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增值稅法的反避稅規定 / Research on the Legal Problems of Value-added Tax Avoidance and Anti-Tax Avoidance杜瑋倫, Tu, Wei Lun Unknown Date (has links)
OECD於1961年成立,主要會員國為已開發國家,該組織推行反避稅不遺餘力,中國身為開發中國家一直到2010年始加強對反避稅查緝的力道,調查顯示中國在反避稅調查補稅的案件上,2006年有6.79%,有29戶調整金額破千萬人民幣,有1戶調整金額破億人民幣,平均調整金額共574萬人民幣;然到了2014年被調查補稅的有79%,有83戶調整金額破千萬人民幣,有20戶調整金額破億人民幣,平均調整金額共3068萬人民幣。與此同時也積極的修法,呈現具有中國特色的反避稅,以呼應BEPS行動方案的反避稅工作部署,並積極與租稅天堂等國家簽訂稅收情報交換協議,可見中國對於反避稅的打擊力道之強勁。
台灣近20年來,台商對外投資金額達2,200億美元,其中赴大陸地區投資金額1,382億美元,相當於62%,大陸地區已成為台商對外投資重點地區。2013年大型台商自陸撤資的投資金額,已創下78.59億元,2014年僅第二第三季,大型台商處分大陸子公司投資金額僅62億元,此現象被人稱為台商逃亡潮。大陸台商經營失敗,原因很多,稅務也是其中一個因素,這也難怪有台商表示「做生意不難,但面對稅局很難」,這裏的難分層幾個層面,第一個是,台商缺乏對稅法的理解,無法區分合法避稅與非法避稅;第二個是,營業稅改增值稅後,增值稅課稅範圍變廣所帶來的稅務風險;第三個是,稅局對增值稅避稅傾向認定為漏開發票;第四個是,行政覆議長久以來被詬病為「維持會」,行政訴訟在2014年也高達94.5%的原告主動撤訴率,都影響納稅義務人的權利保障 。
然關於避稅,學術界一直側重於稅收徵管角度的研究,從企業角度研究稅務管理的較少,企業稅務管理缺乏相對應的理論指導,況且關於避稅的文章大多是跟直接稅相關,少有跟間接稅相關。因此本文提出了一些增值稅避稅的案件類型,以及提出相關的判定節稅、增值稅反避稅、逃漏稅與虛開發票的區分方式,希望有助於台商在增值稅上相關的租稅規劃,減少稅務風險。
本文的研究方法為,蒐集中國法院相關判決、文獻解釋。及整理近期中國相關的法律案件。期望協助降低企業稅務風險,加強台商企業競爭力。
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海外盈餘匯回與稅率差異之關聯性研究 / THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROFIT REPATRIATION AND THE TAX RATES盧柏廷, Lu, Bo Tin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討稅率差異是否會影響台商海外子公司股利匯回。由於台灣目前對於國外稅額扣抵的方法採的是直接扣抵法,與大部分國家所採的國外所得免稅法及間接扣抵法不同,因此對於海外子公司只有在扣繳稅率若高於台灣營利事業所得稅率時,才必須負擔匯回的稅負。本研究將稅率差異的部分,分為海外子公司平均稅率以及扣繳稅率,來觀看在這兩個稅率之下對於股利匯回的影響。研究結果顯示,當國外扣繳稅率高於我國營利事業所得稅率時,其匯回的數目會降低,表示扣繳稅率的確是會阻礙公司股利匯回的一項障礙;但是當海外的平均公司稅率越高,則股利匯回的數目會增加,本研究認為盈餘大部分皆從稅率較高的國家匯回,因此導致這樣的結果。最後本研究將對台灣目前對於股利匯回的稅制進行建議,以健全台灣目前對於企業課稅的稅制。 / This study investigates the relationship between the tax rates and the dividend repatriation among the overseas subsidiaries of Taiwanese companies. Due to the adoption of “the direct method” for foreign tax credit, different from other countries, the Taiwanese companies will afford repatriation tax when they repatriate dividends from the countries whose withholding tax rates are higher than Taiwanese corporate tax rate. The difference of tax rates between countries defined in this study consists of
two parts-average tax rate of overseas subsidiaries and withholding tax rates. And the result is the higher withholding tax rates overseas subsidiaries afford, the lower
dividends are repatriated, which means the withholding tax is the barrier of the dividend repatriation. Another result shows the higher the overseas subsidiaries average corporate tax rates, the more dividend repatriates, which suggests that the dividends repatriate from the countries with higher corporate tax rate. Finally, this study also gives some recommendations for the Taiwanese tax policy about dividend
repatriations in order to reform the corporate tax system.
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反避稅租稅改革對企業租稅負擔及避稅行為之影響 / The impact of anti - avoidance tax reform on tax burden and tax avoidance黃竑傑, Hunag, Hung Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
過往的國際租稅制度設計著重於避免雙重課稅以消除經貿交流所產生之障礙,然而當今因資訊科技快速發展使得新興商業模式興起,跨國交易手法複雜且創新,此套國際租稅制度已逐漸無法滿足當今新型態稽徵之需求,常造成各國稅捐之流失。因此,國際租稅制度的理念已由過往的避免雙重課稅轉換為現今的避免雙重不課稅,而跨國反避稅風潮也由此而生。我國於跨國反避稅浪潮中亦制定多項反避稅措施,然而其成效如何並未有相關研究文獻作全面性之檢視,因此本文以2002年至2014年台灣上市、上櫃與興櫃公司財務資料探討我國實施多年之反避稅措施對於企業租稅負擔與避稅行為之影響。
本文研究結果顯示,移轉訂價查核準則實施與簽署租稅協定將提升企業租稅負擔與降低避稅行為。由於我國企業資本弱化情形並不嚴重,因此反資本弱化條款實施對於我國企業並無顯著影響。在簽署租稅協定內含利益限制條款方面,利益限制條款並未顯著提升我國企業租稅負擔與避稅行為,究其原因,可能為我國簽署租稅協定且含利益限制條款之樣本數過少使其效果並不明顯。 / The emergence of international tax system was to reduce the burden of juridical double taxation and increase cross-border transactions. However, the new business model changed by rapid development of science and technology made taxing authorities difficult to define the substance of cross-border transactions. In this case many countries faced the fact of tax erosion, so the objective of international tax system has been changed from the elimination of double taxation to anti-avoidance measures. In order to prevent tax erosion, Taiwan’s government had legislated some anti-avoidance provisions. There is no study that research those anti-avoidance provisions whether have impact on Taiwanese enterprise. This study used Taiwanese financial information from 2002 to 2014 to investigate the tax burden and tax avoidance of enterprise after anti-avoidance provisions had been legislated.
Empirical results show transfer pricing rules and tax treaties not only increase the tax burden but also decrease the tax avoidance of Taiwanese enterprise. This study find that there is no thin capitalization in Taiwan. At the end, tax treaties which involved limitation-on-benefits can’t increase the tax burden and decrease the tax avoidance of Taiwanese enterprise. Owing to few samples of tax treaties which involved limitation-on-benefits, the empirical result don’t reach the significant level.
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兩岸移轉訂價制度之探討-查核趨勢與台商因應之道 / Transfer Pricing in Cross-Strait Groups潘美紅, Pan, Mei Hung Unknown Date (has links)
全球化趨勢使跨國經營成為當今世界經濟主流,跨國企業紛紛透過集團內部相互控制的關係,獲取所需的有形生產資源與無形技術或相關服務,以及利用各國稅制差異,以降低集團整體的經營成本,追求利潤最大化。然而,企業如何一方面善用全球專業分工來促進有效經營,一方面又選用適當的移轉訂價策略,以符合各地稅務機構的要求,已成為跨國企業不可忽視的重要稅務議題。
中國大陸以其勞動力資源豐富的比較優勢配合產業政策,吸引各國外商前往投資,由於語言、文化及地理位置的有利因素,台灣企業赴中國大陸投資相對投資於其他地區占有優勢,使得中國大陸成為台商企業開拓事業進行全球布局的主要地方。目前兩岸政府對移轉訂價規定日益周延,台商面臨兩岸間重複課稅問題日益嚴重,參考國際間作法,宜以洽簽租稅協議方式解決。
隨著兩岸反避稅的實施,台商除了要關注未來反避稅法規的發展外,更應重新檢視集團現有投資架構及交易安排,以避免落入國際反避稅合作行動的打擊範圍。
本研究除蒐集兩岸有關移轉訂價文獻進行探討外,並透過分析台商兩岸三地的交易模式,將台商所面臨的問題彙總整理,以達到下列目的:
1、探討目前中國大陸台商所面臨移轉訂價的問題,並就該些問題提出因應的建議,使台商可以了解相關問題及建立有效的因應改善對策,同時也給予將至中國大陸投資的企業作為參考,以利企業合理規劃兩岸三地的交易訂價策略。
2、期望政府深入探討台商企業的經營處境,盡早達成朝野共識,以加速兩岸租稅協議的簽訂,以降低台商的租稅成本,使得企業更具有全球競爭力。
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反資本弱化條款對台灣跨國公司資本結構的影響 / The Impact of Anti-thin Capitalization Rules on the Capital Structure of Taiwanese Multinational Firms賴家琪, Lai,Chia Chi Unknown Date (has links)
由於許多公司會利用資本弱化來從事跨國利潤移轉,各國政府因而相繼制定反資本弱化條款,在稅務上限縮公司可減除的利息費用,以防堵企業規避稅負。惟多數探討反資本弱化條款有效性的實證文獻,都是以地主國的觀點看外來投資。 不同於之前文獻偏重探討某一特定國家 (大多數是歐美國家) 的反資本弱化條款是否會改變其境內公司之資本結構,本文則是以居住國的觀點,探討 2008 年至 2012 年台灣電子製造業的上市公司與其國內外關係企業的資本結構,是否會受到其所在國的反資本弱化條款影響。另外,基於內部債務和外部債務間的替代性,本文進一步將負債區分為內部債務與外部債務,以期能更細部了解公司的融資行為。
本文共分為四個模型:以模型一、二分析反資本弱化條款對公司內部債務的影響;以模型三、四分析反資本弱化條款對公司外部債務的影響。實證結果發現,處罰方式若為重分類為股利,會造成公司的內部債務比率下降15.45%,外部債務比率上升 27.66%。而安全港比率中的分子若指所有負債,會造成公司的外部債務比率下降 14%。此外,反資本弱化條款的施行對公司外部債務比率的影響取決於處罰方式和安全港比率中負債的定義。最後,若安全港比率的分子僅指關係人間負債,公司仍可透過增加外部債務的方式,繼續享受利息費用的稅盾效果。 / Because many companies shift their profits through debt financing, governments had imposed anti-thin capitalization rules one after another to limit the tax deductibility of interest expenses. However, most empirical researches on the effectiveness of the anti-thin capitalization rules are from host countries perspectives. Different from previous literature focusing on how the anti-thin capitalization rule of one country affects capital structures of companies in that country, this paper is from a home country perspective to analyze the effects of the anti-thin capitalization rules on capital structures of Taiwanese listed companies (Electronics manufacturing industry) and their affiliates over the period 2008-2012. This paper subdivides debt into internal debt and external debt on account of the substitution between them so that it would help us to understand financing behavior of companies in depth.
Model 1 and Model 2 are to investigate how anti-thin capitalization rules affect internal debt of companies. Model 3 and Model 4 are to investigate how anti-thin capitalization rules affect external debt of companies. The findings indicate that reclassifying excess interest as dividends reduces a company’s internal debt ratio by 15.45% and increases its external debt ratio by 27.66%. Defining the numerator of the safe haven ratio as total debt reduces a company’s external debt ratio by 14%. Moreover, how the enforcement of the anti-thin capitalization rule affects a company’s external debt ratio depends on the penalty and the definition of the debt measure in the numerator of the safe haven ratio. Finally, if the numerator of the safe haven ratio refers to related-parties debt, a company may still make good use of the tax shields of interest expenses by increasing external debt.
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