台灣租稅協定之探討 / The motivation to conduct this research is actually assessing tax treaty applying cases is part of my work and that intrigue me to make a research on this subject. We present our research on the information excerpted from practical tax treaty applying cases of Taipei National Tax Administration in year 2003 and 2004, therefore, the outcome of this study somehow represents some meanings. We first introduce the concepts of international tax treaty, then we bring in two models of tax treaty, namely UN Model tax Convention and OECD Model Tax Convention. Also, the ROC’s tax treaties is introducing right afterward. For conducting this study, we first established research questions based on economic rationales to observe the current situation over these 2 years. Descriptive Statistic is employed as our study method. Hence, we carry out our analysis by using the practical cases that we believe this research would present much meaningful for our study. Other than 4 main observations, some interesting phenomena were found and discussed. At last, we attached the Taiwan/ Singapore tax treaty as our appendix for readers to know that how tax treaty working from corporation and from tax authorities aspects. However, while conducting this research, we try to put the transfer pricing issue aside. Because transfer pricing, itself, is a considerable, controversial topic which can generate tremendous discussions and papers. Besides, adding transfer pricing in our study may somehow indistinct our main subject. Therefore, we will not discuss transfer pricing here.

為研究地主國租稅環境對台灣跨國企業海外子公司區位選擇的影響，本文以巢式羅吉特模型研究 2001 年至 2013 年間台灣上市櫃公司海外關係企業（排除金融保險業和 F 股）的資料。相對於過去探討海外子公司區位選擇的文獻僅著重於地主國稅率和地主國是否有反避稅制度（移轉訂價制度和資本弱化條款），本文首度加入租稅協定相關的變數：「地主國是否與台灣簽訂租稅協定」和「地主國租稅協定網絡」，探討兩者與海外子公司區位選擇的關係。 本研究實證結果發現地主國與台灣簽訂租稅協定並不能增加海外子公司在該地設立的機率，反而可能因租稅協定中的資訊交換條款而降低在該地設立子公司的機率；地主國租稅協定網絡愈豐富則是會增加跨國企業在該地設立海外子公司的機率，表示跨國企業可能藉由設立在租稅協定網絡豐富國家的海外子公司，適用該國的租稅協定利益。其他與地主國租稅環境相關變數的實證結果為潛在地主國稅率愈低及無反避稅制度的國家會較吸引海外子公司的設立。 / Using nested logit model, the thesis examined the impact of international taxation on location choice of Taiwanese multinational firms from 2001 to 2013. Compared to previous studies that only focused on the impact of tax rate and anti-avoidance legislations (transfer pricing rule and thin capitalization prvision), the thesis focused on the impact of tax treaty, examining the relationship between location choice and bilateral or multilateral tax treaties. The results showed that countries which had tax treaty with Taiwan did not attract Taiwanese multinational firms, and the possible reason was the exchange of information article in tax treaties. The study also found that the more tax treaties one potential host country had, the higher probability of Taiwanese multinational enterprises setting up subsidiaries in that host country, which suggested that Taiwanese multinational enterprises may have the behavior of treaty shopping. Other results related to tax variables showed that potential host countries with lower tax rate or with no anti-avoidance legislations would attract Taiwanese multinational firms.

根據聯合國貿易暨發展會議（UNCTAD）的世界投資報告(WIR,2008)，全世界的外國直接投資流入量自2004年開始連續四年持續成長，2007年達到18,330億美元。台灣2007年的FDI流入在東亞、南亞及東南亞開發中經濟體位居第七；台灣2007年的FDI流出在東亞、南亞及東南亞開發中經濟體位居第六，相對於FDI在全球及台灣的表現，台灣在簽署租稅協定這條路上就顯得辛苦許多。最近的文獻有開始探討租稅協定對於FDI的影響，理論上都給予租稅協定正面的評價，不過在實證上很少證據顯示租稅協定與FDI的正向關係。本文是要探討雙邊租稅協定對於外人對台直接投資與台灣對外直接投資的影響，期間為1980年到2007年，實證結果顯示，雙邊租稅協定對於台灣與協約國之間的FDI流入沒有增加效果，代表租稅協定對於台灣與協約國，消除重複課稅與逃漏稅的功能才是最重要的。

兩岸交流開放20多年以來，經貿交流的進展最快速且最為明顯，台商赴大陸投資，不僅帶動大陸的經濟現代化發展，也拓展了台灣產業的全球化佈局。雖兩岸經貿交流頻繁，但因兩岸關係特殊且分屬不同的政治實體，雙方為避免重複課稅，各自單邊採用「抵免法」，但實務上因無稅務合作與交流，仍無法有效解決重複課稅問題。根據陸委會估計，大陸台商目前約有80萬到100萬人，由於兩岸稅收訊息無法有效交流，我國政府無法確實掌握台商在大陸實際所得及納稅情形，致無法給予稅收抵免優惠，亦無法有效防止不肖廠商逃漏稅；同理，大陸方面亦然。兩岸專家學者及大陸台商認為要解決逃漏稅及雙重課稅的問題，應在彼此承認的情況下簽訂兩岸租稅協議。 早在1990年代開始，兩岸就有稅收合作的理論探討，但由於兩岸稅制的差異和政治因素影響，一直沒有形成具體措施。自2008年政黨輪替後，兩岸關係出現歷史新契機，雙方恢復了制度化協商管道，兩岸已歷經六次會談，共計簽署十五項協議及一個共識，為兩岸關係進一步發展奠定重要基礎，也創造互惠雙贏的成果。整體而言，這些協議執行成果已逐漸顯現，兩岸民眾也享受到兩岸交流所帶來的便利與福祉。有鑑於現今經濟全球化及區域一體化的趨勢下，兩岸立足當前，著眼未來，在推展經貿關係正常化的同時，努力建構兩岸稅收合作的制度性安排將有利於兩岸經濟持續正常發展。原本預期在2009年第四次「江陳會」簽署的兩岸租稅協議，由於雙方在課稅權的認定等觀點不同，加上台商反彈聲浪變大，雙方在最後一刻決定暫不簽署。 本文嘗試從租稅理論及相關文獻探討，評估兩岸租稅協議簽署之必要性。再透過檢視國際通用之租稅協定範本，比較各個租稅協定範本的優缺點，以作為簽署時之參考依據。藉由深度訪談法，蒐集台商等訪談者對該議題之觀察評析，藉以釐清兩岸簽署租稅協議之利弊得失，並透過跨國比較觀點，找出可供政府簽署兩岸租稅協議時之參考。

在國際金融蓬勃發展的現況下，國際間的租稅協定與租稅政策如何吸引投資者進行外國證券投資，為各國促進國際金融與經濟的發展的重要議題。本研究探討的問題為國際間的租稅協定與個別國家的租稅改革是否影響投資人在進行外國證券投資的投資決策。 本研究以中國為例，探討於2008年中國實施新企業所得稅法後，與中國簽有租稅協定國之境外投資人，是否因其適用的股利所得稅率較非租稅協定國低，而有較大誘因與動機增加其對中國的外國證券投資金額。而實證結果顯示，於中國2008年的租稅改革後，與中國簽有租稅協定國的境外投資人明顯增加其對中國的外國證券投資額。此結果證明，租稅協定與租稅政策對外國證券投資者的投資之決策有其影響力。 / Since Global Financial has grown rapidly, how countries develop their financial markets and economics by abstract foreign portfolio investment (FPI) through international tax treaty and tax policy has become an important issue. And this study examines the relationship between tax treaty and tax reform to FPI, in order to see how taxation effects foreign investors’ investment decisions. This study derives the hypothesis that Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2008 should lead to a portfolio reallocation by foreign investors toward equities in tax-favored countries. An analysis that compares foreign equity holdings in treaty and un-treaty countries with China finds a substantial portfolio reallocation toward the former. The empirical results of the study indicates that after the tax reform of 2008 in china, treaty countries have more incentive than un-treaty countries to increase their FPI toward equities due to their lower dividends tax rates. And this result suggests that tax treaty and tax reform have an impact on FPI investors’ decisions.

隨著經濟活動全球化及資本移動自由化，跨國企業及個人之資產與所得分佈全世界，且因稅捐稽徵機關與納稅人間資訊不對稱，使得稅務資訊蒐集異常困難，稅捐稽徵機關在查核跨國案件時面臨極大挑戰，國際租稅合作與資訊交換成為各國稅捐稽徵機關用以處理國際租稅規避案件之重要工具。 本文就稅務資訊交換介紹國際稅約協定範本及其發展，並與我國經濟體相當之香港、新加坡及先進國家美國、瑞士等國家及OECD、UN及EU等國際機構所公布之國際租稅最新發展進行比較。本文研究歸納，資訊交換為影響我國洽簽租稅協定成敗之關鍵因素，進行銀行資訊交換應不影響我國發展為國際金融中心，支持財政部推動洽簽包括資訊交換之租稅協定。本文建議因應國際資訊交換之趨勢，我國應加強稽徵人員訓練、進行稅捐稽徵法第5條修法、確認租稅協定之法律位階、擴大租稅協定網絡之修法及加強宣導租稅資訊交換保密性等面向，強化我國資訊交換效能。 / Due to the globalization of economic activities, the labialization of capital transactions, individual worldwide assets and income and the asymmetric information of taxpayers and tax authorities, it is difficult for tax authorities to collect information. International cooperation in tax matters is crucial to ensuring the administration and enforcement of countries’ tax laws as cross border tax evasion becomes easier with the liberalization of financial markets. This thesis first introduces the development of the models of tax convention with special reference to EOI, it then makes a comparison of the measurements of EOI in the economies such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United States, and also looks at recent publications on EOI by OECD, UN and EU. It is concluded that EOI is the key to conclude tax treaties, that EOI of bank information will not adversely affect Taiwan government policy to become an international financial center, and that Ministry of Finance is supported to conclude tax treaties including EOI. It is suggested that strengthening the efficiency and capability of EOI in the aspects of strengthening the training of the tax collectors, amendment of Article 5 of the Tax Collection Act, confirmation of the legal status of tax treaties, broadening of the net work of tax treaties and promotion of the importance of the confidentiality of the EOI, so as to follow the international trend of EOI.

過往的國際租稅制度設計著重於避免雙重課稅以消除經貿交流所產生之障礙，然而當今因資訊科技快速發展使得新興商業模式興起，跨國交易手法複雜且創新，此套國際租稅制度已逐漸無法滿足當今新型態稽徵之需求，常造成各國稅捐之流失。因此，國際租稅制度的理念已由過往的避免雙重課稅轉換為現今的避免雙重不課稅，而跨國反避稅風潮也由此而生。我國於跨國反避稅浪潮中亦制定多項反避稅措施，然而其成效如何並未有相關研究文獻作全面性之檢視，因此本文以2002年至2014年台灣上市、上櫃與興櫃公司財務資料探討我國實施多年之反避稅措施對於企業租稅負擔與避稅行為之影響。 本文研究結果顯示，移轉訂價查核準則實施與簽署租稅協定將提升企業租稅負擔與降低避稅行為。由於我國企業資本弱化情形並不嚴重，因此反資本弱化條款實施對於我國企業並無顯著影響。在簽署租稅協定內含利益限制條款方面，利益限制條款並未顯著提升我國企業租稅負擔與避稅行為，究其原因，可能為我國簽署租稅協定且含利益限制條款之樣本數過少使其效果並不明顯。 / The emergence of international tax system was to reduce the burden of juridical double taxation and increase cross-border transactions. However, the new business model changed by rapid development of science and technology made taxing authorities difficult to define the substance of cross-border transactions. In this case many countries faced the fact of tax erosion, so the objective of international tax system has been changed from the elimination of double taxation to anti-avoidance measures. In order to prevent tax erosion, Taiwan’s government had legislated some anti-avoidance provisions. There is no study that research those anti-avoidance provisions whether have impact on Taiwanese enterprise. This study used Taiwanese financial information from 2002 to 2014 to investigate the tax burden and tax avoidance of enterprise after anti-avoidance provisions had been legislated. Empirical results show transfer pricing rules and tax treaties not only increase the tax burden but also decrease the tax avoidance of Taiwanese enterprise. This study find that there is no thin capitalization in Taiwan. At the end, tax treaties which involved limitation-on-benefits can’t increase the tax burden and decrease the tax avoidance of Taiwanese enterprise. Owing to few samples of tax treaties which involved limitation-on-benefits, the empirical result don’t reach the significant level.

在知識經濟時代下，智慧財產作為企業乃至國家國家競爭力之根本，已成為定論。然而學界對於智慧財產之管理運用的研究，多集中於智慧財產本身之管理而鮮少觸及管理智慧財產之組織。管理智慧財產之組織可以內建於企業內部，也可以外置於企業外部，也就是智慧財產控股公司。藉由對智慧財產控股公司之組織架構進行研究，便可了解將智慧財產之所有權自原企業中分離，能為企業帶來何種管理上的效益，效益又有多大？智慧財產控股公司如何為企業帶來稅務上之效益，其所面臨之挑戰為何？ 由於美國最早對於智慧財產控股公司所生之相關稅務問題進行規範，規範之內容也堪稱廣泛與細緻，故美國之稅制深具比較、對照、參考之價值。 此外，企業之稅賦除所得稅之外尚包括營業稅等稅目。但是本文就智慧財產控股公司相關稅賦問題之研究範圍，限於營利事業所得稅及所衍生之個人綜合所得稅。 在理清智慧財產控股公司之管理及稅務上效益後，本文便能為我國政府及企業提出建言，使政府能了解新型態的跨國企業智慧財產管理架構以確認合法節稅與違法的逃漏稅之界線，又能使我國企業得以藉由智慧財產控股公司架構來促進管理及稅務效益。 / In the knowledge economy era, intellectual properties, without doubt, are the foundation of competitiveness of enterprises and countries. However, studies regarding management of intellectual properties usually focus on intellectual properties themselves rather than the organizations managing intellectual properties. The managing organizations can be built in the enterprises or out of the enterprises, i.e., the intellectual property holding company (IPHC). By studying the organization structure of IPHCs, we can understand what and how huge the management benefits are to separate the ownership of intellectual properties from the enterprises, how IPHCs bring tax benefits for the enterprises, and what the challenges are in front of IPHCs. Since the United States of America is the first one who stipulates the relating tax issues of IPHCs and is probably the broadest and the finest, the tax system of USA is of great value for comparison and reference. This thesis will thus explore the USA tax system. In addition, beside income tax there are still other tax items such as business tax can be levied on enterprises. But this thesis only focuses on business income tax and thus derivated individual income tax. After clarifying the management and tax benefits of IPHCs, this thesis then is able to advice Taiwan Government and enterprises so that the government can realize the new intellectual properties managing organization structure of multinational enterprises to differ legitimate tax saving from illegal tax evasion while the enterprises can obtain the management and tax benefits through the IPHC management structure.

租稅協定不僅協調各國間稅收關係並妥善劃分課稅管轄權，進而降低企業全球化經營下所面臨的租稅課徵不確定性。然而國外文獻關於租稅協定對直接投資或海外關係企業活動之成效仍有諸多爭議，且國內仍未有利用長期性個體資料來檢視租稅協定效果的研究，因此本文以 2000 年至 2013年台灣上市公司之海外關係企業的財務資料進行分析。另外，因近年各國日益重視反避稅措施與跨國間稅收的徵管合作，故本文也進一步探討利益限制條款和資訊交換的嚴謹程度對於海外關係企業營運活動之影響。 本文建構三個固定效果模型來分析不平衡追蹤資料，其中模型一分析租稅協定對於海外關係企業營運活動的影響，而模型二檢視利益限制條款是否為其中的重要因素，模型三則分析資訊交換條款的嚴格程度是否影響海外關係企業的營運規模。實證結果顯示不論是租稅協定本身、利益限制或是資訊交換皆為影響台灣上市公司海外關係企業營運活動之重要關鍵。租稅協定的生效不僅造成海外關係企業的銷售額下降，並隨著資訊交換規範越嚴格，其下降的幅度越大。最後，在細分不同產業的條件下，得歸納出租稅協定帶來的效果並不一致之結論。