• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 38
  • 10
  • 7
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 70
  • 26
  • 20
  • 15
  • 13
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 9
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • 7
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Ferrocenylsubstituierte Thiophene: Synthese, Charakterisierung und Polymerisation

Claus, Ron 04 January 2012 (has links)
Ferrocenylsubstituierte Thiophene: Synthese, Charakterisierung und Polymerisation Technische Universität Chemnitz, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften Dissertation 2011, 140 Seiten Die Vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und dem Reaktionsverhalten von metallocenylhaltigen Thiophenen. Dabei wurden die erhaltenen Metallocenylthiophene mittels Eisen(III)salzen oxidativ polymerisiert und copolymerisiert. Für eine gezielte Synthese von polymeren Verbindungen wurden oligomere Modellverbindungen dargestellt und die erhaltenen Ergebnisse auf eine vielfältig Funktionalisierung in 2- und/oder 5-Position der Thiophenmonomere angewendet. Die somit erhaltenen neuen Monomere lassen verschiedene Polymerisationen und Copolymerisationen, z. B. über eine Negishi-Kreuzkupplungsreaktion zu. Die somit erhaltenen Polymere und Copolymere liegen in der neutralen Form vor und weisen eine regioselektive Kopf-Schwanz-Verknüpfung auf. Es ist damit ein verarbeitbares Polymer zugänglich, welches sowohl im oxidierten Zustand als auch im neutralen Zustand als Polymer-CNT-Hybridmaterial Leitfähig ist.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungen 1.Einleitung 2.Kenntnisstand 2.1 Leitfähige Polymere 2.1.1 Leitfähigkeit in Kunststoffen 2.1.2 Polymere auf Basis von Heterocyclen 2.1.3 Poly(3-alkylthiophene) 2.1.4 Poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiopen) 2.1.5 Übergangsmetall-Polythiophen-Hybridmaterialien 2.1.5.1 Metallhaltige Polythiophene des Typ I 2.1.5.2 Metallhaltige Polythiophene Typ II 2.1.5.3 Metallhaltige Polythiophene des Typs III 3.Ergebnisse und Diskussion 3.1 Metallocenyfunktionalisierte Thiophene 3.1.1 Synthese und Charakterisierung 3-metallocenylsubstituierter Thiophene 3.1.2 Polymerisation von 3-Metallocenylthiophenen 3.1.3 Synthese und Chrakterisierung von 3-(4-(ferrocenyl)phenyl)thiophen (15) 3.1.4 Optimierung der oxidativen Polymerisation von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 3.2 Copolymerisationen von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 3.2.1 Copolymerisation von 5 mit 3-Hexylthiophen (17) 3.2.2 Copolymerisation von 5 mit 3,4-Ethylendioxythiophen (19) 3.2.3 Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen von Poly(3-metallocenylthiophenen) 3.3 Synthese und Charakterisierung von in 2- und / oder 5- Position substituierten 3-Ferrocenylthiophenen 3.3.1 Bromierung von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 3.3.2 Formylierung von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 3.3.2.1 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-2-carbaldehyd (29) 3.3.2.2 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-5-carbaldehyd (30) 3.3.2.3 Synthese von 2-Dimethoxymethyl-3-ferrocenylthiophen (31) 3.3.2.4 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-2,5-dicarbaldehyd (34) 3.3.2.5 Synthese von 5-Methyl-3-ferrocenylthiophen (35) 3.3.2.6 Synthese von 5-Methyl-3-ferrocenylthiophen-2-carbaldehyd (40) 3.3.2.7 Charakterisierung der aldehydfunktionalisierten 3-Ferrocenylthiophene 3.3.3 Hydroxymethylierung von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 3.3.3.1 Synthese von hydroxymethylierten 3-Ferrocenylthiophenen 42-44 3.3.4 Synthese von metallocenylhaltigen oligomeren Modellsystemen 3.3.4.1 Synthese von Trimeren unter Verwendung verschiedener Dibromthiophene 3.3.4.2 Synthese von 1,4-bis(2-(3-ferrocenylthiophen-2-yl)vinyl)benzen (55) 3.3.5 Charakterisierung der oligomeren Modellsysteme 50, 51 und 55 3.4 Einführung löslichkeitsvermittelnder Gruppen in 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 3.4.1 Synthese von 3-(1’-Butylferrocenyl)thiophen (60) 3.4.2 Synthese von 2-Brom-4-(1’-butylferrocenyl)thiophen (62) 3.4.3 Charakterisierung der Butylferrocenylthiophene 60 und 62 3.5 Polymerisation und Copolymerisation der synthetisierten Monomere 3.5.1 Polymerisation von 2-Brom-4-ferrocenylthiophen (22) zu 64 3.5.2 Polymerisation von 3-Ferrocenyl-5-methylthiophen-2-carbaldehyd (40) zu 67. 3.5.3 Polymerisation von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-2,5-dicarbaldehyd (34) zu 70 3.5.4 Polymerisation von 3-Ferrocenyl-5-hydroxymethylthiophen (43) zu 75 3.5.5 Polymerisation von 2-Brom-4-(1’-butylferrocenyl)thiophen (62) zu 77 3.5.6 Copolymerisation von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-2,5-dicarbaldehyd (34) mit 52 zu 78 3.5.7 Copolymerisation von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) und 2,5-Dibrom-3,4-ethylendioxythiophen (48) zu 81 3.5.8 Copolymerisation von 3-(1’-Butylferrocenyl)thiophen (60) und 2,5-Dibrom-3,4- ethylendioxythiophen (48) zu 85 3.5.9 Dotierung und Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen der synthetisierten Polymere 10, 64, 67, 75, 77, 78, 81 und 85 3.6 Cyclovoltammetrische Untersuchungen 3.6.1 Cyclovoltammetrische Untersuchungen ausgewählter Verbindungen 3.7 UV-Vis-spektroskopische Eigenschaften ausgewählter Verbindungen 3.8 Einbettung von Carbonanotubes (CNTs) in Polythiophen-Filme 3.8.1 Herstellung der Polymer-CNT-Hybridmaterialien und verwendete Geräte 3.8.2 Charakterisierung der Polymer-CNT-Hybridmaterialien 3.8.2.1 Optische Charakterisierung 3.8.2.2 Leitfähigkeitsmessungen 4.Experimenteller Teil 4.1 Arbeitstechniken und verwendete Geräte 4.1.1 Arbeitstechniken 4.1.2 NMR-Spektroskopie 4.1.3 Elementaranalyse 4.1.4 Schmelzpunktbestimmung 4.1.5 IR-Spektroskopie 4.1.6 UV-Vis-Spektroskopie 4.1.7 ESI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie 4.1.8 Cyclovoltammetrie 4.1.9 Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse 4.2 Verwendete Ausgangsverbindungen 4.3 Synthesevorschriften 4.3.1 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (5) 4.3.2 Synthese von 3-Ruthenocenylthiophen (9) 4.3.3 Synthese von Poly(3-ferrocenylthiophen) (10) 4.3.4 Synthese von Poly(3-ruthenocenylthiophen) (11) 4.3.5 Synthese von (1-Ferrocenyl-4-thienylbenzen) (15) 4.3.6 Synthese von Oligo(1-Ferrocenyl-4-thienylbenzen) (16) 4.3.7 Synthese des Copolymers aus EDOT und 3-Ferrocenylthiophen (20) 4.3.8 Synthese von 2-Brom-4-ferrocenylthiopen (22) 4.3.9 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-2-carbaldehyd (29) 4.3.10 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-5-carbaldehyd (30) 4.3.11 Synthese der Dimethoxymethyl-3-ferrocenylthiophene 31 und 32 4.3.12 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenylthiophen-2,5-dicarbaldehyd (34) 4.3.13 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenyl-5-methylthiophen (35) 4.3.14 Synthese von 3-Ferrocenyl-5-methylthiophen-2-carbaldehyd) (40) 4.3.15 Allgemeine Synthesevorschrift für Hydroxymethyl-funktionalisierte 3-ferrocenylthiophene (42, 43 und 44) 4.3.16 Allgemeine Synthesevorschrift für die Herstellung der Terthiophene 49, 50 und 51 4.3.17 Synthese von 1,4-Bis((E)-2-(3-ferrocenylthiophen-2-yl)vinyl)-benzen) (55) 4.3.18 Synthese von 3-(1’-Butylferrocenyl)thiophen (60) 4.3.19 Synthese von 2-Brom-4-(1’-Butylferrocenyl)thiophen (62) 4.3.20 Polymerisationen von 2-Brom-4-ferrocenylthiophen (64) 4.3.21 Polymerisationen von 3-Ferrocenyl-5-methylthiophen-2-carbaldehyd (67) 4.3.22 Polymerisationen von 3-ferrocenyl-2,5-dicarbaldehyd (70) 4.3.23 Polymerisationen von 5-Hydroxymethyl-3-ferrocenylthiophen (75) 4.3.24 Polymerisationen von 2-Brom-4-(1’-Butylferrocenyl)thiophen (77) 4.3.25 Copolymerisationen von 3-ferrocenyl-2,5-dicarbaldehyd (34) mit 52 zu 78 4.3.26 Copolymerisationen von 3-(Ferrocenyl)thiophen mit EDOT (81) 4.3.27 Copolymerisationen von 3-(1’-Butylferrocenyl)thiophen mit EDOT zu 85 4.4 Meßdaten zu den Röntgenstrukturanalysen 5.Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 6 Dank Literaturverzeichnis Selbstständigkeitserklärung Lebenslauf Liste der Publikationen, Poster und Vorträge
52

Role of polythiophene- based interlayers from electrochemical processes on organic light-emitting diodes

Zhang, Fapei 22 January 2004 (has links)
In this work, well-defined and stable thin films based on polythiophene and its derivative, are employed as the hole-injection contact of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). The polymer films are obtained by the electropolymerization or the electrochemical doping/dedoping of a spin-coated layer. Their electrical properties and energetics are tailored by electrochemical adjustment of their doping levels in order to improve the hole-injection from the anode as well as the performance of small molecular OLEDs. By using dimeric thiophene and optimizing the electrodeposition parameters, a thin polybithiophene (PbT) layer is fabricated with well-defined morphology and a high degree of smoothness by electro-polymerization. The introduction of the semiconducting PbT contact layer improves remarkably the hole injection between ITO anode and the hole- transport layer (NPB) due to its favourable energetic feature (HOMO level of 5.1 eV). The vapor-deposited NPB/Alq3 bilayer OLEDs with a thin PbT interlayer, show a remarkable reduction of the operating voltage as well as enhanced luminous efficiency compared to the devices without PbT. Investigations have also been made on the influence of PbT thickness on the efficiency and I-V feature as well as device stability of the OLED. It is demonstrated that the use of an electropolymerization step into the production of vapor deposited molecular OLED is a viable approach to obtain high performance OLEDs. The study on the PbT has been extended to poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) and the highly homogenous poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) doped PEDT layer from a spin-coating process has been applied. The doping level of PEDT:PSS was adjusted quantitatively by an electrochemical doping/dedoping process using a p-tuoluenesulfonic acid containing solution, and the redox mechanism was elucidated. The higher oxidation state can remain stable in the dry state. The work function of PEDT:PSS increases with the doping level after adjusting at an electrode potential higher than the value of the electrochemical equilibrium potential (Eeq) of an untreated film. This leads to a further reduction of the hole-injection barrier at the contact of the polymeric anode/hole transport layer and an ideal ohmic behavoir is almost achieved at the anode/NPB interface for a PEDT:PSS anode with very high doping level. Molecular Alq3-based OLEDs were fabricated using the electrochemically treated PEDT:PSS/ITO anode, and the device performance is shown to depend on the doping level of polymeric anode. The devices on the polymer anode with a higher Eeq than that for the unmodified anode, show a reduction of operating voltage as well as a remarkable enhancement of the luminance. Furthermore, it is found that the operating stability of such devices is also improved remarkably. This originates from the removal of mobile ions such as sodium ions inside the PEDT:PSS by electrochemical treatment as well as the planarization of the ITO surface by the polymer film. By utilizing an Al/LiF cathode with an enhanced electron injection and together with a high Eeq- anode, a balanced injection and recombination of hole and electron is achieved. It leads to a further reduction of the operating voltage and to a drastic improvement of EL efficiency of the device as high as 5.0 cd/A. The results demonstrate unambiguously that the electrochemical treatment of a cast polymer anode is an effective method to improve and optimize the performance of OLEDs. The method can be extended to other polythiophene systems and other conjugated polymers in the fabrication of the OLEDs as well as organic transistors and solar cells.
53

Preparação e caracterização de filmes híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos a base de derivados do politiofeno / Preparation and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid films based on polythiophene derivatives

Mescoloto, Ariane de França [UNESP] 20 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Ariane de França Mescoloto null (rianefm@gmail.com) on 2017-02-25T15:53:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Ariane_2017.pdf: 4799231 bytes, checksum: 0e27c8b04f680e6a88f1e66a2df4e016 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-07T14:05:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mescoloto_af_me_araiq.pdf: 4799231 bytes, checksum: 0e27c8b04f680e6a88f1e66a2df4e016 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T14:05:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mescoloto_af_me_araiq.pdf: 4799231 bytes, checksum: 0e27c8b04f680e6a88f1e66a2df4e016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos, constituídos pela combinação de componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos, são homogêneos, apresentam propriedades diferenciadas que refletem a natureza química dos componentes pelos quais foram formados, e são utilizados em diversas aplicações tecnológicas como catalisadores, sensores eletroquímicos, dispositivos ópticos e revestimentos protetores. Este trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas. Primeiramente, foi realizada a síntese e caracterização de um copolímero derivado do politiofeno, P(HTcoAAT), contendo ácido 3-tiofeno-acético (AAT) e 3-hexiltiofeno (HT), sintetizado via copolimerização oxidativa com cloreto férrico e caracterizado químico-estruturalmente por FTIR e RMN 1H e termicamente por TG/DTG. Em seguida, foram preparados filmes híbridos via sol-gel por spin-coating utilizando três óxidos inorgânicos: óxido de silício, titânio e zinco, os quais foram caracterizados opticamente por Espectroscopia no UV-vis e Fluorescência, e morfologicamente por AFM e MEV, além das caracterizações já citadas anteriormente. Os resultados químico-estruturais obtidos comprovaram a eficiência da metodologia usada para a preparação do copolímero e dos híbridos, permitindo a obtenção de matérias com propriedades ópticas interessantes. / Organic-inorganic hybrid materials, formed from organic and inorganic compounds combination, present specific properties that reflect the chemical nature of each precursor compound, and are used for several technological application such as catalists, electrochemical sensors, optical devices and barrier films. This work comprehends two steps: first of all the synthesis of a copolymer derived from polythiophene, P(HTcoTAA) containing 3-thiophene acetic acid (TAA) and 3-hexylthiophene (HT), it was performed from oxidative copolymerization with ferric chloride, and resulting materials characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and TG/DTG thermal analyses. Following hybrid films from silicium, titanium and zinc oxides were prepared by sol-gel spin-coating and had its optical and morphological characteristics evaluated by UV-vis and Fluorescence spectroscopy, and AFM and SEM microscopy, besides the other characterization before cited. The obtained chemical-structural results show that the used methodology was efficient to prepare both the copolymer and the hybrids, allowing to materials presenting striking optical properties.
54

Designing new architectures for controlling solid state properties of conjugated polymers

Nambiar, Rakesh R. 01 April 2010 (has links)
Conjugated polymers and oligomers are great materials for use in the next generation devices namely organic field effect transistors, light emitting diodes and polymeric solar cells. Apart from having the potential for developing power-efficient, flexible, robust and inexpensive devices, conjugated polymers can also be tuned by molecular design to optimize device characteristics. One key problem for the full commercial exploitation of conjugated polymers is that the charge carrier mobility of the state-of-the-art polymer semiconductors is much lower than required for many applications. The performance of the devices is strongly dependent on the molecular structure and supermolecular assembly of the conjugated polymer chains. This thesis covers our attempts to design molecular structure to control and improve the solid state properties of conjugated polymers. The relative placement of side chains along the backbone has a great influence on the solid state ordering of conjugated polymers. Poly(2,5-disubstituted-1,4-phenylene ethynylene)s (PPE)s, an important class of conjugated polymers, are generally synthesized by Pd-catalyzed coupling polymerizations of appropriately substituted diiodo and diethynyl benzenes (i.e., A-A and B-B type monomers). In asymmetrically substituted PPEs, this results in an irregular substitution pattern of the side chains along the polymer backbone. We report a new synthetic approach to prepare regioregular unsymmetrically substituted PPEs by polymerization of 4-iodophenylacetylenes (i.e., A-B type monomer). We provide a detailed discussion of various approaches to the synthesis of PPEs with different regioregularities and provide a description of the differences between regioregular and regiorandom analogs. The effect of regioregularity becomes even more important when the two side chains are very dissimilar or amphiphilic. We explore the effect of relative placement hydrophobic (dodecyloxy) / hydrophilic (tri(ethylene glycol) and hydrophobic (dodecyloxy)/fluorophilic (fluoroalkyl) side chains along the poly(1,4-phenylene ethynylene) backbone. We found that the regioregular substitution of the polymer backbone provides a structure in which the side chains segregate to afford a Janus-type structure. The regioregular polymer chains pack more densely in a monolayer at the air-water interface, and pack into a bilayer in the solid state to form a highly crystalline material. Pentacenes are very important organic molecules for use as semiconductor in oFETs due to their low band gap and high field effect mobility. One approach to reduce the bandgap of a polymeric system and improve performance is to include low bandgap small molecules into the conjugated backbone. A new copolymer system consisting of pentacene and terthiophene was developed and its optical and electronic properties along with its stability were evaluated. We report the use of ultrasonication of P3HT as a novel operationally-simple process to significantly improve the field effect mobility of P3HT-based FETs, thereby potentially eliminating the need for dielectric surface modifications or further processing of the device. Investigation of the sonicated polymer samples by number of characterization techniques indicates that ultrasonication leads to aggregation and ordering of the P3HT chains resulting in increase in the mobility.
55

Spectroelectrochemistry of Intrinsically Conducting Furan-Thiophenes Copolymers

Alakhras, Fadi 06 October 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Die elektrochemische Copolymerisation von Furan und Thiophen oder 3-Chlorothiophen wurde erfolgreich realisiert in einer Elektrolytlösung von Bortrifluorid-Diethylether + Ethylether (Verhältnis 1:2) bei konstantem Elektrodenpotenzial. Die Zugabe von Trifluoroessigsäure (TFA) (10 Vol-%) zu Bortrifluorid-Diethylether + Ethylether (Verhältnis 1:2) erniedrigte das Oxidationspotenzial der Monomere; die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit erhöhte sich, da TFA die Ionenleitfähigkeit des Elektrolyts vergrößert. Die Homopolymere zeigen nur einen Redoxpeak, verursacht durch Polymeroxidation und - reduktion. Die elektrochemische Copolymerisation wird bei verschiedenen Potenzialen und mit unterschiedlichen Thiophen- oder 3-Chlorothiophenkonzentrationen untersucht. Die Copolymere zeigen ein Redoxpeakpaar, dessen Position sich wesentlich von der der Homopolymere unterscheidet. Mit zunehmendem Polymerisationspotenzial und/oder zunehmender Konzentration an Thiophen- oder 3-Chlorothiophen werden auch mehr Thiophen- oder 3-Chlorothiopheneinheiten in den Copolymerfilm eingebaut. Ein Elektropolymerisationmechanismus wird für die Copolymere vermutet und die Copolymere weisen eine recht gute Langzeitstabilität der Redoxaktivität nach Zyklen in Acetonitril auf. In situ UV-Vis-Spektren der Homo- und Copolymerfilme wurden gemessen und λ1max, welches dem π → π*- Übergang entspricht, wurde bestimmt. Der optische Übergang bei λ2max vom Valenzband in das höhere Bipolaronband wurde ebenfalls bestimmt. Die Bandlücke für die Homo- und Copolymerfilme beim direkten Übergang wurde von der Kante im Absorptionsspektrum abgeschätzt. Die elektrochemische Thermodynamik für die Homo- und Copolymerfilme deutet darauf hin, dass jeweils ein Elektron von den Polymersegmenten, bestehend aus 4 Monomereinheiten, entfernt wird. Die untersuchten leitfähigen Filme zeigen einen Leitfähigkeitssprung mit einer stabilen Leitfähigkeit bis EAg/AgCl= 2 V. Diese Leitfähigkeitsänderung ist reversibel. Polyfuran hat verglichen mit Polythiophen eine geringere Leitfähigkeit und die Leitfähigkeit von Poly(3-chlorothiophen) ist rund eine Zehnerpotenz niedriger als die von Polythiophen. Da das in situ Leitfähigkeitsverhalten der Copolymere nicht die Summe der einzelnen Homopolymere bildet, kann man ausschließen, dass es sich bei den abgeschiedenen Copolymeren um Blockcopolymere handelt. Mit Hilfe der FTIR-Spektroskopie wurden Schwingungsspektren der Homo- und Copolymerfilme aufgenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es zur α-α'-Verknüpfung zwischen den Radikalkationen während der Copolymerisation kommt, was charakteristisch ist für α-substituierte fünfgliedrige heterozyklische Verbindungen. Der Mechanismus der elektrochemischen Degradation von Furan-Thiophen-Copolymeren wird ebenfalls mit Hilfe der gemessenen Spektren beschrieben. Die in situ Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie ergab, dass die spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der Copolymere zwischen denen der Homopolymere lagen. Bei höheren Polymerisationspotenzialen und höheren Konzentrationen an Thiophen oder 3-Chlorothiophen werden mehr Thiophen- oder 3- Chlorothiopheneinheiten in die Copolymerketten eingebaut. Es ist offensichtlich, dass die Ramanspektren der Copolymere wesentlich komplexer sind als die der Homopolymere, wodurch die Auswertung erschwert wird. Dennoch erinnern die Ramanspektren der Copolymere an die der Homopolymere. Die spektroelektrochemischen Eigenschaften der Copolymere haben bestätigt, dass deren Charakteristika zwischen denen der Homopolymere liegen, was deutlich macht, dass die Oxidation von Monomeren möglich ist und dass die Copolymerketten demnach aus Furan- und Thiophen- bzw. 3- Chlorothiopheneinheiten bestehen können. / Electrochemical copolymerization of furan and thiophene or 3-chlorothiophene was successfully realized in a solvent system consisting of boron trifluoride ethyl ether (BFEE) + ethyl ether (EE) (ratio 1:2) at constant electrode potential. The addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (10 % by volume) to BFEE + EE (ratio 1:2) decreased the oxidation potential of the monomers; the polymerization rate was also accelerated because TFA increases the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The homopolymers have only one redox peak caused by polymer oxidation and reduction. Electrochemical copolymerization both at different potentials and with different thiophene or 3-chlorothiophene concentrations is investigated. The copolymers show one anodic/cathodic peak couple that appears at a position quite different from the positions observed with homopolymers. More thiophene or 3-chlorothiophene units are incorporated into the copolymer film with an increasing polymerization potential of the copolymer and/or with an increasing concentration of thiophene or 3- chlorothiophene in the feed. An electropolymerization mechanism of copolymers has been proposed, and the copolymers show a fairly good long-term stability of the redox activity after cycling in acetonitrile. In situ UV-Vis spectra of the homo- and copolymer films were measured and λ1max which corresponds to the π → π* transition is determined. The optical transition with λ2max from the valence band into the higher bipolaron band is also assigned. The band gap (Eg) for homo- and copolymer films from a direct interband transition is estimated from the absorption edge of the spectrum. The redox thermodynamics of the homo- and copolymer films suggest that one electron is removed from polymer segments containing four monomer units. The studied conducting films show a single conductivity change with a stable conductivity up to EAg/AgCl= 2 V. The conductivity of these films is almost restored when the potential shift direction is reversed. Polyfuran compared to polythiophene, has a lower conductivity and the conductivity of poly(3-chlorothiophene) is around one order of magnitude lower than that of polythiophene. The in situ conductivity properties of the copolymers are not the sum of those of the individual homopolymers. This result may eliminate the possibility that the copolymers can be considered as block copolymers. Vibrational spectra of homo- and copolymer films investigated in this study have been obtained using FTIR spectroscopy. The results indicate that α-α' coupling of radical cations has taken place in the copolymerization. This is a characteristic of α-substituted five-membered heterocyclic compounds. The electrochemical degradation mechanism of furan-thiophene copolymers is also described using the obtained spectra. The in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy of the copolymers shows spectroscopic properties intermediate between those of homopolymers. At higher polymerization potentials and at higher concentrations of thiophene or 3-chlorothiophene in the feed more thiophene or 3-chlorothiophene units are incorporated into the copolymer chains. It is obvious that the Raman spectra of the copolymers are more complex than those of homopolymers, which makes the assignment difficult. However, the in situ Raman spectra of the copolymers are reminiscent of those of the homopolymers. The spectroelectrochemical properties of the copolymers confirmed that the copolymers show intermediate characteristics between the homopolymers, implying that oxidation of monomers is possible and the copolymer chains may accordingly be composed of furan and thiophene or 3-chlorothiophene units.
56

Part 1: Controlling barriers to charge transfer in DNA Part 2: DNA-directed assembly of conducting oligomers

Güler, Gözde 17 November 2008 (has links)
A series of anthraquinone-linked DNA oligonucleotides was prepared and the efficiency of long-distance radical cation migration was measured. In one set of oligonucleotides, two GG steps are separated by either a TATA or an ATAT bridge. In these two compounds, the efficiency of radical cation migration from GG to GG differs by more than an order of magnitude. Replacement of the thymines in the TATA or ATAT bridges with 3-methyl-2-pyridone (t, a thymine analog) results in the much more efficient radical cation migration across the bridge in both cases. This is attributed to a decrease in the oxidation potential of t to a value below that of A. In contrast, replacement of the thymines in the TATA or ATAT bridges with difluorotoluene (f, a thymine analog with high oxidation potential) does not measurably affect radical cation migration. These findings are readily accommodated by the phonon-assisted polaron-hopping mechanism for long-distance charge transfer in duplex DNA and indicate that DNA in solution behaves as a polaronic semiconductor. Oligomers containing thiophene-pyrrole-thiphene (SNS) monomers were covalently linked to the nucleobases of DNA. Treatment of these oligomers with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide lead to the formation of conducting oligomers conjoined to the DNA. The DNA template aligns the oligomers along one strand of the duplex and limits the intermolecular reaction of monomers. This method enables utilization of the unique self-recognizing properties and programmability of DNA to create tailored oligomers.
57

Injektion, Transport und Elektrolumineszenz in organischen Halbleiterbauelementen

Heil, Holger. Unknown Date (has links)
Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Darmstadt.
58

Synthèse et caractérisation de polymères pi-conjugués dérivés du thiophène : applications dans le domaine du photovoltaïque et des biocapteurs / Synthesis and characterization of pi-conjugated polymers thiophene derivatives : applications in photovoltaics and biosensors

Thomas, Amandine 31 October 2014 (has links)
Doués d'excellentes propriétés électroniques et optiques, les matériaux polymères π-conjugués ont connu un important développement ces dernières décennies. Ce mémoire porte sur la conception, l'élaboration et la caractérisation de polymères π-conjugués à base de poly(3-hexylthiophène) (P3HT). Ainsi, des homopolymères et des copolymères statistiques et à blocs ont été obtenus par la méthode dite de polycondensation à transfert de catalyseur de Kumada (KCTP). Des groupements cationiques tels que N-méthylimidazolium, triméthylammonium, triméthylphosphonium et pyridinium ont été introduits sur les chaînes latérales de ces polymères leur permettant d'être parfaitement solubles dans l'eau. Les propriétés physico-chimiques (comportement en solution, stabilité thermique…) des polyélectrolytes -conjugués (CPEs) ainsi obtenus ont été étudiés par SANS, DLS, flash DSC, ATG... L'interaction avec l'ADN et l'utilisation de ces CPEs en tant que couche interfaciale cathodique dans des cellules solaires ont été décrites. Enfin, un autre aspect de ce travail a consisté à insérer dans la chaîne de copolymères à base de P3HT des porphyrines afin d'étendre le spectre d'absorption de ces polymères. La stabilité thermique, les propriétés optiques et morphologiques et le comportement électrochimique de ces copolymères polythiophène-porphyrines ont été également étudiées. / Π-conjugated polymers have attracted a great attention during the past decades due to their fascinating electronic and optical properties. This work deals with the design, the synthesis and the characterization of -conjugated polymers based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Homopolymers, random and block copolymers have been synthesized by using the Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation (KCTP) method. Cationic groups such as N-methylimidazolium, trimethylammonium, trimethylphosphonium and pyridinium were successfully introduced into the polymers side chains leading to water soluble polymers. The physicochemical properties (behavior in solution, thermal stability…) of these -conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) were studied by SANS, DLS, flash DSC, TGA… The interaction of CPEs with DNA as well as their use as cathodic interfacial layer in solar cells was described. Finally, another aspect of work consists of introducing in P3HT-based copolymers side chains porphyrins aiming at broadening the absorption spectrum of these polymers. The thermal stability, the optical and morphological properties and the electrochemical behavior of these polythiophene-porphyrine copolymers were studied.
59

Propriétés optoélectroniques de fils moléculaires uniques / Optoelectronic properties of single molecular wires

Reecht, Gaël 21 November 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse présente une étude des propriétés électroniques et optoélectroniques de fils moléculaires de polythiophènes uniques par microscopie à effet tunnel (STM). Ces fils moléculaires sont obtenus par une polymérisation sur surface Au(111). Une étude spectroscopique (STS) est réalisée sur les fils adsorbés sur la surface. Cette étude met en évidence un phénomène de confinement électronique pour deux conformations de fils différentes (linéaire et cyclique). Ces molécules uniques sont ensuite suspendues par manipulation entre la pointe et la surface du STM pour obtenir une jonction moléculaire. Les propriétés de transport de cette jonction sont étudiées mettant notamment en évidence l’influence sur la conductance des orbitales moléculaires du fil, et des contraintes mécaniques. Enfin cette thèse présente une expérience inédite d’émission de photons de la jonction. Cette étude permet de détecter la fluorescence d’une molécule unique directement connectée à deux électrodes. / This thesis presents a study on electronic and optoelectronic properties of polythiophene molecular wires by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). First, molecular wires are synthesized on a Au(111) surface . A spectroscopic study (STS) is realized on these molecular wires adsorbed on the surface. This study shows phenomena of electronic confinement for two different wire conformations (linear and cyclic). Then, by manipulation we manage to suspend a single polythiophenes wire between the tip and the surface of the STM. The transport properties of this molecular junction are investigated. We show that molecular orbitals of the wire are involved in the electronic transport. We observe an influence of the mechanical stress on the conductance, too. Finally, this thesis presents an original experiment of the photon emission of this molecular junction. With this study, we manage to detect the fluorescence of a single molecule directly bridging metallic electrodes.
60

Electrochemical Materials Science: Calculation vs. Experiment as Predictive Tools in Tailoring Intrinsically Conducting Polythiophenes

Alhalasah, Wasim 01 March 2007 (has links)
Eine Reihe 3-(p-X-phenyl)-Thiophenmonomeren (X = -H, -CH3, -OCH3, -COCH3, -COOC2H5, -NO2) wurde elektrochemisch polymerisiert, um Filme zu erhalten, die umkehrbar reduziert und oxidiert werden konnten (n-und p-dotiert wurden). Die Oxidationspotentiale der Monomere und die formalen Potentiale der n und p-Dotierprozesse der Polymere wurden mit Resonanz- und induktiven Effekten der Substituenten (Hammett konstanten) am Phenylring sowie semiempirisch errechneten Bildungswärmen der Monomereradikalkationen korreliert. Außerdem wurden die Oxidationspotentiale mit den Ionisierungspotentialen der Monomere verglichen, die über die Dichtefunktionialtheorie (DFT) errechnet wurden, die der Energie für das Erzeugen der Radikalkationen entsprechen. Um theoretische Grundlagen für die Einstufen-Bildung regioregulär -konjungierter Oligo- und Polythiophene zu erhalten, wurden die elektronischen Zustände von 3-Phenylthiophen-Derivaten anhand von Molekülorbitalberechnungen auf Grundlage der Dichtefunktionaltheorie mit Becke’s Drei-Parameter-Funktion (B3LYP), sowie mit den Basissätzen 6-31G(d) und 3-21G(d) erklärt. Die Reaktivität der Verknüpfung von mono- und oligo-3-Phenylthiophenen wurde von den berechneten ungepaarten Elektronenspindichten der entsprechenden Radikal-Anionen abgeleitet. Die Ionisierungspotentiale, die den Energien zur Erzeugung der Radikal-Anionen während der Oxidation entsprechen, wurden abgeschätzt. Die aus den 3-Phenylthiophenen entstandenen regioselektiven Hauptprodukte können gut durch die Größe der Spindichten erklärt werden. Da die Verknüpfungsreaktion an der zwei-Position des Thiophnrings (C-2) sterisch durch die Phenylgruppe und den Thiophenring gehindert ist, startet die Initiierung der 3-Phenylthiophene über die Bildung eines Kopf-Schwanz-Dimers. Folglich spielt das Kopf-Schwanz-Dimer eine wichtige Rolle bei den Wachstumsreaktionen der 3-Phenylthiophene. Die Ursache dafür liegt darin, dass das Kopf-Schwanz-Dimer in 5-Position die höchste Spin-Dichte besitzt und die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Kopf-Kopf-Verknüpfung aufgrund der sterischen Hinderung zwischen dem Thiophenring und der Phenylgruppe gering ist. Polymerfilme von 3-Phenylthiophenderivaten, die durch elektrochemische Polymerisation synthetisiert wurden, sind in situ und ex situ durch Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie bei verschiedenen Anregungswellenlängen, sowie durch in situ und ex situ UV-Vis Spektroskopie analysiert wurden. Die Entwicklung der in situ UV-Vis-Spektren der Polymer von 3-Phenylthiophene nach der Dotierung wird durch ähnliche Eigenschaften gekennzeichnet, wie für viele Polythiophene mit einem hohen Grad der Konjugation beobachtet. Während der schrittweisen Oxidation der Poly-3-phenylthiophen Filme verringert sich die Intensität der Absorption wegen des Überganges bei 450-566 nm und ein neues ausgedehntes Absorptionsband, das auf (bi)polaron Zustände bezogen wird erscheint bei ungefähr 730-890 nm. Andererseits wird während der Oxidation (p-Dotierung) des Poly3-phenylthiophen Filmes eine blau/hypsochrome Verschiebung für beide Absorptionsbänder beobachtet . Es wird durch die Tatsache erklärt, dass ein Polymer eine Verteilung der Kettenlängen enthält und die längste Polymer kette (dessen Absorption bei niedriger Energie auftritt), bei niedrigeren Potentialen zu oxidieren beginnt. Die elektrochemischen Bandlücken der Derivate von 3-Phenylthiophen sind durch zyklische Voltametrie gemessen worden. Der Effekt der Substituenten auf den Oxidations-/Reduktions- potentiale wird besprochen. Bei Bandlücken, die durch zyklische Voltammetrie erhalten wurden, hat sich herausgestellt, dass sie im Allgemeinen höher liegen als optische Bandlücken. Erste Resultate der in situ Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie, von dem elektrochemisch erzeugten Polymerderivate von 3-Phenylthiophen Filmen auf einer Platinelektrode, in einer organischen Elektrolytlösung, werden berichtet. Beobachtete Raman Banden werden zugewiesen; gegründet auf diesen Resultaten werden die zuvor angenommenen molekularen Strukturen diskutiert. / A series of 3-(p-X-phenyl) thiophene monomers (X= –H, –CH3, –OCH3, –COCH3, –COOC2H5, –NO2) was electrochemically polymerized to furnish polymer films that could be reversibly reduced and oxidized (n- and p-doped). The oxidation potentials of the monomers and formal potentials of the n- and p-doping processes of polymers were correlated with resonance and inductive effects (Hammett constants) of the substituents on the phenyl ring as well as the semiempirically calculated heats of formation of the monomer radical cations. Moreover, the oxidation potentials of the monomers were correlated with the ionization potentials of the monomers calculated via density functional theory (DFT), which correspond to the energies for generating radical cations during oxidative processes. For obtaining a theoretical basis for the one-step formation of regioregular –conjugated oligo-and polythiophenes, the electronic states of 3-phenylthiophene derivatives were elucidated by molecular orbital calculations using density functional theory with the Becke-type three parameters functional (B3LYP), the 6-31G(d), and 3-21G(d) basis sets. The reactivity for coupling reaction of mono- and oligo-3-phenylthiophenes are inferred from the calculated unpaired electron spin densities of the respective radical cations, and the ionization potentials which correspond to the energies for generating radical cations during oxidative processes were estimated. The major regioselective products of the oligomerization of 3-phenylthiophene can be well understood in terms of the magnitude of spin densities. Since the steric hindrance between the phenyl group and thiophene ring interferes with the coupling reaction occurring between 2-postions (C–2) of thiophene rings, the initiating reaction of 3-phenylthiophene is generaton of a head-to-tail (HT) dimer. Thus, the head-to-tail (HT) dimer plays an important role in the propagation reactions of 3-phenylthiophene. This originates from the highest spin density at the 5- position of the HT dimer and low probability of the HH coupling due to the steric hindrance between thiophene ring and phenyl group. Polymer films of the 3-phenylthiophene derivatives prepared by electrochemical polymerization were analyzed, in situ and ex situ, with resonance Raman spectroscopy using several excitation wavelengths as well as in situ and ex situ UV-Vis-spectroscopy. The evolution of the in situ UV-Vis-spectra of poly 3-phenylthiophene derivatives upon doping is characterized by similar features as observed for many polythiophenes with high degree of conjugation. During stepwise oxidation of the poly-3-phenylthiophene films the intensity of the absorption due to the transition around 450–566 nm decreases and a new broad absorption band related to (bi)polaron states appears around 730-890 nm. On the other hand, during the oxidation (p-doping) of the poly-3-phenylthiophene films a blue/hypsochromic shift is observed for both absorption bands. It is explained by the fact that a polymer contains a distribution of chain lengths, and the longest polymer chains (the absorption of which occurs at lower energies) start to oxidize at lower potentials. The electrochemical bandgaps of 3-phenylthiophene derivatives have been measured by cyclic voltammetry. The effect of substituents on the oxidation / reduction potentials is discussed. Bandgaps obtained by cyclic voltammetry have been found to be in general higher than optical bandgaps. Preliminary results of in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy of electrochemically generated poly-3-phenylthiophene derivatives films on a platinum electrode exposed to an organic electrolyte solution are reported. Observed Raman bands are assigned; based on these results previously suggested molecular structures are discussed.

Page generated in 0.0721 seconds