The aim of this study was to look at the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the hippocampus, specifically any variations in volume between individuals with PTSD and a control group. Two databases, PubMed and Web of Science, were utilised to locate literature, with a focuson recent (5-year) articles. These were the study's inclusion requirements: (1) inclusion of adults with PTSD; (2) MRI as a method of studying changes in the brain ; (3) Comparison of outcomes with a control group with or without trauma. This studys exclusion criteria were: (1) non-English language papers, (2) non- adults participants, and (3) other imaging method than MRI. These criteria were intended to ensure the selection of appropriate articles and the uniformity of the systematic review. All the studies looked at MRI to investigate structural changes in the volume of the hippocampus. In the end I investigated 10 studies with a total of 3,826 participants and the findings of these investigations revealed that some studies shown dicreasing of hippocampal volume between patients with PTSD and the control group, whereas others found no such changes as the result of the investigation. These disparate findings show a lack of agreement in the available literature on the influence of PTSD on hippocampus volume. The selection of only recent (5 years) papers and the limited number of studies were the constraints. However, due to a lack of time, broader research could not be done, which made it difficult to draw more accurate conclusions from the study.

Terrorism, conflict, and natural disasters. How can architecture respond to a world at odds with itself?On a daily basis we see tragic news about cities around the world that are undergoing trauma. We are exposed to horrific images of shattered buildings destroyed by terrorism, we see coastal areas damaged in floods and mudslides, we see the aftermath of cyclones outbreaks. Through modern technology we are all witnessing the immediate impact and destruction of these types of violent manmade and climatic events.The post-traumatic condition is no longer an exception; it is now the norm. While repair and reconstruction are automatic reflexes of trauma, the disciplines’ knowledge and practices must be imbued with a greater understanding of the impact of trauma on cities and their contingent realities.To be able to heal cities with architecture we must first understand the trauma in context, thus rethinking the role of architecture and urbanism in the modern world.Post-traumatic urbanism necessitates the mobilization of architects’ skills, criticality, and creativity in unfamiliar contexts, but above all, sensitivity.In my thesis I will study post-traumatic architecture and urbanism by using an example of the post-traumatic urban condition of the Halabja massacre, in Kurdistan, northern Iraq in the year 1998. I have chosen this specific trauma because of how it has personally affected me, my family and the city I grew up in. I want to impose my personal experiences with post-traumatic cities in this project while also taking into account other research and studies on the topic, allowing a nuanced perspective on the subject of Post-Traumatic Urbanism.

The emergency department is a stressful environment. Emergency department registered nurses (ED RNs) are at an increased risk of development of negative and unhealthy psychological conditions due to their frequent exposure to stress and traumatic events. These conditions include post-traumatic stress disorder, compassion fatigue, and burnout syndrome, which are already known to be common in the emergency department registered nurse population. It is important to understand the factors that influence the development of these psychological conditions in order to provide better education to nurses regarding prevention of the development of these psychological conditions. This literature review aimed to identify articles that examined the factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, compassion fatigue, and burnout syndrome. Databases searched included but were not limited to CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. The determinants discussed in this paper include personality traits, social support, coping style, workplace violence, work environment, internal perceptions held by the nurse, and external perceptions held by the patient. Limited research exists regarding the factors influencing the development of compassion fatigue in the ED RN.

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Public Safety Personnel (PSP) and Military Personnel (MP) face high rates of potentially traumatic exposures as part of their on-the-job service. As a result, they frequently experience highly impactful Occupational Stress Injuries (OSI), which contribute to complex experiences of mental, health, social, and functional injuries. The individual experience of these injuries is mediated by domain of the causal stressor, including whether it stemmed from an operational factor (i.e., the unique operational demands of the position) or an organizational factor (i.e., systemic stressors associated with employment environment). Military Sexual Trauma (MST) and Military Sexual Misconduct (MSM) are two organizational stressors which involve systemically-normalized sexual violence and discrimination within military environments. MSM and MST unfairly target equity-deserving community members, such as woman-identifying personnel and 2SLGBTQIA+ personnel. By belonging to an equity-deserving community, these communities face an additive impact of distinctive personal factors (e.g., person-specific factors such as gender identity or sexual orientation), which predicate more complex experiences of OSI. In Chapter 2 (Study 1), we qualitatively outline how PSP personally describe their experience of OSI-related PTSD symptoms. In Chapter 3 (Study 2), we qualitatively examine the emotional, social, and functional outcomes of an organizational stressor, MSM, in an equity-deserving community of MP (i.e., woman-identifying military Veterans). Finally, in Chapter 4 (Study 3), we qualitatively assess the mental, social, and functional implications of MST in another equity-deserving population (i.e., the 2SLBTQIA+ military community) using a scoping review methodology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Public Safety Personnel (PSP) and Military Personnel (MP) experience greater exposure to potentially traumatic experiences as part of their occupational duties than do civilians. As a result, they are more likely to suffer negative mental, social, health, and functional outcomes, known as Occupational Stress Injuries (OSI). The individual expression of OSI is mediated both by the domain of the original stressor (i.e., organizational, or operational), and, by person-specific factors, such as belonging to an equity-deserving population of service. Through qualitative research methods, this thesis examines the mental, social, health and functional outcomes of OSI in military and Public Safety Personnel (i.e., MP and PSP, respectively), as well as how membership in equity-deserving communities impacts these outcomes.