Esta tese é composta de três ensaios empíricos sobre finanças corporativas e macrofinanças, todos eles aplicados ao Brasil. O primeiro mostra como uma mudanças tributárias no nível do acionista podem afetar as decisões financeiras das empresas investidas, através da estrutura de propriedade. Os resultados sugerem que as empresas ajustam suas políticas financeiras para minimizar os gastos tributários totais (nível do acionista mais nível da firma). No segundo artigo, analisa-se a relação entre o investimento estrangeiro em carteira (EFPI) e o investimento agregado brasileiro. Os resultados mostram que o EFPI tem um impacto marginal positivo na formação bruta de capital fixo, mas que essa relação é condicionada a fatores institucionais, tal como o grau de intervenção do governo no mercado de crédito. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, mostro que um aumento exógeno dos preços dos ativos colateralizáveis imobiliários pode ter consequências positivas no financiamento e investimento das empresas. As firmas aparentemente mais beneficiadas pelo ciclo expansionista de crédito observado no Brasil durante os anos 2000 foram justamente aquelas com menor grau de tangibilidade, potencialmente fora do mercado de crédito no período anterior. / In this thesis, I present three empirical essays on corporate finance and macro-finance applied to Brazil. In the first one, I show that an exogenous tax change at the investor level can have real effects on the invested firms’ behavior. My evidence suggests that treated firms adjust their financial policies considering substitute financial instruments and seeking to minimize overall tax spending. In the second paper, I analyze the role of equity foreign portfolio investment (EFPI) on affecting aggregate investment. The results show that EFPI has a marginal positive impact on the gross capital formation, but this relation seems to be contingent on institutional factors such as government intervention in credit markets. Finally, in the third essay, I show that an exogenous increase in collateral prices can have positive consequences on firms’ financing and investment decisions. The credit expansion registered in Brazil in the middle of the 2000’s seem to have alleviated financial constraints most for smaller, less tangible firms, which probably were (at least partially) out of the credit market before the boom.

Thailand has been one of significant recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) among developing countries over the last 30 years, and has recorded rapid and sustained growth rates in a number of different industrial categories. Thailand has shown a clear policy transition for foreign investment over time from an import-substitution regime to an export-oriented regime. Before the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis (1985-1996), Thailand had the fastest growing level of exports in manufactured goods among Asian economies. FDI plays a significant role in the Thai economy. Thailand has been pursuing different foreign investment policies at different times depending on the development objectives and economic situation in the country. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the determinants of FDI and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in Thailand using the extended Gravity Model. Panel data is used to estimate and evaluate the empirical results based on the data for the years 1980 to 2004. It also examines the FDI flows between different locations and their geographical distances in Thailand. The primary research question addresses what factors motivate, attract, and sustain the FDI and FPI in Thailand. In addition, this study also examines the effects of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis on the inflows of FDI and FPI into Thailand. The results show that the inflows of FDI in Thailand, which are supply-driven, are significantly influenced by its 21 largest investing partners. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis has no impact on the determinants of the inflows of FDI into Thailand, but positively influences the inflows of FPI into Thailand. Our results also show that increases in GDP and trade between investing partners and Thailand potentially attract more FDI and FPI into Thailand. Investing partners closer to Thailand draw more portfolio investment into Thailand than distant partners – emphasising that distance has a negative impact on the portfolio investment but a negligible impact on the FDI.

在國際金融蓬勃發展的現況下，國際間的租稅協定與租稅政策如何吸引投資者進行外國證券投資，為各國促進國際金融與經濟的發展的重要議題。本研究探討的問題為國際間的租稅協定與個別國家的租稅改革是否影響投資人在進行外國證券投資的投資決策。 本研究以中國為例，探討於2008年中國實施新企業所得稅法後，與中國簽有租稅協定國之境外投資人，是否因其適用的股利所得稅率較非租稅協定國低，而有較大誘因與動機增加其對中國的外國證券投資金額。而實證結果顯示，於中國2008年的租稅改革後，與中國簽有租稅協定國的境外投資人明顯增加其對中國的外國證券投資額。此結果證明，租稅協定與租稅政策對外國證券投資者的投資之決策有其影響力。 / Since Global Financial has grown rapidly, how countries develop their financial markets and economics by abstract foreign portfolio investment (FPI) through international tax treaty and tax policy has become an important issue. And this study examines the relationship between tax treaty and tax reform to FPI, in order to see how taxation effects foreign investors’ investment decisions. This study derives the hypothesis that Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2008 should lead to a portfolio reallocation by foreign investors toward equities in tax-favored countries. An analysis that compares foreign equity holdings in treaty and un-treaty countries with China finds a substantial portfolio reallocation toward the former. The empirical results of the study indicates that after the tax reform of 2008 in china, treaty countries have more incentive than un-treaty countries to increase their FPI toward equities due to their lower dividends tax rates. And this result suggests that tax treaty and tax reform have an impact on FPI investors’ decisions.

Esta tese é composta de três ensaios empíricos sobre finanças corporativas e macrofinanças, todos eles aplicados ao Brasil. O primeiro mostra como uma mudanças tributárias no nível do acionista podem afetar as decisões financeiras das empresas investidas, através da estrutura de propriedade. Os resultados sugerem que as empresas ajustam suas políticas financeiras para minimizar os gastos tributários totais (nível do acionista mais nível da firma). No segundo artigo, analisa-se a relação entre o investimento estrangeiro em carteira (EFPI) e o investimento agregado brasileiro. Os resultados mostram que o EFPI tem um impacto marginal positivo na formação bruta de capital fixo, mas que essa relação é condicionada a fatores institucionais, tal como o grau de intervenção do governo no mercado de crédito. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, mostro que um aumento exógeno dos preços dos ativos colateralizáveis imobiliários pode ter consequências positivas no financiamento e investimento das empresas. As firmas aparentemente mais beneficiadas pelo ciclo expansionista de crédito observado no Brasil durante os anos 2000 foram justamente aquelas com menor grau de tangibilidade, potencialmente fora do mercado de crédito no período anterior. / In this thesis, I present three empirical essays on corporate finance and macro-finance applied to Brazil. In the first one, I show that an exogenous tax change at the investor level can have real effects on the invested firms’ behavior. My evidence suggests that treated firms adjust their financial policies considering substitute financial instruments and seeking to minimize overall tax spending. In the second paper, I analyze the role of equity foreign portfolio investment (EFPI) on affecting aggregate investment. The results show that EFPI has a marginal positive impact on the gross capital formation, but this relation seems to be contingent on institutional factors such as government intervention in credit markets. Finally, in the third essay, I show that an exogenous increase in collateral prices can have positive consequences on firms’ financing and investment decisions. The credit expansion registered in Brazil in the middle of the 2000’s seem to have alleviated financial constraints most for smaller, less tangible firms, which probably were (at least partially) out of the credit market before the boom.

Esta tese é composta de três ensaios empíricos sobre finanças corporativas e macrofinanças, todos eles aplicados ao Brasil. O primeiro mostra como uma mudanças tributárias no nível do acionista podem afetar as decisões financeiras das empresas investidas, através da estrutura de propriedade. Os resultados sugerem que as empresas ajustam suas políticas financeiras para minimizar os gastos tributários totais (nível do acionista mais nível da firma). No segundo artigo, analisa-se a relação entre o investimento estrangeiro em carteira (EFPI) e o investimento agregado brasileiro. Os resultados mostram que o EFPI tem um impacto marginal positivo na formação bruta de capital fixo, mas que essa relação é condicionada a fatores institucionais, tal como o grau de intervenção do governo no mercado de crédito. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, mostro que um aumento exógeno dos preços dos ativos colateralizáveis imobiliários pode ter consequências positivas no financiamento e investimento das empresas. As firmas aparentemente mais beneficiadas pelo ciclo expansionista de crédito observado no Brasil durante os anos 2000 foram justamente aquelas com menor grau de tangibilidade, potencialmente fora do mercado de crédito no período anterior. / In this thesis, I present three empirical essays on corporate finance and macro-finance applied to Brazil. In the first one, I show that an exogenous tax change at the investor level can have real effects on the invested firms’ behavior. My evidence suggests that treated firms adjust their financial policies considering substitute financial instruments and seeking to minimize overall tax spending. In the second paper, I analyze the role of equity foreign portfolio investment (EFPI) on affecting aggregate investment. The results show that EFPI has a marginal positive impact on the gross capital formation, but this relation seems to be contingent on institutional factors such as government intervention in credit markets. Finally, in the third essay, I show that an exogenous increase in collateral prices can have positive consequences on firms’ financing and investment decisions. The credit expansion registered in Brazil in the middle of the 2000’s seem to have alleviated financial constraints most for smaller, less tangible firms, which probably were (at least partially) out of the credit market before the boom.

The topic of my diploma thesis is {\clqq}The yield, risk and liquidity of investment options{\crqq}. In the introductory part of this thesis, I define the concept of investment. Furthermore, I deal with the financial market theory and with the characteristics of the subsegments which work within this market. I also define securities, their types and specifics. The next part of the thesis is aimed at the investment strategy which should help an investor to proceed reasonably while investing. Herein, I focused on the rules of the magic triangle and on the definition of the yield, risk and liquidity. I mention the theory of the investment portfolio as well. This is followed by the description of the selected investment options divided into subchapters about individual and collective investments; this being the selection of only the most important investment instruments one can use both in the money market and in the stock market. In the rest of the thesis, I deal with the creating of an individual{\crq}s investment portfolio and with the comparison of the yield, risk and liquidity of the selected options.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-12T13:34:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 liviaduarteoctacainaodeoliveira.pdf: 1284696 bytes, checksum: 162cdf8964ad1e14cc20182f9b7e5e00 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T12:14:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 liviaduarteoctacainaodeoliveira.pdf: 1284696 bytes, checksum: 162cdf8964ad1e14cc20182f9b7e5e00 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 liviaduarteoctacainaodeoliveira.pdf: 1284696 bytes, checksum: 162cdf8964ad1e14cc20182f9b7e5e00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / Os controles de capital foram adotados por muitos países na tentativa de proteger suas economias do capital financeiro. Com o Brasil, não foi diferente. No país, o principal instrumento de controle financeiro adotado foi o Imposto sobre Operações de Crédito, Câmbio e Seguros ou relativas a Títulos e Valores Mobiliários – IOF. A ideia fundamental do imposto era restringir a entrada de capital externo e com isso diminuir possíveis efeitos negativos sobre a economia nacional. No Brasil, havia a preocupação de evitar uma valorização excessiva da taxa de câmbio. Em vista disso, este trabalho se propõe a investigar qual o impacto do IOF sobre a economia brasileira, especificamente analisando o efeito sobre as volatilidades do capital externo aplicado em carteira e da taxa de câmbio. Para isso, são elaborados modelos estruturais que analisam as relações entre as variáveis fundamentais através da metodologia VAR para a média condicional. Em seguida, é testado o efeito do imposto sobre a variância condicional do câmbio e do investimento em carteira, utilizando o método GARCH multivariado. O período de análise data de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2012. Os resultados mostraram que existe um efeito do IOF sobre a volatilidade do investimento em carteira, porém o mesmo não ocorre com a volatilidade cambial. Esta é influenciada pela volatilidade do diferencial de juros e do volume de dólares transacionados no mercado. / Capital controls have been adopted by many countries in attempt to protect their economies from the financial capital. In Brazil, it was no different. There, the main instrument of financial control adopted was Tax on Credit, Exchange and Insurance or relating to Securities - IOF. The fundamental idea of the tax was to restrict the entry of foreign capital and thus reduce possible negative effects on the national economy. There was also a concern to prevent an excessive appreciation of the exchange rate. So, under such panorama, this study aims to investigate the impact of the IOF on the Brazilian economy, specifically analyzing the effect on the volatility of the foreign capital invested in portfolio and exchange rate. For such purpose, structural models are designed to analyze the relationships between key variables through the VAR methodology for the conditional mean; then, the effect of tax rates on the conditional variance of exchange and portfolio investment is tested, using the multivariate GARCH’s method. The sample period is from January 2000 to December 2012. The results showed a significant effect of the IOF on the volatility of portfolio investment, but the same does not happen with the exchange rate volatility, which is influenced by the volatility of the interest rate differential and the dollar amount traded in the market.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Serrao.pdf: 265704 bytes, checksum: ddff2ca9e6d556d812ab50127beca2f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-10 / This paper s objective is to study the Brazilian crisis of the year of 2002. We believe that, as this is a recent event, there is room to new perceptions and interpretations. This paper will propose a new view on this crisis, based on the Credit Rationing Theory. Initially, we will do a brief review of the Credit Rationing Theory. We will focus on the key aspects of that theory, specially the ones that will allow us to apply such theory in the case study that we are working on. After that, we will analyze the historical context that led Brazil to that crisis. Initially, this study will be focused on the increase of the size of the flows that transited through Brazilian Financial Account in the period that precedes the crisis. We will also take a look in the historical context itself, and analyze the external influence in this crisis. Afterwards, this paper will study the Mark-to-Market crisis, which was the starting point of the Brazilian crisis of 2002. This event was responsible to raise doubts about the sustaintability of Brazilian public debt. Additionally we will study the dynamics of Brazilian public debt in the crisis period, which, in our opinion, had a highly relevant role in such event. / Essa dissertação pretende lançar um olhar mais detalhado à crise brasileira de 2002. Acredito que esse evento, por ser ainda recente, ainda não foi compreendido em toda a sua magnitude, e esse trabalho tem o objetivo de lançar uma interpretação plausível para o mesmo. Para isso, utilizaremos o instrumental teórico da Teoria do Racionamento de Crédito. Inicialmente, iremos fazer uma revisão da Teoria do Racionamento de Crédito, nos atendo aos pontos que serão úteis na aplicação dessa teoria ao caso prático. Em seguida, iremos expor os principais condicionantes da crise brasileira de 2002, nos atendo inicialmente ao movimento de flexibilização da conta Financeira brasileira nos anos que antecedem a crise. É dada especial ênfase à Conta de Investimento em Carteira. É também analisado o contexto histórico no qual a crise está inserida. O passo seguinte foi investigar em que medida essa crise foi originada também por motivos externos, ao comparar a piora dos indicadores de risco-país não só do Brasil, mas dos demais países emergentes também. A dissertação, por fim, irá se deter no período de crise em si. Iremos analisar a Crise da Marcação a Mercado , que foi o ponto inicial da crise brasileira de 2002, estudando suas origens e impactos na credibilidade da dívida pública brasileira. Segue-se a análise da dinâmica da dívida pública brasileira no período de crise, o que na nossa opinião possui um poder explicativo muito forte com relação ao evento em questão.

The thesis deals with investment decision making. It starts from the decision making situation about the making of an investment portfolio of the open unit trusts. The whole decision making process is described, namely the methodical approaches used in terms of the portfolio making procedure. Thus, the main part of this paper focuses on a detailed description of an algorithm of the fuzzy weight estimation method, fuzzy multiple criteria evaluation method and fuzzy multiple objective programming method. The methods are proposed on the basis of current concepts; they conclude the new ideas as well. The fuzzy weight estimation method is able to calculate the weights of criteria according to their linguistically expressed importance. The fuzzy multiple criteria evaluation method accepts uncertain input data in the form of the fuzzy numbers. The alternatives are evaluated by the concept of the preference relations. This method provides a division of the alternatives into the effective and ineffective. The fuzzy multiple objective programming method also works with the uncertain elements as fuzzy numbers. To solve the particular mathematical models, the Bellman's optimality approach is applied. The method is proposed in the interactive form. The decision maker can change a current solution by his/her additional (vague) preferences. The proposed concepts form the two-phase decision making procedure that is applied in the practical situation of the portfolio making in the field of the capital market with open unit trusts offered by the Česká spořitelna investment company. Two types of investors are defined, the investment situations are described, and the results are analyzed in detail. The decision making theory, the fuzzy sets theory and the capital market of collective investment, or with unit trusts, are introduced in a necessary scope. The instigation of my dissertation is to solve the real decision making situation. The investment decision making process is described and the methodical approaches are proposed in order to make the portfolio of unit trusts.