Environmentally induced migration has been a contentious topic over the last two decades. Estimates show that over 30 million people worldwide are annually forced to migrate due to serious environmental degradation, natural disasters and depletion of natural resources. Thus the environment is irrefutably changing, and clear linkages can be drawn between environmental change and human mobility. Africa‘s developing status and its vulnerability in the context of environmental shocks compels research on prospective impacts and outcomes in order to develop proper mitigation and adaptation strategies, especially in Southern African Development Community (SADC) where the likelihood of protection measures being successfully implemented is relatively low. This dissertation is aimed at providing the reader with a detailed analysis of the regional normative framework regulating the issue of environmentally induced migration in SADC. Because environmental migrants are not considered to be ―refugees‖ in international law and on account of the fact that many policy makers and practitioners have their reservations as regards even acknowledging the existence of environmental migrants, protection and regulation in this regard is understandably lacking. A comprehensive framework is nonetheless required to regulate this phenomenon as it prompts serious security and sovereignty concerns. Until quite recently, most African countries had not even put in place national migration policies. Although many states have policies in place now, most have not yet been fully and effectively implemented. The normative framework governing specifically environmentally induced migration in SADC similarly renders rather disappointing results. Most of the applicable instruments do not directly raise the issue and the provisions indirectly touching upon the subject matter are subject to interpretation. A binding protocol must therefore be adopted by SADC Member States embracing elements contained in the instruments comprising the current framework. Such a protocol will however have to be liberal enough to acknowledge and provide for environmentally induced migration in its entirety whilst conservative enough so as not to undermine protection regimes for refugees in the true sense of the word. Conflicting interests and sovereignty considerations will, however, undoubtedly continue to hinder progress in this regard. The way forward is therefore away from ultimate sovereignty preservation and toward a regionalised approach where human rights no longer take a backseat. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Environmentally induced migration has been a contentious topic over the last two decades. Estimates show that over 30 million people worldwide are annually forced to migrate due to serious environmental degradation, natural disasters and depletion of natural resources. Thus the environment is irrefutably changing, and clear linkages can be drawn between environmental change and human mobility. Africa‘s developing status and its vulnerability in the context of environmental shocks compels research on prospective impacts and outcomes in order to develop proper mitigation and adaptation strategies, especially in Southern African Development Community (SADC) where the likelihood of protection measures being successfully implemented is relatively low. This dissertation is aimed at providing the reader with a detailed analysis of the regional normative framework regulating the issue of environmentally induced migration in SADC. Because environmental migrants are not considered to be ―refugees‖ in international law and on account of the fact that many policy makers and practitioners have their reservations as regards even acknowledging the existence of environmental migrants, protection and regulation in this regard is understandably lacking. A comprehensive framework is nonetheless required to regulate this phenomenon as it prompts serious security and sovereignty concerns. Until quite recently, most African countries had not even put in place national migration policies. Although many states have policies in place now, most have not yet been fully and effectively implemented. The normative framework governing specifically environmentally induced migration in SADC similarly renders rather disappointing results. Most of the applicable instruments do not directly raise the issue and the provisions indirectly touching upon the subject matter are subject to interpretation. A binding protocol must therefore be adopted by SADC Member States embracing elements contained in the instruments comprising the current framework. Such a protocol will however have to be liberal enough to acknowledge and provide for environmentally induced migration in its entirety whilst conservative enough so as not to undermine protection regimes for refugees in the true sense of the word. Conflicting interests and sovereignty considerations will, however, undoubtedly continue to hinder progress in this regard. The way forward is therefore away from ultimate sovereignty preservation and toward a regionalised approach where human rights no longer take a backseat. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23481号 / 工博第4893号 / 新制||工||1764(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 信人, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 志村 智也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

This dissertation develops a theory about the consolidation of state legitimacy given transformations in food security. Food security has moved from a national food maximization effort to the provision of food to households and individuals, regardless of the production source. This definitional change was triggered by urbanization, industrialization of agriculture and liberalization of trade. These dynamics altered the formula for balance and control of a country’s territory; as agricultural output moved into a global context, urban centers became less reliant on its periphery for sustenance and thus governments have fewer incentives to provide governance of any quality to rural areas. Hence, the expansion of industrialized production has led to an increasing volume of international food exchanges and reliance on transnational networks for food provision. This, I argue, produced a decoupling of rural and urban areas, yielding a new form of governance in the periphery, which relies on negative legitimacy and the expansion of large-scale agriculture under public-private partnerships. This dissertation challenges conventional approaches to modern state consolidation in the sense that the monopoly of violence in the territory is no longer the core of state legitimacy. Rather, alternatives now exist that make possible the consolidation of state political power. Methodologically, this dissertation follows the critical case study approach. While it may sacrifice some external validity in terms of generalizability, it maximizes internal validity through careful process tracing. By tracing the trajectory of rural areas for state formation, agricultural policies, the concept of rural citizen and the interaction between rural and urban areas, this dissertation expresses in-depth knowledge of policy outcomes due to the change in food security. Utilizing findings from Colombia, before and after the 1990´s, this dissertation illustrates the impacts of a change in the concept of food security and its effects on the administrative capacity in rural areas. Findings indicate that large scale agricultural policies and violence concentrated rural land ownership into export productive commodities and altered the structure of rural governance. While food security initiatives and policies has been a boon to world health, this dissertation illustrates how it has also brought about changes in state consolidation.

Le défi face aux changements climatiques ne consiste pas seulement à gérer les conséquences déjà existantes, mais aussi celles à venir. Les déplacements de population représentent sans aucun doute l’une de ces conséquences, pour laquelle nous devons réfléchir sans délai puisque les déplacements ont déjà débuté. Le Bangladesh est le symbole des déplacements de population reliés aux changements climatiques. Une configuration géographique propice aux désastres naturels, une densité de population élevée, une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles et d’autres facteurs socio-économiques, constituent les raisons sous-jacentes à la vulnérabilité du Bangladesh. Les médias ont tôt fait d’alarmer la communauté sur les répercussions des changements climatiques sur la société civile et le droit international s’y attarde de façon plus sérieuse. De quelles protections bénéficient ces déplacés climatiques? Cette question fait d’ailleurs surgir de nouvelles problématiques juridiques. Nous nous rendrons vite à l’évidence que les déplacements, qu’ils soient à l’intérieur ou l’extérieur des frontières, ne sont susceptibles d’aucune protection internationale. Face à ce vide juridique, plusieurs propositions ont été envisagées et analysées par les chercheurs. Fuir ou rester : voici les deux choix de la population. Nous verrons que ces choix peuvent être largement influencés par les décisions gouvernementales. Cela nous amènera à nous questionner sur la perception du Bangladesh face à la migration climatique. Ce pays considère-t-il la migration comme une stratégie ou plutôt comme un échec à l’adaptation? / The challenges wrought by climate change involve not only managing existing consequences, but also future ones. It is no surprise that population displacements are one of those consequences, and one that must be addressed as quickly as possible since those displacements have already begun. Bangladesh is a prime example of population displacements linked to climate change; its geography is conducive to natural disasters, it is densely populated and strongly reliant on natural resources. These and other socioeconomic factors are the underlying reasons of Bangladesh’s vulnerability. It did not take long for the media to raise the alarm in the international community about the impacts of climate change on civil society and international law is paying more and more attention to the problem. What protections are available for these climatic exiles? The question raises new legal conundrums. We will quickly discover that such displacements, whether they are domestic or international, have no legal international protection. In light of this legal vacuum, several options have been considered and analyzed by researchers. To go or not to go, that is the question that must be answered by the population. We will discover that this choice can be greatly influenced by government policy. This will shed light on the perception of Bangladesh’s choice in the matter; does the country consider the migration a coping strategy or a failure?

Esta tese discute a integração do mercado nacional, ocorrida no primeiro Governo Vargas (1930-1945), como importante fator para a construção de uma estrutura econômica de base industrial, que permitiu a entrada da economia brasileira em uma fase de grande desenvolvimento e crescimento econômicos. Enfoca, nesse processo, a função exercida pelos deslocamentos populacionais. A integração do mercado nacional reclamava a construção de um novo padrão de deslocamentos populacionais no país. Embora as características dos deslocamentos populacionais já estivessem se modificando, o Estado interveio nesse processo, mediante a elaboração de políticas específicas, visando aprofundar e acelerar a integração do mercado, inclusive a do mercado de trabalho. As políticas relativas aos deslocamentos populacionais, praticadas e elaboradas no primeiro Governo Vargas, evidenciam a intencionalidade desse governo em apoiar e impulsionar o desenvolvimento de um novo padrão de acumulação urbano-industrial. Mesmo que não tenham alcançado a concretização dos objetivos propostos, as políticas relativas aos deslocamentos populacionais, iniciadas no primeiro Governo Vargas, permitiram a constituição de bases sobre as quais se daria, embora com características relativamente diferentes, o significativo desenvolvimento econômico alcançado no pós-guerra. / This thesis argue the national market integration, that happened in the first government of Vargas (1930-1945), with great factor to the construction of economic structure of industrial base, that allowed the Brazilian economic into a time of great development and economic growth. In this process, the focus is on the work of the population displacement. The national market integration claimed the construction of a new standard of population displacement in the country. Despite of the characteristics of the populations displacement was already in modification, the State mediate on this process, because of the creation of specific polices, trying to go deep and accelerate the market integration, including the work market. The relative politics to the population displacement, practiced and created during the first government of Vargas, shows the intention of this government to support and impulse the development of a new standard of urban industrial accumulation. Even If they didnt achieve their objectives that were proposed, the politics related to the population displacement that started in the first government of Vargas, allowed the constitution of the bases that was going to be used, in spite of the characteristics relatively different, the significative economic development realized after the war.

Esta tese discute a integração do mercado nacional, ocorrida no primeiro Governo Vargas (1930-1945), como importante fator para a construção de uma estrutura econômica de base industrial, que permitiu a entrada da economia brasileira em uma fase de grande desenvolvimento e crescimento econômicos. Enfoca, nesse processo, a função exercida pelos deslocamentos populacionais. A integração do mercado nacional reclamava a construção de um novo padrão de deslocamentos populacionais no país. Embora as características dos deslocamentos populacionais já estivessem se modificando, o Estado interveio nesse processo, mediante a elaboração de políticas específicas, visando aprofundar e acelerar a integração do mercado, inclusive a do mercado de trabalho. As políticas relativas aos deslocamentos populacionais, praticadas e elaboradas no primeiro Governo Vargas, evidenciam a intencionalidade desse governo em apoiar e impulsionar o desenvolvimento de um novo padrão de acumulação urbano-industrial. Mesmo que não tenham alcançado a concretização dos objetivos propostos, as políticas relativas aos deslocamentos populacionais, iniciadas no primeiro Governo Vargas, permitiram a constituição de bases sobre as quais se daria, embora com características relativamente diferentes, o significativo desenvolvimento econômico alcançado no pós-guerra. / This thesis argue the national market integration, that happened in the first government of Vargas (1930-1945), with great factor to the construction of economic structure of industrial base, that allowed the Brazilian economic into a time of great development and economic growth. In this process, the focus is on the work of the population displacement. The national market integration claimed the construction of a new standard of population displacement in the country. Despite of the characteristics of the populations displacement was already in modification, the State mediate on this process, because of the creation of specific polices, trying to go deep and accelerate the market integration, including the work market. The relative politics to the population displacement, practiced and created during the first government of Vargas, shows the intention of this government to support and impulse the development of a new standard of urban industrial accumulation. Even If they didnt achieve their objectives that were proposed, the politics related to the population displacement that started in the first government of Vargas, allowed the constitution of the bases that was going to be used, in spite of the characteristics relatively different, the significative economic development realized after the war.

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