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This dissertation attempts to show how the study of the variations in demographic experience between different types of communities can advance the understanding of the processes of English population growth in the past, particularly during the period of rapid economic change in the eighteenth century. Attention is concentrated on an area of fifty-two parishes, centered around the border of North East Somerset and West Wiltshire, which contained communities involved in a variety of economic activities. The principal objective is to demonstrate the relationships between economic developments and demographic change and more especially to emphasize the inter-relatedness of events in different communities, each of which fits into a complex regional system. The process of investigation is in three stages: first, aggregated annual totals of baptisms, burials and marriages (taken from parish registers and related documents) are used to analyse the general chronology of population change in the area as a whole and explanations for the acceleration and timing of growth are discussed. Secondly, similarities in the experiences of the constituent communities are studied and these provide the basis for the definition ~f groups of parishes with common sets of attributes. Movements of people between these groups are found to be an important element of regional population change. And thirdly, more detailed analytical techniques are used to investigate the processes of population change within individual communities. This indicates significant spatial differences in the fertility of populations and a study of the persistency of families identifies to what extent these differences arose because of spatial variations in environmental and economic conditions or because of the redistribution of population. The overall conclusion is that population change in a particular place, at a particular time cannot be fully explained without an understanding of changes that took place in other parts of the region in earlier generations.

Studying the spatial distribution and redistribution of population has long been a major concern of demography, because population changes can reflect deep and massive social changes. For decades, the major population change was the moving of people from rural to urban regions. However, with the advancement of transportation and information technology, many new regions have become more attractive to people, such as small and new metropolitan, nonmetropolitan, suburban, and rural areas. Traditional migration and population redistribution studies emphasize economic and social factors. Relatively little attention is paid to how natural amenities and transportation affect changes of population size and net migration. Using data from various sources, such as the U.S. Census Bureau, National Land Cover Database, United States Department of Agriculture, National Transportation Atlas Database, and Air Carrier Activity Information System, this dissertation examines the roles of natural amenities and transportation in explaining population change and the net migration rate from 2000 to 2010 in the United States at the county level. Spatial regression models are used to treat spatial dependence and investigate relationships between variables and their neighboring values. Results show that population growth is higher in counties with higher natural-amenity-ranking values, regardless of whether those counties are in metropolitan or nonmetropolitan areas. However, natural-amenity-ranking values only positively affect net migration rates in nonmetropolitan counties. Forest coverage only positively affects population change and the net migration rate in nonmetropolitan counties. Land developability is negatively associated with population change in nonmetropolitan counties. Man-made amenities are negatively associated with population change and the net migration rate in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. Population growth and the net migration rate are higher in counties characterized by greater airport accessibility. Highway density is positively associated with population change in nonmetropolitan counties only. This dissertation illustrates the importance of natural amenities, forest coverage, land developability, highway density, and airport accessibility as correlates of population growth in America, especially in nonmetropolitan counties.

This study developed a new typology to better understand patterns of change in rural counties. A cluster analysis was performed to group rural Texas counties by the population percent change and per capita personal income percent change that occurred between the years 2000 and 2007. A stable five-cluster solution was selected as the most appropriate. The clusters were described as Declining Population/Stable Economy, Growing Population/Growing Economy, Declining Population/Growing Economy, Growing Population/Stable Economy, and Declining Population/Declining Economy based on the means of the cluster variates. The clusters were then profiled to determine how they differed on a series of identified factors that have been found in the literature to affect population and economic growth in rural areas. Clusters were found to differ on net migration, foreign born migration, race/ethnicity of residents, percentage of commuters, economic dependence status, and number of two and four-year education institutions. Generated maps of the clusters revealed that bordering a neighboring state or country may play a role in a county’s population and economic growth; thus, it is recommended that additional attention needs to be given to understanding and facilitating cross border collaborations. Recommendations were also made for community development efforts to focus on improving educational access in rural counties and developing services to draw in foreign born immigrants. / text

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The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyse the population redistribution in Sweden at different geographical levels from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century. The analysis is approached in three different ways. First, the redistribution at different geographical levels is analysed (papers I and II). Second, the changing accessibility between people (interpersonal accessibility) is analysed from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century (paper II). Third, the impacts of fertility, mortality, internal migration, international migration and geographical variations in age composition on population distribution are analysed for the last decades (papers I, III and IV). Measurements of concentration have been used in order to analyse the changing population distribution. For the analysis of changing interpersonal accessibility the average population within the daily reach has been calculated for different times. In order to analyse the impacts of fertility, mortality, migration and geographical variations in age composition the actual redistribution of the population is compared with the redistribution generated by a number of counterfactual scenarios. To analyse the impact of international migration the changing distribution of the population in different immigrant groups is compared to the distribution of the Swedish population. Some conclusions drawn from the thesis are: 1. There is no overall trend in the population redistribution towards either concentration or dispersion. The redistribution pattern depends on the time perspective and the geographical level chosen. The population has been both concentrated and dispersed since the beginning of the 19th century. This applies to all investigated geographical levels. In the five identified phases of the redistribution the most common pattern is that concentration and dispersion of the population exist simultaneously on different geographical levels. The total effect of the redistribution between 1810 and 1990 is that today the population is more dispersed at macro-regional level, while it is more concentrated at local and regional level. 2. Based on assumptions about the daily reach, an average person today has access to about 100 times more people locally compared with the beginning of the 19th century. The most important process for the increased accessibility has been the redistribution of the population. The process that has had the least impact is the assumed increase in daily reach. However the importance of the investigated processes changes over time. Since 1950 the increasing reach has been the most important process. However, the rate by which interpersonal accessibility increases has slowed down since 1950. 3. The main demographic factor behind the redistribution since 1970 is the geographical differences in age composition and its effects on the natural population change. It is demonstrated that this factor lies behind the trend towards increasing concentration in Sweden, while the impact of migration affects the fluctuations from this trend to a greater extent. 4. The study shows that immigration concentrates the population, while the internal migration during the 1970s and periodically during the 1980s dispersed the population. However during the 1990s the internal migration has had a concentrating effect on the spatial distribution of the population. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2000, härtill 4 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

The study examines the relationship between accessibility to public rail transit stations and population growth. Accessibility is measured in time, as in how long it takes to walk to a rail station. The study uses service areas created in a GIS based on how far a person can walk in 10 minutes, comparing the average population growth within these service areas to the average population growth outside of them. Different types of rail transit modes are compared to each other to see if they have differing effects on population growth as well as if multimodal stations affect population growth differently. The results show that accessibility to public rail transit has a positive effect on population growth and that different types of rail transit affect population growth differently. Multimodal stops also have a positive effect on population growth with more transit options resulting in a higher population growth.

Die Arbeit untersucht, wie sich der demografische Wandel auf die öffentlichen Haushalte der deutschen Kommunen auswirkt. Zunächst werden die kommunalen Ausgaben und Einnahmen in sieben Altersgruppen der Bevölkerung aufgespaltet und unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Ausgaben- und Einnahmekategorien auf ihre Alterssensitivität untersucht. Der verwendete Datensatz der 440 kreisfreien Städte und Landkreise unterscheidet sowohl nach Ausgaben- und Einnahmenseite der Budgets als auch nach Verwaltungs- und Vermögenshaushalten. Die ermittelten Altersstrukturprofile belegen die Jugendlastigkeit der Kommunalhaushalte. Danach werden die Befunde des Basisjahres 2005 in sechs verschiedenen Szenarien über einen Analysezeitraum von 20 Jahren projiziert, um die fiskalischen Effekte zu quantifizieren. Die rein demografischen Entwicklungen führen künftig zu Einnahmerückgängen, aber gleichzeitig zu größeren Potenzialen, um die Ausgaben zu senken. Verschiedene Trends und finanzpolitische Festlegungen reduzieren jedoch diese Effekte. Abschließend werden Anpassungsstrategien für die Kommunen diskutiert. / Demographic change will certainly have influence on the budgets of the German municipalities. Due to the division of public sector functions among different tiers in Germany’s federalism the municipalities serve mainly young generations with their public goods. Keeping this in mind, demographic trends will cause considerable effects on the communities’ budgets, especially in the Eastern part of Germany. Projecting the 440 German communes’ financial status of the basic year 2005 onto the year 2025, changing size and age structure of the German population will lower revenues as well as raise potentials to reduce expenditures even stronger. To take account of some special demographic trends and several fiscal regulations besides nothing but demographic ageing potential consolidation gains on the municipalities’ expenditures will be shrinking. Designing six different szenarios fiscal effects will be quantified. Finally, several strategies to deal with the fiscal consequences of demographic change will be discussed.

This thesis examines how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. Such a study lies at the intersection of research about tourism impacts, adult transition, and rural areas. The aim is to examine how largescale tourism affects the opportunities for young adults living in rural areas; their perception of place and the perceived opportunities and obstacles that tourism provides. The thesis utilizes a mixed method approach. A quantitative study based on micro-data on individuals identifies the patterns and magnitudes of the mechanisms by which tourism affects population change among young adults. Interview methods are used in the case study area, Sälen, to investigate these mechanisms in depth. Finally, the rural–urban dichotomy is explored in a conceptual study that asks how tourism affects the perception of a local village as either rural or urban. Young inhabitants in rural areas are rarely considered in tourism research; therefore, the main contribution of this thesis is that it illuminates how tourism affects conditions for young adults in rural areas. The thesis reveals a substantial impact on the adult transition, mainly due to easier access to the labor market and a good supply of jobs during the high season. Further, the large number of people passing through creates flows of opportunities to make friends, get a job, or just meet people. All of these factors contribute to high mobility in these places, and to the perception of them as places where things happen. The high mobility in Sälen implies that fixed migrant categories (such as stayers and leavers) are largely insufficient. The tourism environment creates a space that is always under construction and continually producing new social relations mainly perceived as opportunities. Conceptualizing this as a modern rurality is a way to move beyond the often implicit notions of urban as modern and rural as traditional.