This dissertation analyzes the relationship between several mystic Sephardic texts called the Kabalah which include the three basic mystic books of Judaism: Sefer Yetsira, Sefer Bahir, and Sefer Zohar, and Argentine writer of Jewish descent, Marcos Ricardo Barnatan´s experimental work. The premise is that several mystic Sephardic texts have certain literary characteristics that make them fertile sources for the inspiration of writers like Barnatan. This thesis proves that Barnatan’s poetry and his first novel El Laberinto De Sion both use the most general concepts of the Kabalah in developing his literary and artistic creations. This study is focuses on the concept that there exists a possibility of reading kabalistic texts not only in an exegetical way, but also in a poetic way. Barnatan’s literature is prone to this kind of reading of the texts. He creates a surprisingly expressive structure without ties to established models. This expressive structure is built on a vast amount of symbols, which results from this freedom. Barnatan adopts multiple symbols from cosmogenic theories and makes use of them, thus incorporating both the spirit and style of kabalistic texts into his own work. Instead of addressing some of the main concerns of Kabbalistic study and its commentary, Barnatan avoids the concern for Law, the study of the Torah and its commentaries, while avoiding the use of the Hebrew language. For this reason Barnatan is too deviant to be considered an extension from the mainstream Kabbalistic commentary. Barnatan’s work is destined for a reader who cannot only understand his experimental methods, but who can also assemble a disjointed text while accepting a fundamental instability of space and time.

Female sexuality has commonly been viewed as the passive counterpart of male sexuality. Building upon Adrienne Rich's theory of compulsive heterosexuality, I would suggest that the fundamental location of this problem lies within the subconscious. Cristina Escofet's stance on this issue is to argue in favor of a deconstruction of Jungian archetypes, revealing their constructed rather than intrinsic character. In this dissertation, I study representative texts by Escofet and Isabel Allende and show not only how they depict patriarchal compulsive heterosexuality, but also try to reconceptualize female sexuality through surrealist and postmodern techniques such as self-reflection, dialogue with our double or Other, and sensorial perception. These techniques are designed to create a new epistemology of jouissance and excess, as defined by contemporary French theory. The significance of my study resides in the interdisciplinary analysis of female sexuality in Hispanic feminist writers. The first chapter proposes that surrealism, postmodernism, and feminism are theoretical frameworks which create new paradigms for social change. In their feminist philosophies, Escofet and Allende emphasize the use of subconscious knowledge as a means of helping them understand the world and create alternative realities. The second chapter shows how Escofet and Allende deconstruct the mysoginist archetype of Eve, which has been largely responsible for identifying women's sexual identity with the disreputable qualities of the femme fatale and whose mirror-image has long plagued women. In accordance with this stereotype, Lillith (Adam's sexually active ex-partner), has typically been portrayed as the negative Other, and for generations the she-devil myth which surrounds her has resurfaced in the media, where she assumes the role of innumerable evil female characters. In the third chapter, I examine how class and race differences have been used to intensify the demonization of different types of sexuality. In the same manner as Lillith and Eve, black and indigenous characters express dissent by retelling their stories in words and performance, and by seeking to form a dialog with their readers. The last chapter deals with the importance of the senses for female characters as they try to create their own sexuality from the fragmented bodies we find in surrealist and postmodern art. In this section we shall see how Luce Irigaray and Hélène Cixous's theories about multiple sexualities are in evidence when Escofet and Allende reconceptualize female sexuality. As no previous scholarship has analyzed the use of the subconscious, the senses, and performance when understanding female sexuality in Latin American literature, this dissertation seeks to provide a tentative exploration of the issues that may help to open up a new field of research in Hispanic feminist cultural studies.

Orientador: Edson Françozo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Godoy_MahayanaCristina_D.pdf: 4933990 bytes, checksum: c592273bb1019af254798b4a660fb45a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Tradicionalmente, o estudo do processamento das expressões pronominais sempre partiu do pressuposto de que o processador, ao ser confrontado com um pronome, inicia uma busca imediata por um antecedente. Esse ponto de vista guiou boa parte dos vários estudos sobre pronomes singulares (e.g., Arnold et al., 2000; Sturt, 2003) e, também, os poucos estudos feitos sobre o processamento de pronomes plurais (e.g., Oakhill et al., 1992). Nesse trabalho, apresentamos casos de pronomes plurais não-anafóricos que desafiam essa visão incremental, como em "Alice gostava de comer carne, e eles faziam uma picanha suculenta na churrascaria do Leblon". Nesse caso, só é possível alcançar a referência do pronome plural ao final da sentença, quando se chega à expressão "churrascaria do Leblon". Esses casos nos levam a questionar (i) se pronomes plurais, assim como os singulares, se ligam imediatamente a um antecedente provido pelo contexto; (ii) se o processamento de pronomes plurais depende de um antecedente explícito ou inferível no contexto para que possa ocorrer sem custos cognitivos adicionais. Em um primeiro experimento de leitura feito por meio de rastreamento ocular, testamos com que rapidez pronomes plurais e singulares constroem uma relação correferencial com um antecedente explícito no contexto anterior. Os resultados indicam que pronomes singulares estabelecem uma relação imediata de correferência, e a revogação essa relação implica custo cognitivo comparativamente a contextos em que a correferência é mantida. Pronomes plurais, por outro lado, parecem não se ligar de imediato com seu suposto antecedente, o que faz com que situações de revogação de correferência não resultem em um custo adicional de processamento. Em um segundo experimento, testamos quão necessários são esses antecedentes para que pronomes plurais e singulares sejam lidos sem custo adicional. Pronomes singulares que não tinham um antecedente explícito no contexto anterior levaram a um maior tempo de leitura do que pronomes singulares que mantinham relação de correferência com um antecedente. Por outro lado, pronomes plurais sem antecedente não foram cognitivamente mais custosos em comparação a pronomes plurais que contavam com um antecedente explícito no contexto. Levando em conta os processos de resolução pronominal, concluímos que nossos resultados não corroboram o pressuposto de que pronomes plurais e singulares sigam a mesma estratégia de resolução. Como pronomes plurais tendem a depender de informações apresentadas posteriormente no texto, sua resolução pode ser adiada sem acarretar custo processual. Além disso, como nossos dados sugerem que pronomes plurais podem permanecer sem resolução por um período de tempo, os resultados descritos parecem indicar que o processamento linguístico pode se pautar por representações superficiais do input linguístico em algumas situações específicas / Abstract: The study of pronoun resolution has traditionally relied on the presupposition that the parser starts searching for an antecedent as soon as it is confronted with a pronoun. This view has guided most of the large amount of work on the processing of singular pronouns (e.g. Arnold et al., 2000; Sturt, 2003) as well as the scarce work that has been done on the resolution of plural pronouns (e.g., Oakhill et al., 1992). Here, we study some occurrences of plural pronouns that seem to defy such an incremental view, as in "Alice used to eat beef everyday, and they usually prepared a delicious New York strip at the steakhouse". In this text, a referent for the plural pronoun "they" is inferred through the locative "at the steakhouse", but it is not until the end of the sentence that the reader has this information. These observations raise the questions of (i) whether plural pronouns create an immediate co-referential relation with a possible antecedent and (ii) whether processing plural pronouns really requires an antecedent by the time these expressions are read. In an eye-tracker experiment, we tested how quickly singular and plural pronouns build a co-referential link with a referent that was explicit in a previous sentence. Our results show that singular pronouns are immediately read as co-referential to their antecedent, and canceling this co-reference evokes a greater cost in comparison to situations in which the co-reference is kept through the whole sentence. On the other hand, plural pronouns does not seem to create such an immediate relation with its supposed antecedent, and canceling the co-reference does not result in extra processing cost. In a self-paced reading task, we tested how crucial it was for the processing of plural and singular pronouns that these expressions had an antecedent. Singular pronouns with no antecedent showed greater reading times in comparison to pronouns that had an antecedent. Reading times for plural pronouns were the same regardless of the presence of an antecedent. From the perspective of pronoun processing, we can conclude that the results described above do not fit the presupposition that singular and plural pronoun processing follow the same resolution strategy. Because plural pronouns may depend on information presented later in the discourse, its resolution may be delayed without causing extra processing cost. Furthermore, because our data suggest that plural pronouns may continue unresolved, these results may also be interpreted as evidence that language processing, in specific situations, may rely on superficial representations of discourse structure / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

Orientadora: Luciane de Paula / Banca: Odilon Helou Fleury Curado / Banca: Dantielli Assumpção Garcia / Resumo: Esta dissertação pensa a respeito do embate de vozes que existe no interior da escola, entre os discursos que representam a tradição escolar ou a força ideológica dominante e os discursos de resistência, entendidos como as vozes dos estudantes dentro deste processo dialético e dialógico, a partir do estudo de caso, em uma turma de 6º. ano, em uma escola estadual, da cidade de Tarumã/SP. Deste embate, o que se observa é um processo de apagamento da voz do aluno, um silenciamento gerado pela predominância da voz sistêmica e dominante, reproduzida pelo professor em sala de aula. Frente a este contexto, encontramos no poetry slam um espaço em que o aluno pode proferir os seus discursos, de acordo com suas idiossincrasias, reconhecendo que a escola também é o lugar da livre reflexão, da pluralidade de pensamento e da arte. Desse modo, neste trabalho buscamos (i) observar como se dá o embate de vozes dentro da escola e analisar como os jovens estudantes colocam-se frente a uma situação escolar em que são convidados a expressarem sua voz; (ii) estimular a escrita de enunciados autorais, de cunho poético-literário, reconhecendo o estudante também como sujeito autor; (iii) proporcionar ao aluno um contexto real de produção, circulação e apreciação estética de enunciados. A partir das atividades desenvolvidas por meio do poetry slam ou batalha de poesia, também analisamos de que maneira os discursos dos alunos foram arquitetados em suas poesias, com relação ao conteúdo temático, forma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The concerning of this dissertation is think about the clash of voices that exists inside the school, between the discourses that represent the school tradition or within the dominant ideological strength. That voices can be seen as resistance discourses, understood as voice of students within this dialectical and dialogical process, from of a case study, in a class of 6° year, in a State School, at the city of Tarumã / SP. From this clash of voices, what is observed is a process of erasing the student's voice, a silencing generated by the predominance of the systemic and dominant voice, reproduced by the teacher in the classroom. Against this background, we find in poetry slam a space in which the student can utter his speeches, according to his idiosyncrasies, recognizing that the school is also the place of free reflection, plurality of thought and art. Thus, in this work we seek to (i) observe how the clash of voices within the school occurs and analyze how young students put themselves in front of a school situation in which they are invited to express their voice; (ii) stimulate the writing and production of authorial poetic-literary utterances, recognizing the student also as subject author; (iii) provide the student a real context of production, circulation and aesthetic appreciation of this kind of utterance. From the activities developed through the poetry slam or battle of poetry, we also analyze how the students' discourses were architected in their poetry, in relation to the thematic content, compositional form and style. We base our analysis on Bakhtin's circle studies, from the dialectical-dialogical perspective of discourse analysis. Conceptions of discursive genres, social voice, ideology, responsiveness and aesthetics are discussed, mainly to think about public Portuguese-language teaching and how this teaching can reinforce... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Assunção Aparecida Laia Cristovão / Banca: Ana Carolina Sperança Criscuolo / Banca: Ana Lúcia Furquim Campos Toscano / Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou aplicar uma sequência de atividades com foco no gênero discursivo entrevista, que é visto de maneira superficial no Currículo do Estado de São Paulo do Ensino Fundamental, apenas como subsídio para o gênero reportagem. Por isso a proposta foi ampliar e inovar o currículo por meio do desenvolvimento de um projeto de letramento, aplicado, através de uma sequência didática, atividades organizadas e dirigidas para análise do gênero, culminando em uma entrevista com interlocutores reais em um contexto real de comunicação, possibilitando, assim, que a aprendizagem ocorresse através do processo e não apenas do resultado. Para tanto, o projeto propôs aos alunos do 7º ano de uma escola pública estadual de Ourinhos-SP uma visita ao lar de idosos da cidade para uma entrevista, possibilitando, através da prática, compreender a função social do gênero em estudo e, dessa forma, tornar mais significativo e atrativo o processo de ensino-aprendizagem por meio de gêneros discursivos. Observou-se, pois, que os projetos de letramento são alternativas produtivas, uma vez que trabalham a língua materna com vistas ao social, conectando o ensino escolar à prática e desenvolvendo habilidades de leitura e escrita para a vida e a cidadania; de modo que a escola, principal agência de letramento, por meio de seus professores e estratégias responsivas, tenha papel fundamental na formação social do aluno. Os pressupostos teóricos que sustentam essa investigação baseiam-se em e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work aimed to apply a sequence of activities focused on the discursive genre interview, which is seen in a superficial way in the State of São Paulo Curriculum of Elementary School, only as a subsidy for the genre reporting. Therefore, the proposal was to expand and innovate the curriculum through the development of a literacy project, applied through a didactic sequence, organized activities and directed to gender analysis, culminating in an interview with real interlocutors in a real context of communication, thus enabling learning to occur through the process and not just the result. To this end, the project proposed to the students of the 7th year of a state public school in Ourinhos-SP a visit to the nursing home of the city for an interview, making possible, through the practice, to understand the social function of the study genre and, in this way, to make the teaching-learning process more meaningful and attractive through discursive genres. It was observed, therefore, that literacy projects are productive alternatives, since they work in the mother tongue with a view to the social, connecting school teaching to practice and developing reading and writing skills for life and citizenship; so that the school, the main literacy agency, through its teachers and responsive strategies, plays a fundamental role in the social formation of the student. The theoretical assumptions that support this research are based on studies on literacies (Kleiman, 1995, Soares, 1998, Mortatti, 2004, Street, 2014). in the work with the pedagogy of projects (Dewey, 1947, apud Cunha, 2011) and in the theory on discursive genres (Bakhtin, 2016 and Fiorin, 2017). The development of this study was based on the methodological approach of the qualitative research, and since it comprises a practical par... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientadores: Maria Filomena Spatti Sândalo, Andrew Ira Nevins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_MariaLuisadeAndrade_D.pdf: 9587442 bytes, checksum: 3fa3a7847eda593904ce50e3a60d08ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta tese descreve e analisa aspectos morfofonológicos e morfossintáticos dos nomes deverbais formados pelos nominalizadores -ção e -mento no Português Brasileiro, aliando uma abordagem experimental e quantitativa a uma investigação diacrônica. Esses sufixos formam nomes derivados a partir de raízes e verbos e são descritos conjuntamente como os nominalizadores mais produtivos em PB (Basílio 1980, 1996; Rocha 1999; entre outros). Em um estudo quantitativo (Freitas 2014), averiguamos tendências claras na distribuição desses afixos nominalizadores, a partir da análise de uma base de dados composta de 2175 palavras: (i) Há uma relação de preferência entre os verbos da segunda conjugação (em -er) e o sufixo -mento. Interessantemente, nos nomes deverbais formados por este afixo há um alteamento obrigatório da vogal temática -e- (e.g. mover/movimento), causando neutralização entre a segunda e a terceira conjugação. Contudo, nos nomes formados por - ção, este alteamento não é categórico (e.g. fazer/fazeção/*fazição). (ii) A estrutura argumental da base é fator condicionante na escolha dos sufixos -ção e -mento: verbos transitivos e inergativos são preferencialmente nominalizados com -ção, e os verbos inacusativos são nominalizados com -mento. Neste trabalho, investigamos se as tendências lexicais identificadas são produtivas sincronicamente, quer dizer, se as distribuições observadas no léxico apresentam realidade psicológica ou não para os falantes de PB. Para isso, desenvolvemos três experimentos com logatomas (ou pseudo-palavras) com intuito de averiguar a hipótese de que os falantes têm internalizados dois fatores que condicionam a seleção preferencial dos sufixos -ção e -mento: (i) o fator fonológico, i.e., as classes temáticas verbais; e (ii) o fator sintático, i.e., a estrutura argumental do verbo base. Os resultados dos experimentos atestam que existe uma correlação significativa entre os fatores investigados e a escolha do sufixo nominalizador, assim como averiguamos no léxico. Dessa maneira, tendo em vista um modelo sintático de formação de palavras como o da Morfologia Distribuída (Halle; Marantz 1993; 1994; Marantz 2001, 2007; Embick 2010), argumentamos que o tipo de estrutura argumental dos verbos determina o comportamento morfofonológico e morfossintático dos nomes deverbais formados pelos sufixos -ção e -mento. A hipótese que defendemos é a de que a presença de DP complemento na estrutura argumental de verbos desencadeia diferenças no ponto computacional em que as raízes são enviadas ao componente fonológico para serem processadas, gerando diferenças de superfície nos nomes resultantes desse processo derivacional. Adicionalmente, abordamos nesta tese a questão da variação na produtividade morfológica dos nominalizadores -ção e -mento em uma perspectiva diacrônica, a partir de um estudo piloto acerca da datação das palavras contidas na versão eletrônica do dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa / Abstract: This dissertation describes and analyses morphophonological and morphosyntactic aspects of the deverbal nouns formed by the nominalizing suffixes -ção and -mento in Brazilian Portuguese, combining an experimental and quantitative approach with a diachronic investigation. These suffixes can take both roots and verbs to form derived nouns and they are described together as the most productive nominalizers (Basílio 1980, 1996; Rocha 1999; among others). In a quantitative study (Freitas 2014), I found clear tendencies in the distribution of these affixes from the analysis of a database of 2715 words collected from the electronic version 1.0 of the Houaiss Dictionary of Portuguese: (i) There is a preference relation between the verbs of second conjugation (in -er) and the suffix -mento. Interestingly, in the deverbal nouns formed by this suffix there is an obligatory raising of the theme vowel -e- to [i] (e.g. mover/movimento), triggering neutralization between the second and the third verbal conjugations. However, in nouns formed by -ção, the raising is not categorical (e.g. fazer/fazeção/*fazição); (ii) the argument structure type of the verbal base is a conditioning factor for the selection of -ção and -mento: transitive and unergative verbs preferably select -ção and unaccusative verbs preferably select -mento. In this dissertation, I investigate whether these lexical trends are synchronically productive, exhibiting or not psychological reality for native speakers. To do so, I developed three wugtests in order to test the hypothesis that speakers have internalized two conditioning factors in the preferential selection of -ção and -mento: (i) the phonological factor, i.e. the thematic classes of the verbal bases; (ii) the syntactic factor, i.e. the argument structure type of the verbal bases. The experimental results attest there is a significant correlation between these factors and the choice of nominalizing suffix, as we have found in the lexicon. Therefore, taking into account a syntactic model of word formation such as Distributed Morphology (Halle; Marantz 1993; 1994; among many others), I argue that the argument structure of verbal bases is responsible for the morphophonological and morphosyntactic behavior of the nouns formed by -ção and -mento. I defend the hypothesis that the presence of a DP as complement of a root may trigger differences in the computational point at which the roots are sent to the phonological component to be phonologically processed, resulting in surface differences to the derived nouns. Additionally, in this work, I also address questions relating to the diachronic variation in the morphological productivity of the competing morphemes based on a pilot study using the electronic version of the Houaiss Dictionary of Portuguese / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

Este estudio identifica un conjunto de narrativas españolas, publicadas entre 1994 y 2008, que contienen personajes anoréxicos, con el fin de analizarlos y ubicarlos dentro del panorama literario español. Sin olvidar el contexto más global, este estudio se enfoca en los textos que contienen periodos de hospitalización para el tratamiento de la anorexia, Billete de ida y vuelta (1999) de Gemma Lienas, "Debilitamiento" (2002) de Andrés Barba, Estela: Diario de una vida adolescente (1997) de Javier López Garcìa, La foto de Portobello (2004) de Vicente Muñoz Puelles, Mi tigre es lluvia (1997) de Carlos Puerto, Morir de hambre: Cartas a una anoréxica (2002) de Luis Martìnez de Mingo, Peso cero (2007) de Antonia Romero, Porque eres mi amiga (2008) de Ana Pomares y Rosas blancas para Claudia (2005) de Carlos Puerto. Primero, y a base del criterio diagnóstico para la anorexia que propone la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana, se analizan los personajes anoréxicos para establecer la veracidad de su anorexia, asì estableciendo el realismo de los textos. Luego, se indaga sobre las manifestaciones de control que resultan en los estados de descontrol, demostrando que la anorexia se puede leer como una crisis de identidad en los personajes anoréxicos. Después, se analizan los temas de vigilancia y normalización en los programas de hospitalización según las ideas de Michel Foucault sobre el Panóptico de Jeremy Bentham y su aplicación a los programas de hospitalización por Mebbie Bell. Se considera el alto nivel de reincidencia después de los periodos de hospitalización y, por lo mismo, se compara la terapia de hospitalización con otras terapias alternativas, vistas en Peso cero y Sara y la anorexia: El triunfo del alma sobre la mente (2006) por Nieves Mesón, concluyendo que los programas más sutiles consiguen con mayor eficacia la recuperación de la anorexia. Entonces, se analizan los cambios económicos, socio-históricos y culturales que ocurren en España en las décadas anteriores al aumento de los casos de anorexia, particularmente la abertura de la economìsa española y su entrada en la Comunidad Económica Europea en 1986, el fin de la dictadura de Francisco Franco y los consecuentes cambios en el papel de la mujer en la sociedad española y los cambios culturales en cuanto a la alimentación; se demuestra cómo estos cambios contribuyen al aumento de los casos de anorexia y cómo se ilustran dentro de los textos bajo consideración. Debido a la relación entre estos factores y la anorexia, se propone que las chicas anoréxicas, por llevar la crisis de la transición española en sus cuerpos, reflejan la crisis de identidad de España después de la muerte de Franco. Finalmente, se lleva a cabo un análisis literario de las obras en cuestión, estudiando los temas posmodernos de fragmentación e intertextualidad, concluyendo que la narrativa sobre la anorexia ilustra bien la condición anoréxica y, por lo mismo, se considera una literatura posmoderna para una enfermedad igualmente posmoderna, fragmentada y llena de múltiples voces. Encima, por su conexión con la cuestión de identidad, se propone que este cuerpo textual se considere una extensión de la literatura española posfranquista que trata el tema de la identidad. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2009. / May 28, 2009. / Postmodernism, Fiction, Eating disorders, Spain, Identity, Intertextuality / Includes bibliographical references. / Brenda Cappuccio, Professor Directing Dissertation; Virgil Suárez, Outside Committee Member; Roberto G. Fernández, Committee Member; Delia Poey, Committee Member.

The present study reports the findings of two self-paced reading tasks (N = 98). The primary experiment (subjunctive task) investigated the effects of lexical preference on L1 Spanish and L2 Spanish readers' processing of the subjunctive during online sentence processing. Participants of various proficiency levels (intermediate, high intermediate, advanced and native Spanish speakers) read sentences that were either ±Form or ±Meaning. The variable "Form" was operationalized as a (mis)match between the lexical expression of modality in the main clause of a sentence and the mood marker (indicative or subjunctive) on the subordinate verb. The variable "Meaning" was operationalized as a (mis)match between the lexical-semantics of the subordinate verb in a sentence and the action or situation depicted in a corresponding image. The secondary experiment (local agreement task) investigated the same learners' processing of localized subject-verb agreement violations during online sentence processing. The results of the subjunctive task revealed that only native speakers demonstrated sensitivity (i.e., increased reading times as measured via a self-paced reading methodology) to modality-mood mismatches (±Form). Intermediate through advanced-level L2 learners demonstrated sensitivity to sentence-image mismatches (±Meaning) only. In the local agreement task, only intermediate L2 learners were not sensitive to grammaticality violations. These findings are discussed in light of the Lexical Preference Principle (VanPatten, 2004, 2007) and the Shallow Structures Hypothesis (Clahsen & Felser, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c). / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2011. / April 28, 2011. / Spanish Subjunctive, Sentence Processing, Lexical Preference, Input Processing, Shallow Structures Hypothesis / Includes bibliographical references. / Michael Leeser, Professor Directing Dissertation; Michael Kaschak, University Representative; Carolina González, Committee Member; Patrick Kennell, Committee Member; Gretchen Sunderman, Committee Member.

The goal of this dissertation is to formulate a novel characterization of subjunctive complements in Spanish, based on semantico-pragmatic and syntactic evidence. The analysis is informed by, and has consequences for, theories that the pragmatic and semantic components of the grammar interface with the syntax. Thus, the proposal carries implications for the interpretive components of the grammar at the C-I interface. I argue that the indicative mood, in Romance, corresponds to propositions which carry assertive force. Data from Greek and Bulgarian provide evidence for a syntactic representation of this feature. I provide evidence for a novel tripartite classification of subjunctive clauses: (i) those that are lexically-selected by volitional verbs and carry strongly intensional semantics, (ii) those licensed by a non-veridical operator (i.e. negation) and carry anti-veridical semantics and (iii) those which lack illocutionary force, with the subjunctive mood surfacing as the default (uninformative) mood in complements to emotives and negated epistemics. Complements to emotive and negated epistemic predicates are the only subjunctive complements which may be extensionally anchored (to the real world), yet are incompatible with ‘point of view’ phenomena, which is unexpected in extensional contexts. The data indicate that the subjunctive surfaces in uninformative contexts, in the absence of (intensional or assertive) illocutionary force. The observations lead to a novel syntactic analysis, relying on Speas and Tenny’s (2003) representation of pragmatic arguments, which captures the fact that subjunctive clauses are anchored to a particular individual (either the matrix subject or the speaker). I propose that subject obviation occurs only in deontic and causative contexts, a novel hypothesis supported by data which illustrate that the addition of an evaluative component (an epistemic ordering source) renders subject obviation violable. I argue that a feature-checking relationship between the subordinate Seat of Knowledge position and matrix deontic or causative v anchors the complement proposition to the matrix subject’s model of evaluation. Co-reference is then banned due to a semantico-pragmatic parameter setting in Romance which disallows a de se (self-ascribing) reading in finite contexts, which facilitates the processing of pronominal reference. I argue that the semantico-pragmatic status of subjunctive complements to negated epistemic predicates overlaps with those to both emotives, which are evaluative, and those to other negated predicates (i.e. perception verbs, verbs of reported speech), which are evidential. Their dual status accounts for the (previously unobserved) overlapping syntactic and semantic properties exhibited in their subjunctive complements. Partee’s (1991, 1995) proposal for a tripartite structure of negation elegantly captures the interpretive facts. Subjunctive complements to negated evidential predicates are interpreted in the scope of negation, while those to evaluative (emotive) predicates are interpreted in the restrictor, with those to negated epistemics allowing both options. Two different types of negation are identified, following Horn’s (1989) analysis. The pragmatic classification of the predicate as either evidential or evaluative determines the type of negation with which it may surface. Metalinguistic negation surfaces with evaluative predicates, and does not scope into the complement clause. True negation-triggered subjunctive (i.e. evidential contexts) results from the scope of descriptive negation into the complement clause, which carries a negative clause-type feature. I show that negation-triggered subjunctive clauses constitute unbounded events, which is attributed to their anti-veridical status. In conclusion, the analysis characterizes subjunctive clauses in Spanish, and carries implications for cross-linguistic analysis. More research is needed to verify the claims cross-linguistically, and the analysis lacks a precise characterization of indicative complement clauses which, like subjunctive clauses, require a more fine-grained characterization.

Displacing the Mask: Jorge Luis Borges and the Translation of Narrative studies the transformations that occur in Jorge Luis Borges's translations of Anglo-American fiction into Spanish. This project argues that Borges inscribed his tastes, values, and judgments about the literature he was translating onto the target-language texts, and in doing so altered important aspects of the source-language narratives: the identities of their characters, the ethical and rhetorical positioning of their narrators, their plots, and even the genres to which those narratives belong. The dissertation focuses on Borges's four book-length translations from the English, A Room of One's Own (1929, translated 1936) and Orlando (1928, translated 1937) by Virginia Woolf, The Wild Palms (1939, translated 1940) by William Faulkner and Bartleby (1853, translated 1943) by Herman Melville, as well as Borges's translation fragment of "Penelope" from James Joyce's Ulysses (1922, translated 1925). There are two major influences that guide the transformations this project explores, one aesthetic and one ideological. The aesthetic motivation is Borges's preference for plot-driven over character-driven fiction, which culminates in a strong distaste for what he terms "psychological narrative." Borges preferred adventure novels and detective fiction; correspondingly, wherever possible, he made changes to the form and content of the novels he translated to move them closer to the action-centered, personality-effacing fiction he preferred. The primary ideological influence I have found is a heteronormative understanding of gender and sexuality, which gives way to polarized representations of masculinity and femininity. In almost every translation, Borges pushes back against non-normative representations of gender and sexuality, reorienting characters toward traditional gender stereotypes. These two motivations, gender and genre, show themselves to be intertwined in Borges's translation practice; removing or rewriting the psychological aspects of narrative texts frequently comes about by shifting the gender and sexuality of a text's characters and the ideological positioning of its author. By focusing on a substantial subset of his translation work--Anglo-American fiction--this project fills a gap in the scholarship on Borges and translation, which to date has only selectively analyzed isolated texts. It also affords scholars of Borges's writing style access to perspectives previously unavailable, by demonstrating what his transformations to source texts' styles say about his own. A scholarly intention of this dissertation is also to demonstrate the relevance of translation to a number of academic fields, including narratology, women's studies, sexuality studies, and comparative literature. Comparative translation analyses reveal cultural representations of gender, ideological positions on sexuality, and radical reformulations of texts' narrative communication situations, all of which open important new avenues these disciplines may follow. At the same time, this project encourages the linguistics-based and empirically oriented branches of translation studies to employ comparative translation analysis not only to study translation itself, but as a basis for the critical analysis of translated literature.