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Vor mehr als zwei Dekaden folgten dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs in Europa Umgestaltungsprozesse, die sich auf der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ebene der betroffenen Staaten vollzogen. In der Folge veränderten sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung von Städten mit einem solchen Transformationshintergrund vollständig. Dies führte zu grundlegenden strukturellen und funktionalen Veränderungen in diesen Städten. Bislang hat sich in der Literatur kein theoretischer Ansatz als Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund etablieren können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein solches Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund aus bereits bestehenden theoretischen Ansätzen abzuleiten und empirisch zu überprüfen. / Over two decades ago, the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe led to processes of political, social and economic reorganisation in the affected countries. Against this backdrop of transformation, the framework for the development of cities changed drastically. This led to fundamental changes in the structure and function in those cities. Until now, no theoretical frame was established in literature to explain the urban development of the respective cities. The aim of this thesis is to derive an explanatory concept from already existing theoretical assumptions and to verify it empirically. The question to investigate was how far one can observe European wide convergent lines of development, and to what extent cities with transformational backgrounds undergo divergent processes. / Před více než dvěma desítkami let následovaly po pádu železné opony v Evropě transformační procesy, které ovlivnily politickou, ekonomickou i sociální úroveň daných států. Následně se zcela změnily rámcové podmínky rozvoje měst podmíněné transformací ekonomiky a polečnosti na celostátní úrovni. To vedlo k zásadním strukturálním a funkčním změnám v těchto městech. Až dosud se v literatuře neobjevil žádný teoretický přístup jako vzor interpretace rozvoje měst procházejících transformací. Cílem předložené práce bylo odvodit a empiricky prověřit nově formulovaný přístup pro města procházející transformací v porovnání s již existujícími teoretickými přístupy. Tím bylo zjišťováno, do jaké míry jsou v Evropě vnímány konvergentní rozvojové směry a naopak jakou pozici zaujímají města procházející transformací v divergentních procesech. / Ponad dwie dekady temu, po zniesieniu żelaznej krtyny w Europie, miały miejsce procesy przeobrażeń, które się dokonały na politycznym, gospodarczym i socjalnym poziomie w dotkniętych krajach. W następstwie całkowicie uległy zmianie ramowe warunki rozwoju państwach. Dotychczas nie spradwdzono żadnej teoretycznej koncepcji modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejącej w lieraturze. Celem poniższje pracy było wywnioskowanie i empiryczne sprawdzenie takiego modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejących teoretycznych założeń. Zadano sobie pytanie, jak rozlegle w Europie podobne kierunki rozwoju są do zaobserwowania i w którym miejscu prozesy przebiegają odmiennie. / La chute du rideau de fer, au début des années 1990, a été suivie par des processus de réorganisation au niveau politique, économique et social dans les pays socialistes d’Europe centrale. En conséquence, le contexte de développement des villes de ces pays respectifs changea brusquement, ce qui engendra un changement fondamental au niveau de leur structure et fonction. L’état de l’art de l’urbanisme ne présente aucun outil permettant d’expliquer le développement des villes en transformation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir un principe explicatif basé sur des théories existantes et de le valider ensuite par une étude empirique. La question scientifique est : « dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des développements convergents à travers l’Europe et dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des processus de développement divergeant dans les villes soumises à la transformation » ?

Vor mehr als zwei Dekaden folgten dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs in Europa Umgestaltungsprozesse, die sich auf der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ebene der betroffenen Staaten vollzogen. In der Folge veränderten sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung von Städten mit einem solchen Transformationshintergrund vollständig. Dies führte zu grundlegenden strukturellen und funktionalen Veränderungen in diesen Städten. Bislang hat sich in der Literatur kein theoretischer Ansatz als Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund etablieren können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein solches Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund aus bereits bestehenden theoretischen Ansätzen abzuleiten und empirisch zu überprüfen. / Over two decades ago, the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe led to processes of political, social and economic reorganisation in the affected countries. Against this backdrop of transformation, the framework for the development of cities changed drastically. This led to fundamental changes in the structure and function in those cities. Until now, no theoretical frame was established in literature to explain the urban development of the respective cities. The aim of this thesis is to derive an explanatory concept from already existing theoretical assumptions and to verify it empirically. The question to investigate was how far one can observe European wide convergent lines of development, and to what extent cities with transformational backgrounds undergo divergent processes. / Před více než dvěma desítkami let následovaly po pádu železné opony v Evropě transformační procesy, které ovlivnily politickou, ekonomickou i sociální úroveň daných států. Následně se zcela změnily rámcové podmínky rozvoje měst podmíněné transformací ekonomiky a polečnosti na celostátní úrovni. To vedlo k zásadním strukturálním a funkčním změnám v těchto městech. Až dosud se v literatuře neobjevil žádný teoretický přístup jako vzor interpretace rozvoje měst procházejících transformací. Cílem předložené práce bylo odvodit a empiricky prověřit nově formulovaný přístup pro města procházející transformací v porovnání s již existujícími teoretickými přístupy. Tím bylo zjišťováno, do jaké míry jsou v Evropě vnímány konvergentní rozvojové směry a naopak jakou pozici zaujímají města procházející transformací v divergentních procesech. / Ponad dwie dekady temu, po zniesieniu żelaznej krtyny w Europie, miały miejsce procesy przeobrażeń, które się dokonały na politycznym, gospodarczym i socjalnym poziomie w dotkniętych krajach. W następstwie całkowicie uległy zmianie ramowe warunki rozwoju państwach. Dotychczas nie spradwdzono żadnej teoretycznej koncepcji modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejącej w lieraturze. Celem poniższje pracy było wywnioskowanie i empiryczne sprawdzenie takiego modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejących teoretycznych założeń. Zadano sobie pytanie, jak rozlegle w Europie podobne kierunki rozwoju są do zaobserwowania i w którym miejscu prozesy przebiegają odmiennie. / La chute du rideau de fer, au début des années 1990, a été suivie par des processus de réorganisation au niveau politique, économique et social dans les pays socialistes d’Europe centrale. En conséquence, le contexte de développement des villes de ces pays respectifs changea brusquement, ce qui engendra un changement fondamental au niveau de leur structure et fonction. L’état de l’art de l’urbanisme ne présente aucun outil permettant d’expliquer le développement des villes en transformation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir un principe explicatif basé sur des théories existantes et de le valider ensuite par une étude empirique. La question scientifique est : « dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des développements convergents à travers l’Europe et dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des processus de développement divergeant dans les villes soumises à la transformation » ?

År 2021 fyller Göteborg 400 år och det lockar många byggare att bli klara jubileumsåret till ära, inte minst väntas ca 30 000 nya bostäder. Frågan är var medborgarna kommer in i denna planeringsprocess och vad det finns för strukturella möjligheter för dialog där medborgare får säga sitt. Det uppsatsen syftar på är att belysa hur planeringsprocessen ser ut inom byggnation, och vilka möjligheter som ges till medborgardialog. Uppsatsen går igenom planeringsprocessens olika delar, från idé till spadtag, och vilka aktörer som kan tänkas vara med i denna process. När det kommer till medborgardialog står principer och policys i fokus, men går också igenom vilka resurser och utbildningsbehov som finns för dialogarbeten. Med utgångspunkt i en offentlighetsteori av Jürgen Habermas granskas litterärt material från flertalet kommunala källor, bl.a. Göteborgs Stad, Boverket och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting. Komplement till detta är 3 intervjuer, dessa om medborgardialog, samarbete mellan olika kompetenser och förhållningsregler inom arbetet. / During the year of 2021 the city of Gothenburg turns 400 years and it attracts many contractors to finish then in honor of the anniversary, not at least to be expected is 30,000 new homes. The question is where the citizens come into the planning procedure.  This bachelor’s thesis aim is to explore what the planning process looks like during construction and what the structural possibilities are for public dialog. The thesis goes through the different parts of the planning procedure, from concept to groundbreaking, and who that might be a part of this process. When it comes to public dialog the focus is on principals and policies, but also goes through what the needs are for education and current resources around working with dialog.  Based on Jürgen Habermas theory on the Public sphere literary materials are examined, mostly from municipal sources, including City of Gothenburg, National Board of Housing and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. Complementing this are three interviews, these with focus on public dialog, cooperation between various competencies and conduct of the working process. / Stadsplanering, Inflytande och Medborgardialog

The prevalence of internationalization in universities today is affecting the cities in which they are located. As the integration of international students adds to the ambiance and culture of a city, the authors argue that mutual participation of universities and communities will influence the development of a city. The aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the collaborations between the two, using Jönköping’s International Business School (JIBS) as a case study. In focusing our attention on international students and their part-time employment, we wish to gain a better understanding of the potential effects a university may have in enhancing a city. Research was conducted in an effort to obtain diverse views and uncover underlying themes that may exist between different stakeholders. Respondents from the following organizations were interviewed to clarify the different perceptions: The University Service’s Career Center, International and Recruitment Offices at JIBS, and Jönköping Municipality. It was found that networking between JIBS and Jönköping exists, but that the relationship appears to be complex as each party has different dimensions to consider, making true collaboration difficult. However, communication and cooperation could be useful in steering the direction of city development. The presence of international students is seen as influencing the culture, knowledge, and image of the city, but a true integration of these students is lacking. A further contribution through the inclusion of international students in part-time employment is believed to be beneficial to both the city and students, but barriers such as language make this a difficult task. An alliance between JIBS and Jönköping is therefore encouraged, as their combined efforts are crucial in solving these types of issues. We claim that the integration of international students through the creation of part-time jobs or internships demonstrates one way JIBS contributes to the city.   The prevalence of internationalization in universities today is affecting the cities in which they are located. As the integration of international students adds to the ambiance and culture of a city, the authors argue that mutual participation of universities and communities will influence the development of a city. The aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the collaborations between the two, using Jönköping’s International Business School (JIBS) as a case study. In focusing our attention on international students and their part-time employment, we wish to gain a better understanding of the potential effects a university may have in enhancing a city. Research was conducted in an effort to obtain diverse views and uncover underlying themes that may exist between different stakeholders. Respondents from the following organizations were interviewed to clarify the different perceptions: The University Service’s Career Center, International and Recruitment Offices at JIBS, and Jönköping Municipality. It was found that networking between JIBS and Jönköping exists, but that the relationship appears to be complex as each party has different dimensions to consider, making true collaboration difficult. However, communication and cooperation could be useful in steering the direction of city development. The presence of international students is seen as influencing the culture, knowledge, and image of the city, but a true integration of these students is lacking. A further contribution through the inclusion of international students in part-time employment is believed to be beneficial to both the city and students, but barriers such as language make this a difficult task. An alliance between JIBS and Jönköping is therefore encouraged, as their combined efforts are crucial in solving these types of issues. We claim that the integration of international students through the creation of part-time jobs or internships demonstrates one way JIBS contributes to the city.

Diploma thesis maps functioning, problems and troubles of public transportation in Prague during socialism in years 1948 till 1974. These years represents the beginning of communism in Czechoslovak Republic and year of putting the Prague metro into operation. The aim of the work was to examine this limited period in terms of public transportation, its impact on urban development, how different types of public transportation interacted and complemented each other, what was its impact on passengers alone and , for example, how metro planning during this period affected the operation of busses, troleybusses and trams. We found that despite the fact that the metro was at first just an unnecessary plan, later the entire system of public transportation began to concentrate and change precisely because of its implementation. Key words: Public transportation, trams, buses, metro, city development

Till följd av covid-19 pandemin har många stadskärnor drabbats av stora omsättningsförluster inäringslivet. Kommunen och verksamheterna som utgör stadskärnan står idag inför stora utmaningar,men också inför eventuella möjligheter. Denna uppsats syftar till att belysa hur samverkansrelationer inomstadsutvecklingsarbetet kan agera som beredskap i kriser samt vilka utvecklingsmöjligheter som krisen gerupphov till. Studien görs på tre stadskärnor med varierande grad av samverkan: Kalmar, Ronneby och Visby.Resultaten visade överväldigande tydligt att samarbete mellan kommun, näringsliv samt fastighetsägare istaden upplevs som en form av beredskap. Det är därmed ytterst viktigt att satsa på att skapa godasamverkansrelationer inom staden i goda tider för att skapa förutsättningar för effektiv krishantering. Studien har funnit att det finns vissa framgångsfaktorer som är angelägna för en stadskärna att beakta i sinutveckling. Dessa är vikten av förtroende mellan aktörer och personer, etablerade kommunikationsvägarsamt långsiktig och strategisk planering för stärkt efterfrågan. Dessa element understödjer en florerandestadskärneutveckling men också god krishantering. / As a result of the covid-19 pandemic, many cities have been hit by large turnover losses in business. Themunicipality and the businesses that make up the city center today face major challenges, but alsopotential opportunities. This thesis aims to shed light on how collaborative relationships within urbandevelopment work can act as emergency preparedness in crises as well as what development opportunitiesthe crisis creates. The study is conducted at three city centers with varying degrees of collaboration: Kalmar, Ronneby andVisby. The results pointed overwhelmingly towards that collaboration between the municipality, businessand property owners in the city is perceived as a form of preparedness. It is therefore of utmostimportance to invest in creating good collaboration relationships within the city in good times to createthe conditions for effective crisis management. The study has found that there are certain success factors that are important for a city center to considerin its development. These are the importance of trust between functions and people, establishedcommunication paths and long-term strategic planning for increased demand. These elements support athriving urban development, but also good crisis management.

The state of our society is frequently changing. Due to various factors, the pressure of creating a changeable city is high and necessary to adequately supply the needs for its inhabitants. But making these changes and adapt to the fast shifting state of the city is not always physical possible. Young adults and students is a group that often seeks to move to intensely growing city regions. The reason for this is a more promising job market and more attractive educations, but coincidentally the shortage of housing is extremely high in these areas. Thus the market for simple and cheap housing already exists, so the question is how to provide a quick solution for this problem and fill the need? It´s our opinion that a sustainable city must have a stabile action program when these kind of problem, for instants when shortage of housing, occurs.The aim of this study is to create a multifunctional basis structure for a versatility module (V-module), try it virtually and hypothetical in an existing city environment, and investigate how several units together with its surroundings can form a vibrant living situation. Furthermore, the intention is to evaluate the module housing concept as a part of a sustainable city development, and how it could become a part of the city of Malmo’s durability strategy.

Terrorism, conflict, and natural disasters. How can architecture respond to a world at odds with itself?On a daily basis we see tragic news about cities around the world that are undergoing trauma. We are exposed to horrific images of shattered buildings destroyed by terrorism, we see coastal areas damaged in floods and mudslides, we see the aftermath of cyclones outbreaks. Through modern technology we are all witnessing the immediate impact and destruction of these types of violent manmade and climatic events.The post-traumatic condition is no longer an exception; it is now the norm. While repair and reconstruction are automatic reflexes of trauma, the disciplines’ knowledge and practices must be imbued with a greater understanding of the impact of trauma on cities and their contingent realities.To be able to heal cities with architecture we must first understand the trauma in context, thus rethinking the role of architecture and urbanism in the modern world.Post-traumatic urbanism necessitates the mobilization of architects’ skills, criticality, and creativity in unfamiliar contexts, but above all, sensitivity.In my thesis I will study post-traumatic architecture and urbanism by using an example of the post-traumatic urban condition of the Halabja massacre, in Kurdistan, northern Iraq in the year 1998. I have chosen this specific trauma because of how it has personally affected me, my family and the city I grew up in. I want to impose my personal experiences with post-traumatic cities in this project while also taking into account other research and studies on the topic, allowing a nuanced perspective on the subject of Post-Traumatic Urbanism.