The injection operator for a carbon dioxide sequestration project must control the reservoir and associated pore space within the project boundaries to allow for orderly development of the storage facility. A large number of interest owners within a project area is likely to make reaching unanimous agreement among all owners of pore space unlikely, and thus control of the reservoir difficult. In order to facilitate geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide on privately owned land in the United States, or on land for which the minerals or pore space are privately owned, a scheme for aggregating the ownership of pore space is needed. To allow geologic sequestration projects to move forward with less than unanimous consent of interest owners, states can employ various methods of aggregating pore space ownership. This paper examines oil and gas unitization statues and statutes creating groundwater districts to find legislative regimes useful for achieving pore space ownership aggregation. Among the approaches discussed, aggregation of pore space ownership through a unitization model is the most likely choice. Taking that one step further and setting up new unit operating agreements for enhanced oil recovery to serve as a repository for incremental geologic sequestration, and eventual full sequestration activities, provides a firm path toward reducing carbon dioxide emissions while respecting property rights. This paper also compares the few existing pore space aggregation statutes in the United States, which achieve aggregation of pore space ownership through either unitization or eminent domain. The state that appears to be the best equipped to deal with aggregation of pore space ownership is Wyoming. Wyoming has been a leader in developing legislation to deal with pore space ownership before other states. North Dakota and Utah are also very well situated to move forward with carbon sequestration activities. / text

The diffusion behavior of guest molecules introduced in porous materials has been studied. Diffusion studies in such porous materials may help for elucidating the structural properties, transport mechanism and/or surface barriers of the zeolite structure. The focus of this work is on diffusion in nanoporous materials with complex pore spaces. First a short introduction in the basics of diffusion and the PFG NMR technique (Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is described. In the following two chapters the diffusion in hierarchical pore spaces or, to be more precise, zeolites with generated mesopores, which traverse the microporous bulk phase, are investigated. The hierarchical pore spaces consists in the first case of micro- and mesopores and in the second case of micro-, meso- and macropores. The diffusion behavior in these materials has been investigated revealing diffusion acceleration in the mesoporous samples, as compared to the purely microporous material. In the next chapter the diffusion behavior in glass samples with different porosity and their complementary pore space is investigated. Diffusion with full loaded pore spaces and surface diffusion, where the molecules were only able to diffuse along the pore walls, has been explored. The aim was to find out to what extent the diffusion in two complementary pore spaces is correlated. In the last chapter, the effect of an inorganic binder on the transport in zeolite pellets has been studied. First the diffusion behavior in binderless zeolite beads in comparison with the zeolite powder employed for their production has been explored. The particular interest was to find out up to which extent the diffusion patterns observed with the powder samples could again be recognized in the beads. In a second study the transport characteristics within binderless molecular sieves have been investigated, with the purpose to reveal differences in the diffusion behavior in comparison with their binder-containing counterparts.

No description available.

Petrophysical properties are fundamental to understanding fluid flow processes in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Special Core Analysis (SCAL) routinely used in industry are time-consuming, expensive, and often destructive. Alternatively, easily available thin section data is lacking the representation of pore space in 3D, which is a requisite for generating pore network models (PNM) and computing petrophysical properties. In this study, these challenges were addressed using a numerical SCAL workflow that employs pore volume reconstruction from thin section images obtained from confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A key objective is to investigate methods capable of 2D to 3D reconstruction, to obtain PNM used for the estimation of transport properties. Representative thin sections from a well-known Middle-Eastern carbonate formation were used to obtain CLSM images. The thin-sections were specially prepared by spiking the resin with UV dye, enabling high-resolution imaging. The grayscale images obtained from CLSM were preprocessed and segmented into binary images. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) and Two-Point Statistics (TPS) were applied, and PNM were extracted from these binary datasets. Porosity, Permeability, and Mercury Injection Porosimetry (MIP) on the corresponding core plugs were conducted and an assessment of the properties computed from the PNM obtained from the reconstructed 3D pore volume is presented. Moreover, the results from the artificial pore networks were corroborated using 3D confocal images of etched pore casts (PCE). The results showed that based on visual inspection only, GAN outperformed TPS in mimicking the 3D distribution of pore scale heterogeneity, additionally, GAN and PCE outperformed the results of MIP obtained by TPS on the Skeletal-Oolitic facies, without providing a major improvement on more heterogeneous samples. All methods captured successfully the porosity while absolute permeability was not captured. Formation resistivity factor and thermal conductivity showcased their strong correlation with porosity. The study thus provides valuable insights into the application of 2D to 3D reconstruction to obtain pore network models of heterogeneous carbonate rocks for petrophysical characterization for quick decision. The study addresses the following important questions: 1) how legacy thin sections can be leveraged to petrophysically characterize reservoir rocks 2) how reliable are 2D to 3D reconstruction methods when predicting petrophysical properties of carbonates.

No description available.

The diffusion behavior of guest molecules introduced in porous materials has been studied. Diffusion studies in such porous materials may help for elucidating the structural properties, transport mechanism and/or surface barriers of the zeolite structure. The focus of this work is on diffusion in nanoporous materials with complex pore spaces. First a short introduction in the basics of diffusion and the PFG NMR technique (Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is described. In the following two chapters the diffusion in hierarchical pore spaces or, to be more precise, zeolites with generated mesopores, which traverse the microporous bulk phase, are investigated. The hierarchical pore spaces consists in the first case of micro- and mesopores and in the second case of micro-, meso- and macropores. The diffusion behavior in these materials has been investigated revealing diffusion acceleration in the mesoporous samples, as compared to the purely microporous material. In the next chapter the diffusion behavior in glass samples with different porosity and their complementary pore space is investigated. Diffusion with full loaded pore spaces and surface diffusion, where the molecules were only able to diffuse along the pore walls, has been explored. The aim was to find out to what extent the diffusion in two complementary pore spaces is correlated. In the last chapter, the effect of an inorganic binder on the transport in zeolite pellets has been studied. First the diffusion behavior in binderless zeolite beads in comparison with the zeolite powder employed for their production has been explored. The particular interest was to find out up to which extent the diffusion patterns observed with the powder samples could again be recognized in the beads. In a second study the transport characteristics within binderless molecular sieves have been investigated, with the purpose to reveal differences in the diffusion behavior in comparison with their binder-containing counterparts.

Abstract This research examines the lower edge of arable land in cultivating littoral land and its effects on spring sowing Central Ostrobothnia and in the southern areas of Northern Ostrobothnia. This doctoral thesis develops methods to raise the lower edge of arable land in low littoral land. The methods are based on contribution margin, the gross profil of yield, the relocation of dry margin and the realigning of littoral land's area descriptor. In addition, outdated littoral land profil and loss evaluation criteria are renewed. The objective of the research is to decrease environmental damages and to improve cultivation. Another objective in raising the lower edge of arable land is to enhance the forming of protective noncultivated belts. Ten lakes from the hydrologic areas of the rivers Perhonjoki, Kalajoki and Pyhäjoki were chosen for the research, one half of them were in their natural state and the other half were regulated. The research consisted of comparing the sowing dates and patch yields (moisture content 14%) of the sample parcels (104 observations) chosen from littoral land around the lakes to the corresponding figures of sample parcels selected from outside the areas influenced by water level variation. The findings are from 1985–1991 and 1996–1998. The cultivated plants were barley, oats and hay. The sample area research was completed with interviews. Furthermore, the research examined the dependence of air pore space of the soil cultivation layer on the dry margin. The research result indicate that the lower edge of arable land has to be raised, for lakes in their natural state the rise would be on average 35 ± 4 cm (67 observations) and for regulated lakes on average 39 ± 4 cm (61 observations). The minimum dry margins required by soil cultivation and sowing will be 69 ± 5 cm (67 observations) and 78 ± 5 cm (61 observations). Thus, the lowest part of the waterfront will not be cultivated anymore. The contribution margin of the field is not changed. Sowing can be done earlier and air pore space and viability increase. The condensation detriment of the soil cultivation layer, the workload needed for cultivation and the nutrient load in hydrologic areas will be decreased. Measuring and locating protective non-cultivated belts becomes easier. The state of environment is improved. The evaluation of profit and loss is modernized. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan rantamaiden viljelyksessä pellon alarajaa ja sen vaikutuksia kevätkylvöihin Keski-Pohjanmaalla ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan eteläisellä osalla. Työssä kehitetään katetuottoon, sadon bruttotuottoon, kuivavaran siirtoon ja rantamaan pinta-alan kuvaajan oikaisuun perustuvat menetelmät pellon alarajan määrittämiseksi alavilla rantamailla. Samoin pyritään nykyaikaistamaan rantamaiden hyödyn- ja vahingonarviointia. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on vähentää viljelyn aiheuttamia ympäristöhaittoja sekä parantaa samalla itse viljelyä. Pellon alarajan määrittämisen yhteydessä on tavoitteena edistää myös suojavyöhykkeiden perustamista. Kohdejärvinä oli Perhonjoen, Kalajoen ja Pyhäjoen vesistöjen kymmenen järveä, joista puolet oli luonnontilaisia ja puolet säännösteltyjä. Järvien rantatiloilta valittujen koelohkojen (104 kpl) kylvöaikoja ja ruutusatoja (kosteuspitoisuus 14 %) verrattiin vedenkorkeuksien vaihteluista riippumattomien vertailulohkojen vastaaviin arvoihin. Havaintovuodet olivat 1985–1991 sekä 1996–1998. Viljelykasveja olivat ohra ja kaura sekä heinä. Koealuetutkimuksia täydennettiin haastatteluina. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin muokkauskerroksen ilmahuokostilan riippuvuutta kuivavarasta määritettynä järven vedenkorkeudesta. Tutkimustulosten mukaan pellon alarajaa on korotettava nykyisestään luonnontilaisilla järvillä keskimäärin 35 ± 4 cm (n = 67) ja säännöstellyillä järvillä keskimäärin 39 ± 4 cm (n = 61). Kylvön vaatimat kuivavarat määritettyinä järvien vedenkorkeuksista tulevat olemaan vastaavasti 69 ± 5 cm (n = 67) ja 78 ± 5 cm (n = 61). Tällöin rantalohkon alavimmalta osalta viljely poistuu. Pellon katetuotto ei muutu. Kylvö aikaistuu, ilmahuokostila kasvaa ja kulkukelpoisuus paranee. Muokkauskerroksen tiivistymishaitta ja viljelyn työnmenekki sekä vesistöön kohdistuva ravinnekuormitus vähenevät. Suojavyöhykkeiden mitoitus ja sijoitus helpottuvat. Ympäristön tila paranee. Hyödyn ja vahingon arviointi nykyaikaistuu.

Structural and petrophysical analysis have been conducted within the Melechov massif with focus on structures controlling the porosity, permeability and thermal conductivity of the rock. The structure of the massif has been constrained based on extensive dataset including AMS and field structural measurements of ductile and brittle structures. Maps and stereograms have been constructed to display the magnetic fabrics and the fracture system of the studied massif. The fracture system of the massif has been described by two principal and two supplementary sets of joints and by faults formed mainly by joint reactivation or less frequently formed as shear fractures. The measured petrophysical data have been used to characterize the effect of fracturing and alteration on pore space geometry and in turn on permeability, thermal conductivity and elastic properties of the studied granite. Distinct petrophysical properties have been identified for pristine granite, for fractured fresh granite as well as for fractured granite altered by Fe-oxide, chlorite and clay minerals. Relations between the measured petrophysical properties have been explained in terms of evolution of the rock pore space. A detailed microstructural study combined with multidirectional P-wave velocity measurements at high confining pressure and...

No description available.

Cette thèse propose d'étudier en détail une méthode générale de construction d'un réseaude pores interconnectés à partir d'une image 3D d'un matériau poreux afin de calculer laperméabilité absolue. Un squelette de l'espace poral est tout d'abord utilisé pour définir laposition des pores. Ce squelette est transformé en graphe, puis plusieurs étapes de fusiondes nœuds sont réalisées pour obtenir un réseau exploitable. Une ligne de partage des eauxprenant comme marqueurs les nœuds du graphe permet d'attribuer une géométrie auxpores. Le système d'équation linéaire à résoudre est construit en intégrant les équations deStokes sur des éléments de l'espace poral. Une méthode originale de calcul du coefficient deproportionnalité existant entre les pressions au centre de deux pores et le débit traversantla surface les séparant est proposée. Une application de l'intégralité de l'approche estégalement présentée sur un matériau réel. / A general method to build a pore network model from a 3D image of a porous material ispresented in this work in order to compute its permeability. A skeleton of the void spaceis first used to define pores position. This skeleton is converted to a first graph. Mergingsteps are necessary to obtain a relevant network. A volume is allocated to the pores using awatershed algorithm, starting with markers defined from the nodes of the graph. The linearsystem of equations to solve is deduced by integrating the Stokes equations on pore spacepartitioning elements. The proportionality coefficient linking the pressure drop betweentwo pore centers and the flow going through the surface separating them is calculated withan original method. Application of the complete process to a real material is presented.