Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Dresden.

No description available.

In this study, polythiophene(PTP)/montmorillonite(MMT) nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ intercalative polymerization and chemical oxidative polymerization. In in situ intercalative polymerization method, composites containing 90 and 95% MMT were prepared. In chemical oxidative polymerization method, a series of composites ranging from 1 to 15% by weight MMT were synthesized. Thermal and morphological properties of samples were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) / electrical conductivities were measured by four probe technique. Since PTP/MMT composites are unprocessable PTP/polypropylene(PP) composites were prepared. Amounts of PTP were changed in the range 2-30 % by weight in the composites. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests. Four probe technique was used for measurement of electrical conductivities. Morphological characterizations were made by SEM. Formation of PTP and its incorporation in PTP/MMT composite were confirmed by FTIR analysis. DSC results showed that PTP does not have any thermal transition in the range 25-300 0C. TGA results showed that PTP/MMT composites have outstanding stability compared to that of PTP. XRD analysis revealed the formation of nanocomposites resulting from intercalation of thiophene in MMT at high MMT contents. Composites were observed as globular particles and clusters in SEM studies. Conductivity values of PTP/MMT composites were in the order of 10-3 S/cm. It is observed that tensile modulus of PTP/PP composites increases by the addition of PTP, but percentage strain at break does not appreciably change. Increasing PTP content increased electrical conductivity.

Derivados do politiofeno são promissores para obtenção de sensores ópticos devido as suas propriedades crômicas, enquanto que polímeros azosubstituídos (azopolímeros) têm sido estudados para várias aplicações, tal como memórias ópticas. Neste trabalho procurou-se unir as propriedades dos derivados politiofênicos as dos azopolímeros através da preparação de um polímero tiofênico azosubstituído, obtido pela funcionalização do monômero tiofênico com um grupo azobenzênico. Para fins de comparação, foram também sintetizados um derivado polialquiltiofeno, o poli(3-octiltiofeno), e um copolímero formado a partir da união dos monômeros 3- octiltiofeno e do tiofeno azosubstituído. A obtenção do monômero azosubstituído foi feita a partir de uma reação de esterificação entre o ácido 3-tiofeno acético e o corante comercial vermelho disperso 1 (disperse red 1, DR1), ao passo que o monômero alquilado foi adquirido comercialmente. Os polímeros foram sintetizados por polimerização oxidativa com cloreto fénico e caracterizados químicoestruturalmente pelas técnicas de FTIR, 1H RMN, análise elementar, HPSEC e análise térmica (TG e DSC). Dessas análises comprovou-se a formação dos homopolímeros, mas não foi possível confirmar a formação do copolímero e ainda para esse caso, obteve-se uma menor quantidade de unidades azosubstituídas do que a pretendida. A análise da fotoluminescência destes materiais mostrou a influência do tipo de cadeia lateral na intensidade e no formato do espectro de emissão desses polímeros. A espectroscopia de UV-Vis foi utilizada para o estudo de suas propriedades crômicas, sendo observada a presença de termo- e solvatocromismo. O termocromismo foi analisado em solução e na forma de filmes e o solvatocromismo em soluções de solventes puros e em misturas de THF/ n-hexano com diferentes proporções. Esses polímeros também apresentaram alterações em seus espectros de absorção como resposta à variação do pH da solução. A birrefringência fotoinduzida, técnica de estudo visando a aplicação dos polímeros em memórias ópticas, somente foi observada para o homopolímero azosubstituído. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o politiofeno azosubstituído é um candidato promissor para elemento ativo em uma série de aplicações, tais como sensores de diversos tipos e em dispositivos de marcação oculta / Polythiophene derivatives are promising for optical sensors due to their chromic properties while azofunctionalized polymers have been used in several applications such as optical memories. In this work, an azosubstituted polythiophene was prepared by the functionalization of the thiophenic monomer with an azobenzene moiety in order to combine the polythiophene properties with those from the azopolymers. For the sake of comparison, a polyalkylthiophene, the poly(3- octylthiophene), and a copolymer of 3-octylthiophene and the azothiophene were synthesized. The azosubstituted monomer was synthesized by the esterification reaction of 3-thiopheneacetic acid and the commercial dye Disperse Red 1 (DRI), whilc the alkyl thiophene monomer was purchased. The polymers were prepared by oxidative polymerization reactions with ferric chloride and characterized chemically and structurally using FTIR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis and thermal analysis (TG and DSC) techniques. From these analyses, the formation of homopolymers was confirmed, but it was not possible to confirm the formation of the copolymer. In the latter, the amount of azosubstituted units was smaller than expected. The analysis of the polymers photoluminescence showed the influence of the side chain in the intensity and shape of the emission spectra. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to study the polymer chromic properties which showed thermo- and solvatochromism. Thermochromism was analyzed in solution and in thin solid films and the solvatochromism was studied in pure solvent solutions and mixtures of THF/hexane in different ratios. These polymers also had their absorption spectra affected by changing the concentration of a protonic acid (HCI) solution. Photoinduced birefringence, aiming at optical memories applications, was only observed for the azosubstituted homopolymer. The overall results indicate that the azosubstituted polythiophene is promising as active material for several applications, such as different types of sensors and security-labeling devices

Filmes de politiofeno foram eletroquimicamente depositados em diversos substratos eletródicos em meio aquoso fortemente ácido e as características dos materiais formados foram estudadas através de técnicas voltamétricas, espectroscópicas (FTIR e UV-Vis. e raios X) e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As propriedades foram comparadas com as de filmes sintetizados em meio não-aquoso concluindo-se que o material produzido em meio aquoso mostra-se mais adequado para a aplicação como suporte de partículas eletrocatalisadoras, por sua maior atividade eletroquímica, homogeneidade e estabilidade. Foram então incorporadas partículas de Pd e Pt que foram investigadas quanto a ação catalítica frente as reações de oxidação de hidrogênio (ROH) e redução de oxigênio (RRO) em ácido sulfúrico 2,0 M. Os materiais produzidos foram primeiramente caracterizados através de técnica de absorção de raios X, tendo sido observada a formação de aglomerados de partículas bastante pequenas que não alteram seu estado de oxidação com a mudança do potencial eletródico. Verificou-se que ambos os catalisadores apresentam uma certa atividade inicial frente a ROH, mas o desempenho não é estável devido à ocorrência de processos degradativos da cadeia polimérica. Por outro lado, observou-se que os filmes contendo Pt apresentam elevada atividade catalítica frente a RRO, substancialmente maior que a de filmes contendo Pd. O mecanismo da reação mostrou-se dependente da natureza do catalisador, sendo também influenciado pelo contato com o filme polimérico. Para a Pt em contato direto com o eletrólito, a reação ocorre com envolvimento de 4 elétrons e com formação de água como produto final. Para o caso em que as partículas de Pt são recobertas por politiofeno, verifica-se a participação do peróxido de hidrogênio como intermediário, sendo que somente uma certa fração do mesmo reduz-se para formar água. No caso do Pd, o processo leva à formação de peróxido de hidrogênio em baixos sobrepotenciais, que depois é reduzido, com formação de água, em sobrepotenciais mais elevados. / Polythiophene films were electrochemically grown on several electrode substrates from strong acid aqueous solutions, and the characteristics of the materials investigated using cyclic voltammetry, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the materials prepared in non-aqueous media, the polymer synthesized in aqueous media shows more adequate characteristics for using as support for electrocatalytic particles, because of its higher electrochemical activity and stability, and bulk homogeneity. Particles of Pd and Pt were electrochemically incorporated on these polymer films, and the electrocatalytic properties of such composites investigated with respect to the hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and oxygen reduction (ORR) reactions in 2.0 M sulfuric acid solutions. Previously to these kinetic studies, the composites were characterized using X-ray absorption spectroscopy from which it is seen that the catalysts are deposited as agglomerates composed of very small particles whose oxidation states are not changed by changing the electrode potential. Both catalysts present some initial activity for the HOR, but the performance is not stable due to the occurrence of a degradation process involving the polymer chain. On the other hand, it is observed that the films containing Pt show an enhanced catalytic activity for the ORR which is considerably higher than of that containing Pd. The reaction mechanism is dependent on the catalyst nature and also influenced by the contact with a polymer film coating. For Pt in direct contact with the supporting electrolyte, the reaction occurs involving 4 electrons leading to water as final product. For Pt particles covered with a polymer layer, participation of hydrogen peroxide seems to be important with only a fraction of this specie being reduced to water. In the case of Pd, the process involves formation of hydrogen peroxide at low overpotentials, which is then reduced to water at higher overpotentials.

ABSTRACT A GLOW IN THE DARK: SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION OF CHEMILUMINESCENT THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES Asil, Demet M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ahmet M. &Ouml / nal Co-Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Atilla Cihaner September 2008, 63 Pages Two novel chemiluminescent monomers, 2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-d)pyridazine-1,4-dione (T-Lum) and 5,7-di-thiophen-2-yl-2,3-dihydro-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1,4-dione (TTT-Lum), were synthesized. The reaction between T-Lum and TTT-Lum in alkaline solution with H2O2 gave chemiluminescence which can be catalyzed using Fe(III) ion. Owing to its sensitivitiy towards Fe(III) ion / T-Lum and TTT-Lum can be promising materials to detect bloodstains in the application of forensic science instead of luminol which gave response to a large family of metallic cations beside Fe(III). Also, TTT-Lum, which is based on a terthienyl system, was electropolymerized and its corresponding polymer (PTTT-Lum) was obtained via repetitive cycling or constant potential electrolysis in both 0.1 M LiClO4 dissolved in acetonitrile containing 5% of BF3-Et2O by volume and neat BF3- Et2O solution. In addition, PTTT-Lum, soluble in alkaline water, was synthesized successfully without breaking the pyridazinedione unit (chemiluminescent unit), as proved by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Electrochemical Luminescence (ECL) measurements. Thus, PTTT-Lum, bearing chemiluminescent unit, can be a good candidate to be used as a sensor in near future. Furthermore, the PTTT-Lum film has a very stable and well-defined reversible redox couple as well as electrochromic behavior during p-doping process. The polymer film has also a band gap of 1.74 eV with an absorption band in its neutral state at 536 nm. Finally, PTTT-Lum film was found to be electrochemiluminescence active, maintaining its activitiy over 1000 cycles.

Electronic materials are of great interest for use in photovoltaics, sensors, light-emitting diodes, and molecular electronics. Hybrid Inorganic/Organic materials have been studied for device application due to their unique electronic properties. These properties result from the formation of bulk heterojunctions between inorganic (n-type) and organic (p-type) materials. However, due to incomplete pathways for charge transport and poor interfaces between materials, charge trapping and exciton recombination is often high. In an effort to alleviate these problems, we have developed an approach to fabricate bulk heterojunction materials via a seeded growth process. Electropolymerizable Schiff base complexes have been designed, synthesized, and utilized as precursors for conducting metallopolymers. The embedded metal centers are used as seed points for direct growth of size-controllable semiconductor nanoparticles within the polymer film leading to direct electronic communication between the two materials. The synthesis of CdS, CdSe, Ga₂S₃, CuInS₂, CuInSe₂, CuGaS₂, CuGaSe₂, CuGa[subscript x]In[subscript x]-₁S₂, and CuGa[subscript x]In[subscript x]-₁Se₂ has been seen through TEM and EDX. Devices have been fabricated and current studies have focused on the photovoltaic characterization of these materials which have a PCE of 0.11%. As a second but closely related area, polymers have also been studied as organic semiconductors for device applications. However they are hard to process from solution and their polymeric structure can vary. Both of these problems can be solved by using well-defined solution processable oligomers. Thiophene oligomers have been synthesized and characterized through Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallography, Four Point Probe Conductivity, and Powder Diffraction. These oligomers have a well-defined structure and are solution processable from a variety of solvents which can then be used as models to predict and study the properties of polythiophene. / text

Living polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) was terminated with sodium thiophenemethonate to yield a polymer with thiophene groups at one (PTHF1) and both ends (PTHF2). Copolymerizations of PTHF1 and PTHF2 insulating polymers with pyrrole and thiophene were achieved in water-p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) and acetonitrile (AN)-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) solvent-electrolyte couples via constant potential electrolysis. Characterization of the samples were performed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermal Analyses (TGA), (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Electrical conductivities were measured by four-probe technique. PTHF1/PTh and PTHF2/PTh films which were deposited on ITO-glass in dichloromethane-TBAFB solvent-electrolyte couple found out to be anodically coloring copolymers that electrochemically switch between an oxidized blue and reduced red state exhibiting electrochromic behavior. Spectroelectrochemical Analysis (SEC) was run in UV-VIS region to reach a better understanding of the band structures of PTHF1/PTh and PTHF2/PTh electrochromic copolymers. Optoelectrochemical analyses were introduced as a new method for the characterization of copolymers.

Zugl.: Wuppertal, Univ., Diss., 2008

Techn. University, Diss., 2004--Dresden.