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Hållbar stadsbyggnad är ett ideal som syftar på att ta hänsyn till ekologiska och sociala såväl som ekonomiska aspekter så att utveckling av dagens samhälle inte skall inkräkta framtida generationers rätt till ett gott liv. Rent praktiskt måste stadsplanerare formulera om idealet till konkreta mål och åtgärder anpassade till lokala förutsättningar och tillgängliga medel. I Stockholm pågår två stadsbyggnadsprojekt med höga hållbarhetsambitioner; Norra Djurgårdsstaden (NDS) och Stora Sköndal (SSK), båda har som en del av hållbarhetsarbetet antagit s.k. hållbarhetsmål och krav kopplade till olika styrdokument och processer för att uppnå dessa ambitioner. Målet för arbetet var att genom att kvantitativt och kvalitativt jämföra projektens egna mål, krav och även andra relaterade aspekter av hållbarhetsarbetet samt tillgängliga resultat avgöra vad som är jämförbart, vilket projekt som har högst ambitioner ochprestera bäst samt finna punkter där projekten eventuellt kan förbättras. Noterbara slutsatser är att projektens ekologiska mål överlag liknar varandra och är kvantitativt jämförbara, medans de sociala målen inte är det dels som en följd av skiljda koncept för social hållbarhet och dels på grund av olika organisationer och processer. Förslagen på förbättringar gäller dels specifika höjningar av enskilda mål/krav och mer generella råd att öka antalet standardiserade och mätbara mål och krav. Trots att NDS har något högre ambitioner tyder jämförelsen av de tillgängliga sammanställda resultaten på att Stora Sköndal verkar prestera bättre än Norra Djurgårdsstaden för vissa särskilda målområden som energianvändning och grönytor / Sustainable city planning is an ideal aiming at consideration to ecological and social as well as economic aspects so that development of today’s society won’t interfere with future generations’right to a decent life. In practical terms city planners have to reformulate the ideal to concrete targets and actions adapted to local conditions and available means. In Stockholm there are two ongoing city development projects with high sustainability ambitions; Stockholm Royal Seaport (Norra Djurgårdsstaden, NDS) and Stora Sköndal (SSK), both have as part of the sustainability work adopted so called sustainability goals and requirements tied to governing documents and processes to achieve these ambitions. The goal for this examination paper was to quantitatively and qualitatively compare the projects own goals, requirements and some other aspects of the sustainability efforts alongside with available results to ascertain what comparable elements there are, what project seems to have the higher ambitions and perform the best, and find aspects where the projects may improve. Notable conclusions are that the projects’ ecological goals overall are similar and comparable, while the social one’s aren’t as a consequence of both differing concepts of social sustainability and different organizations and processes. The improvement proposals address raising specific goals/targets as well as more general advice to expand the number standardized and measureable goals and requirements. Despite NDS having somewhat higher ambitions the first comparison of available results suggest that SSK manage to accomplish better results than NDS in key areas such as energy use and green spaces.

Vor mehr als zwei Dekaden folgten dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs in Europa Umgestaltungsprozesse, die sich auf der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ebene der betroffenen Staaten vollzogen. In der Folge veränderten sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung von Städten mit einem solchen Transformationshintergrund vollständig. Dies führte zu grundlegenden strukturellen und funktionalen Veränderungen in diesen Städten. Bislang hat sich in der Literatur kein theoretischer Ansatz als Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund etablieren können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein solches Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund aus bereits bestehenden theoretischen Ansätzen abzuleiten und empirisch zu überprüfen. / Over two decades ago, the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe led to processes of political, social and economic reorganisation in the affected countries. Against this backdrop of transformation, the framework for the development of cities changed drastically. This led to fundamental changes in the structure and function in those cities. Until now, no theoretical frame was established in literature to explain the urban development of the respective cities. The aim of this thesis is to derive an explanatory concept from already existing theoretical assumptions and to verify it empirically. The question to investigate was how far one can observe European wide convergent lines of development, and to what extent cities with transformational backgrounds undergo divergent processes. / Před více než dvěma desítkami let následovaly po pádu železné opony v Evropě transformační procesy, které ovlivnily politickou, ekonomickou i sociální úroveň daných států. Následně se zcela změnily rámcové podmínky rozvoje měst podmíněné transformací ekonomiky a polečnosti na celostátní úrovni. To vedlo k zásadním strukturálním a funkčním změnám v těchto městech. Až dosud se v literatuře neobjevil žádný teoretický přístup jako vzor interpretace rozvoje měst procházejících transformací. Cílem předložené práce bylo odvodit a empiricky prověřit nově formulovaný přístup pro města procházející transformací v porovnání s již existujícími teoretickými přístupy. Tím bylo zjišťováno, do jaké míry jsou v Evropě vnímány konvergentní rozvojové směry a naopak jakou pozici zaujímají města procházející transformací v divergentních procesech. / Ponad dwie dekady temu, po zniesieniu żelaznej krtyny w Europie, miały miejsce procesy przeobrażeń, które się dokonały na politycznym, gospodarczym i socjalnym poziomie w dotkniętych krajach. W następstwie całkowicie uległy zmianie ramowe warunki rozwoju państwach. Dotychczas nie spradwdzono żadnej teoretycznej koncepcji modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejącej w lieraturze. Celem poniższje pracy było wywnioskowanie i empiryczne sprawdzenie takiego modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejących teoretycznych założeń. Zadano sobie pytanie, jak rozlegle w Europie podobne kierunki rozwoju są do zaobserwowania i w którym miejscu prozesy przebiegają odmiennie. / La chute du rideau de fer, au début des années 1990, a été suivie par des processus de réorganisation au niveau politique, économique et social dans les pays socialistes d’Europe centrale. En conséquence, le contexte de développement des villes de ces pays respectifs changea brusquement, ce qui engendra un changement fondamental au niveau de leur structure et fonction. L’état de l’art de l’urbanisme ne présente aucun outil permettant d’expliquer le développement des villes en transformation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir un principe explicatif basé sur des théories existantes et de le valider ensuite par une étude empirique. La question scientifique est : « dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des développements convergents à travers l’Europe et dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des processus de développement divergeant dans les villes soumises à la transformation » ?

Vor mehr als zwei Dekaden folgten dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs in Europa Umgestaltungsprozesse, die sich auf der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ebene der betroffenen Staaten vollzogen. In der Folge veränderten sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung von Städten mit einem solchen Transformationshintergrund vollständig. Dies führte zu grundlegenden strukturellen und funktionalen Veränderungen in diesen Städten. Bislang hat sich in der Literatur kein theoretischer Ansatz als Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund etablieren können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein solches Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund aus bereits bestehenden theoretischen Ansätzen abzuleiten und empirisch zu überprüfen. / Over two decades ago, the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe led to processes of political, social and economic reorganisation in the affected countries. Against this backdrop of transformation, the framework for the development of cities changed drastically. This led to fundamental changes in the structure and function in those cities. Until now, no theoretical frame was established in literature to explain the urban development of the respective cities. The aim of this thesis is to derive an explanatory concept from already existing theoretical assumptions and to verify it empirically. The question to investigate was how far one can observe European wide convergent lines of development, and to what extent cities with transformational backgrounds undergo divergent processes. / Před více než dvěma desítkami let následovaly po pádu železné opony v Evropě transformační procesy, které ovlivnily politickou, ekonomickou i sociální úroveň daných států. Následně se zcela změnily rámcové podmínky rozvoje měst podmíněné transformací ekonomiky a polečnosti na celostátní úrovni. To vedlo k zásadním strukturálním a funkčním změnám v těchto městech. Až dosud se v literatuře neobjevil žádný teoretický přístup jako vzor interpretace rozvoje měst procházejících transformací. Cílem předložené práce bylo odvodit a empiricky prověřit nově formulovaný přístup pro města procházející transformací v porovnání s již existujícími teoretickými přístupy. Tím bylo zjišťováno, do jaké míry jsou v Evropě vnímány konvergentní rozvojové směry a naopak jakou pozici zaujímají města procházející transformací v divergentních procesech. / Ponad dwie dekady temu, po zniesieniu żelaznej krtyny w Europie, miały miejsce procesy przeobrażeń, które się dokonały na politycznym, gospodarczym i socjalnym poziomie w dotkniętych krajach. W następstwie całkowicie uległy zmianie ramowe warunki rozwoju państwach. Dotychczas nie spradwdzono żadnej teoretycznej koncepcji modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejącej w lieraturze. Celem poniższje pracy było wywnioskowanie i empiryczne sprawdzenie takiego modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejących teoretycznych założeń. Zadano sobie pytanie, jak rozlegle w Europie podobne kierunki rozwoju są do zaobserwowania i w którym miejscu prozesy przebiegają odmiennie. / La chute du rideau de fer, au début des années 1990, a été suivie par des processus de réorganisation au niveau politique, économique et social dans les pays socialistes d’Europe centrale. En conséquence, le contexte de développement des villes de ces pays respectifs changea brusquement, ce qui engendra un changement fondamental au niveau de leur structure et fonction. L’état de l’art de l’urbanisme ne présente aucun outil permettant d’expliquer le développement des villes en transformation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir un principe explicatif basé sur des théories existantes et de le valider ensuite par une étude empirique. La question scientifique est : « dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des développements convergents à travers l’Europe et dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des processus de développement divergeant dans les villes soumises à la transformation » ?

År 2021 fyller Göteborg 400 år och det lockar många byggare att bli klara jubileumsåret till ära, inte minst väntas ca 30 000 nya bostäder. Frågan är var medborgarna kommer in i denna planeringsprocess och vad det finns för strukturella möjligheter för dialog där medborgare får säga sitt. Det uppsatsen syftar på är att belysa hur planeringsprocessen ser ut inom byggnation, och vilka möjligheter som ges till medborgardialog. Uppsatsen går igenom planeringsprocessens olika delar, från idé till spadtag, och vilka aktörer som kan tänkas vara med i denna process. När det kommer till medborgardialog står principer och policys i fokus, men går också igenom vilka resurser och utbildningsbehov som finns för dialogarbeten. Med utgångspunkt i en offentlighetsteori av Jürgen Habermas granskas litterärt material från flertalet kommunala källor, bl.a. Göteborgs Stad, Boverket och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting. Komplement till detta är 3 intervjuer, dessa om medborgardialog, samarbete mellan olika kompetenser och förhållningsregler inom arbetet. / During the year of 2021 the city of Gothenburg turns 400 years and it attracts many contractors to finish then in honor of the anniversary, not at least to be expected is 30,000 new homes. The question is where the citizens come into the planning procedure.  This bachelor’s thesis aim is to explore what the planning process looks like during construction and what the structural possibilities are for public dialog. The thesis goes through the different parts of the planning procedure, from concept to groundbreaking, and who that might be a part of this process. When it comes to public dialog the focus is on principals and policies, but also goes through what the needs are for education and current resources around working with dialog.  Based on Jürgen Habermas theory on the Public sphere literary materials are examined, mostly from municipal sources, including City of Gothenburg, National Board of Housing and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. Complementing this are three interviews, these with focus on public dialog, cooperation between various competencies and conduct of the working process. / Stadsplanering, Inflytande och Medborgardialog

The prevalence of internationalization in universities today is affecting the cities in which they are located. As the integration of international students adds to the ambiance and culture of a city, the authors argue that mutual participation of universities and communities will influence the development of a city. The aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the collaborations between the two, using Jönköping’s International Business School (JIBS) as a case study. In focusing our attention on international students and their part-time employment, we wish to gain a better understanding of the potential effects a university may have in enhancing a city. Research was conducted in an effort to obtain diverse views and uncover underlying themes that may exist between different stakeholders. Respondents from the following organizations were interviewed to clarify the different perceptions: The University Service’s Career Center, International and Recruitment Offices at JIBS, and Jönköping Municipality. It was found that networking between JIBS and Jönköping exists, but that the relationship appears to be complex as each party has different dimensions to consider, making true collaboration difficult. However, communication and cooperation could be useful in steering the direction of city development. The presence of international students is seen as influencing the culture, knowledge, and image of the city, but a true integration of these students is lacking. A further contribution through the inclusion of international students in part-time employment is believed to be beneficial to both the city and students, but barriers such as language make this a difficult task. An alliance between JIBS and Jönköping is therefore encouraged, as their combined efforts are crucial in solving these types of issues. We claim that the integration of international students through the creation of part-time jobs or internships demonstrates one way JIBS contributes to the city.   The prevalence of internationalization in universities today is affecting the cities in which they are located. As the integration of international students adds to the ambiance and culture of a city, the authors argue that mutual participation of universities and communities will influence the development of a city. The aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the collaborations between the two, using Jönköping’s International Business School (JIBS) as a case study. In focusing our attention on international students and their part-time employment, we wish to gain a better understanding of the potential effects a university may have in enhancing a city. Research was conducted in an effort to obtain diverse views and uncover underlying themes that may exist between different stakeholders. Respondents from the following organizations were interviewed to clarify the different perceptions: The University Service’s Career Center, International and Recruitment Offices at JIBS, and Jönköping Municipality. It was found that networking between JIBS and Jönköping exists, but that the relationship appears to be complex as each party has different dimensions to consider, making true collaboration difficult. However, communication and cooperation could be useful in steering the direction of city development. The presence of international students is seen as influencing the culture, knowledge, and image of the city, but a true integration of these students is lacking. A further contribution through the inclusion of international students in part-time employment is believed to be beneficial to both the city and students, but barriers such as language make this a difficult task. An alliance between JIBS and Jönköping is therefore encouraged, as their combined efforts are crucial in solving these types of issues. We claim that the integration of international students through the creation of part-time jobs or internships demonstrates one way JIBS contributes to the city.

Diploma thesis maps functioning, problems and troubles of public transportation in Prague during socialism in years 1948 till 1974. These years represents the beginning of communism in Czechoslovak Republic and year of putting the Prague metro into operation. The aim of the work was to examine this limited period in terms of public transportation, its impact on urban development, how different types of public transportation interacted and complemented each other, what was its impact on passengers alone and , for example, how metro planning during this period affected the operation of busses, troleybusses and trams. We found that despite the fact that the metro was at first just an unnecessary plan, later the entire system of public transportation began to concentrate and change precisely because of its implementation. Key words: Public transportation, trams, buses, metro, city development

Till följd av covid-19 pandemin har många stadskärnor drabbats av stora omsättningsförluster inäringslivet. Kommunen och verksamheterna som utgör stadskärnan står idag inför stora utmaningar,men också inför eventuella möjligheter. Denna uppsats syftar till att belysa hur samverkansrelationer inomstadsutvecklingsarbetet kan agera som beredskap i kriser samt vilka utvecklingsmöjligheter som krisen gerupphov till. Studien görs på tre stadskärnor med varierande grad av samverkan: Kalmar, Ronneby och Visby.Resultaten visade överväldigande tydligt att samarbete mellan kommun, näringsliv samt fastighetsägare istaden upplevs som en form av beredskap. Det är därmed ytterst viktigt att satsa på att skapa godasamverkansrelationer inom staden i goda tider för att skapa förutsättningar för effektiv krishantering. Studien har funnit att det finns vissa framgångsfaktorer som är angelägna för en stadskärna att beakta i sinutveckling. Dessa är vikten av förtroende mellan aktörer och personer, etablerade kommunikationsvägarsamt långsiktig och strategisk planering för stärkt efterfrågan. Dessa element understödjer en florerandestadskärneutveckling men också god krishantering. / As a result of the covid-19 pandemic, many cities have been hit by large turnover losses in business. Themunicipality and the businesses that make up the city center today face major challenges, but alsopotential opportunities. This thesis aims to shed light on how collaborative relationships within urbandevelopment work can act as emergency preparedness in crises as well as what development opportunitiesthe crisis creates. The study is conducted at three city centers with varying degrees of collaboration: Kalmar, Ronneby andVisby. The results pointed overwhelmingly towards that collaboration between the municipality, businessand property owners in the city is perceived as a form of preparedness. It is therefore of utmostimportance to invest in creating good collaboration relationships within the city in good times to createthe conditions for effective crisis management. The study has found that there are certain success factors that are important for a city center to considerin its development. These are the importance of trust between functions and people, establishedcommunication paths and long-term strategic planning for increased demand. These elements support athriving urban development, but also good crisis management.

Abstract The Historical Influence of Railroads on Urban Development and Future Economic Potential in San Luis Obispo Adrianna L. Jordan Today the sound of a train passing through San Luis Obispo may be intermittent and faint, but persistent nonetheless, a reminder that the railroad (displaced eventually by the automobile and accompanying expansion of highways and road systems, and later by air connectivity) was a significant force in the development of the City of San Luis Obispo. The sound of railroads evokes a sentimental reminder of the past, but the railroad’s continued presence in the city, cutting through its urban fabric, raises intriguing questions as to what constructive role it can play in the evolving city economy. Can the railroad make a contribution to the new economy of the 21st Century? And if so, how? These questions are worth considering beyond nostalgia for a railroad-dominated past as we become more concerned, nationally and especially so in the State of California, about living sustainably. The aspiration to create communities that reduce dependence and expenditure on the automobile and the petroleum based economy that it represents has surfaced as an important goal, one that might enable us to live within our resource base. In this emerging context of heightened concern about integrating sustainability into current development, what role will, and might, the railroad play in shaping future developments and influencing land use? This work explores these questions by tracing the intertwined histories of transportation and land use in the City of San Luis Obispo from the 18th century Spanish mission era to the 19th century railroad era to the present-day automobile and air travel era. Although the heyday of rail as an economic driver in the city has come and gone, San Luis Obispo’s Railroad District, with the award-winning Railroad District Plan for its place-making guide, is poised for continued revitalization. Public and commercial entities such as the Amtrak Station, the Railroad Museum, the Park Hotel building and its restaurants, and the Railroad Square Channel Commercial Building anchor the district and serve as pulse points of activity for locals and tourists alike. In addition, the Railroad District’s excellent pedestrian and bicycle connectivity helps to link it with the rest of the city and channels people to it. Given the present concern over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from motor vehicles, rising fuel costs, shortages of oil, and the centralized land-use patterns popular in New Urbanism and required by SB 375, it is possible that the railroad, or some other form of fixed rail public transportation might once again become a preferred mode of long-distance transport to the major metropolitan areas south and north of the city and beyond.