrôlé l’alignement de nano-bâtonnets d’oxyde de Zinc au sein d’une fibre macroscopique générant ainsi des propriétés collectives d’émission de lumière (photoluminescence)anisotrope, spécificité d’utilité pour l’électronique à permutation. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé des nano objets anisotropiques et des nano-lamelles de polypyrrole afin de générer des films minces lisses avec des propriétés électriques permettant leur utilisation comme électrode ou électrolyte solide dans des cellules solaires à colorant. / The shaping of functional materials and the control of their texture at all length scales are sine qua non conditions for the improvement of current systems. This PhD project consists in creating complex solid architectures using interdisciplinary methods such as sol-gel chemistry or complex fluids physics. Therefore, it is possible to synthesize Titanium Dioxide macroscopic fibers orfilms which possess a hierarchical porosity. This organization allows the optimization of the matter transport (liquid/gaz) for air depollution application (photocatalysis) or dye-sensitizedsolar cells. In another project, we were able to control the alignment of zinc oxide nanorods within a macroscopic fiber. This alignment provides to the fiber an anisotropic photoluminescence behavior which can be useful for switching devices application. Finally, we synthesized anisotropic particles and nano-sheets of polypyrrole (conducting polymer) in order to obtain smooth thin films presenting interesting electrical properties. The objective was to use them as electrolyte and/or electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells.

<p>One of the most powerful aspects of conducting polymers is their ability to be nanostructured through innovative, synthetically manipulated, transformations, such as to tailor-make the polymers for specialized applications. In the exponentially increasing wide field of nanotechnology, some special attention is being paid to innovative hybrid dendrimer-core based polymeric smart materials. Star copolymers are a class of branched macromolecules having a central core with multiple linear polymer chains extending from the core. This intrinsic structural feature yields a unique 3D structure with extended conjugated linear polymer chains, resulting in star copolymers, which have higher ionic conductivities than their corresponding non-star conducting polymer counterparts. In this study an in-depth investigation was carried out into the preparation and characterization of specialized electronic &lsquo / smart materials&rsquo / . In particular, the preparation and characterization of novel conducting dendrimeric star copolymers which have a central poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer core with conducting polypyrrole (PPy) chains extending from the core was carried out. This involved, first, the preparation of a series of dendrimeric polypyrrole poly(propylene imine) star copolymers (PPI-co-PPy), using generations 1 to 4 (G1 to G4) PPI dendrimer precursors. The experimental approach involved the use of both chemical and electrochemical synthesis methods. The basic procedure involved a condensation reaction between the primary amine of a diamino functional PPI dendrimer surface and 2-pyrrole aldehyde, to afford the pyrrole functionalized PPI dendrimer (PPI-2Py). Polymerization of the intrinsically contained monomeric Py units situated within the dendrimer backbone was achieved via two distinctly different routes: the first involved chemical polymerization and the second was based on potentiodynamic oxidative electrochemical polymerization. The star copolymers were then characterized using various sophisticated analytical techniques, in-situ and ex-situ. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology. Themogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the prepared materials. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to study the structural make-up of phases, crystallinity and amorphous content. Hall effect measurements were carried out to determine the electrical conductivity of the chemically prepared star copolymers. The PPI-co-PPy exhibited improved thermal stability compared to PPI-2Py, as confirmed by TGA. SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the functionalized dendrimer and star copolymer differed. The surface morphology of the chemically prepared star copolymers resembled that of a flaky, waxy material, compared to the ordered morphology of the electrochemically grown star copolymers, which resembled that of whelk-like helixes. In the case the electrochemically grown star copolymers, SEM images recorded at higher magnifications showed that the whelk-like helixes of the star copolymers were hollow tubes with openings at their tapered ends, and had an average base diameter of 2.0 &mu / m. X-ray diffraction analysis of the first generation star copolymer G1PPI-co-PPy revealed a broadly amorphous structure associated with PPy, and crystalline peaks for PPI. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study and model the electrochemical reactivity of the star copolymer materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data showed that the G1PPI-co-PPy exhibited slightly higher ionic conductivity than pristine PPy in lithium perchlorate. The second generation star copolymer G2PPI-co-PPy electrochemically deposited on a platinum (Pt) electrode had a lower electrochemical charge transfer resistance compared to electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) on a Pt electrode, and bare Pt. The decrease in charge transfer resistance was attributed to an increase in the conjugation length of the polymer as a result of the linking of the highly conjugated PPy to the PPI dendrimer. Bode impedimetric analysis indicated that G2PPI-co-PPI was a semiconductor, with a maximum phase angle shift of 45.3&deg / at 100 MHz. The star copolymer exhibited a 2- electron electrochemistry and a surface coverage of 99%. Results of Hall effect measurements showed that the star copolymer is a semiconducting material, having a conductivity of 0.7 S cm-1, in comparison to the 1.5 S cm-1 of PPy. To the best of my knowledge, these new star copolymers have not been reported in the open literature. Their properties make them potentially applicable for use in biosensors.</p>