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Witnessing violence: The link to reactive aggressionStevens, Nicole Marie 01 January 2005 (has links)
This study uses a multiple regression correlational (MRC) analytic approach to examine the association between witnessing violence and reactive aggression, post-traumatic stress, and insecure attachment. One hundred adult male California State University students were surveyed using the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment scale, the Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms scale, the Conduct Disorder scale, and the Modified Impact of Events scale.
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Lived experiences of emergency medical personnel in Capricorn District : towards the development of user-led modelManganyi, Patricia Siphiwe January 2021 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / An Emergency Medical Service (EMS) is considered one of the most stressful work
environments. Copious literature has demonstrated that emergency service work has an
undesirable impact on the health and wellbeing of personnel. In South Africa, research
findings described that emergency services personnel are among the highest group of
professionals at risk of suffering from job-related stress. In spite of the fact, previous
studies have examined the association between critical incidents and Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms including the psychological influence of trauma, a
minority studies have explored the EMS personnel’s traumatic experiences and the
subsequent coping strategies applied. This study sought to explore and describe the lived
experiences of Emergency Medical Personnel in Capricorn District and to develop a user
led model for mitigating occupational stress among EMS personnel. The principal aim of
this study was achieved through the following objectives; to profile work related stress
and the lived experiences of EMS personnel in Capricorn District, to Identify and appraise
coping strategies employed by EMS personnel, to establish how accessible and user friendly EAP services are to EMS personnel, to determine the nature of social support
(colleagues and supervisors) EMS personnel receive and to develop a user-led model
for EMS personnel. This study was rooted in three theories, namely; trauma theory, resilience theory and the
strengths perspective theory. The three theories were appropriate in this study to offer a
perspective of situation and to analyse the situation under study to provide an
understanding into the way in which EMS personnel make sense of their situation of the
challenges they come across and make use of the available resources. The three theories
interlaced together played a critical role in this study as they both align with building
resilience, recognise individual’s innate strengths and coping in the face of hardship.
Owing to the inimitability role of the emergency personnel and the services’ work context,
the study adopted a qualitative approach. The purpose of the study was exploratory descriptive in nature. Exploring both their experience of critical incidents and the coping
strategies employed by them to mitigate work-related stress and traumatic incidents from
this qualitative perspective allowed the researcher to employ phenomenological research design for this study. A sample size of 21 emergency employees comprising 7 station
managers and 14 EMS personnel) was obtained through purposive sampling technique.
Thematic analysis was used to analyse data.
The findings suggest that life in the emergency field can possibly have an
undesirable long-term effect on employees’ overall health and welfare and higher
risk of PTSD. The distressing incidents were those in which the participants
experienced feelings of vulnerability and had no control of the situations. The study
established that emergency personnel find it most hard to deal with incidents
involving children and colleagues. Emergency personnel suffer from emotional and
physical stress owing to high job demands and repeated exposure to traumatic
incidents. Regardless of the traumatic nature of emergency work and the inimitable
role of emergency personnel, this study discovered that fact several stressors
originate from organisational failure such lack of involvement in decision-making
process, lack of training and shortage of staff. Unsupportive work environment,
Lack of personal and job resources were found to be the extensive contributory
factors to the job pressure experienced by which lead to compassion fatigue and
exhaustion. It was also discovered the current EAP programme in the Department
of Health (DoH) is not known and inaccessible to EMS personnel. The coping
strategies utilised by emergency personnel were not adequate to prevent the
aftermath of critical incidents. However collegial and social support from
supervisors were found helpful in dealing with work-related stress. The study
findings revealed that emergency personnel were unaware of the available support
services within the DoH in Capricorn District. Collectively, the findings confirm that
there is a need for an extensive marketing strategy of the EAP services and the
user-led model which will be implemented by the organisation. The researcher
recommends that EAP policies should form part of package given to new recruits
during induction or orientation programme and diverse marketing strategies should
be adopted to familiarise employees with EAP services available to them. The DoH
should consider decentralisation of EAP services to enhance accessibility.
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Neuropsychological Functioning in Active Duty Soldiers with Physical and/or Psychological TraumaKlein, Robert S. 12 1900 (has links)
This quasi-experimental study investigates neuropsychological functioning differences between 63 active duty soldiers who were placed into three groups (MTBI, PTSD, control) to provide better information for differentiating PTSD and MTBI. The ANAM and MicroCog were utilized to measure psychomotor speed, memory, and attention. Participants with PTSD performed worse on most measures of psychomotor speed and attention, and endorsed more symptoms of depression and anxiety when compared to MTBI and control participants. Further, attention appears to be the best cognitive domain for differentiating PTSD from MTBI, whereas memory variables did not differentiate these groups. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
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Coping with the effect of secondary traumatisation: pastoral care with survivors of organised political violence in ZimbabweMudede, Dennis 30 November 2004 (has links)
This study acknowledges the fact that compassionate witnesses working with traumatised clients suffer from secondary traumatisation. Weingarten (2000, 2001, 2003) and Figley (1995) are some of the authors on this subject.
The study is based within the Zimbabwean context, which is going through a period of transition involving political and economic factors. Survivors of political violence seek assistance from counselling agencies like CONNECT and Mopane Trust. Mopane Trust chose to specialise in this work through counselling and research. This study explores how Mopane Trust trauma counsellors cope with secondary trauma. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)
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A memory model of presymbolic unconscious mentationLockhart, Ian Andrew 11 1900 (has links)
The biological energy concepts used by Freud to account for unconscious mental processes
in psychoanalysis are discredited by modem biological findings. As a result, different
psychoanalytic schools developed new foundational theories in order to verify unconscious
mentation. The present study argues that these theories are unsuccessful for two main reasons.
Firstly, replacing Freud's drive energy theory with other equally hypothetical foundational
constructs does not solve the problem of finding proof for the existence of unconscious mentation.
Secondly, the clinical psychoanalytic definition of unconscious mentation as imaginary, internally
generated processes, autonomous from the external world is misguided. External sensory data may
play a formative role in producing unconscious mentation. In particular, neurobiological findings
on sensory data encoding and storage in human infants may throw light on the nature of unconscious
processes. The present study therefore compares ideas derived from Lacanian
psychoanalysis with neuropsychological memory and infant research findings to ascertain whether
unconscious mentation is linked to the memory encoding of sensory data in
infants. This analysis is in tum contrasted with a more contemporary psychoanalytic
synthesis of findings on infant memory and unconscious mentation (Lichtenberg, 1989, Lichtenberg,
Lachmann, and Fosshage, 1992). The latter theory identifies connections between unconscious
mentation and the encoding of sensory memories in infancy, but does not connect the episodic and
procedural memory constructs used in this account to specific neurolo·gical mechanisms in the
brain. The present study's original contributions therefore involve firstly connecting the
development of aversive episodic and procedural memories to neurological mechanisms in the brain
during the period between birth and
28 months of age. Secondly, this memory model suggests that the storage of aversive memories in
infancy has lasting unconscious motivational significance for subjects. Presymbolic memories may
unconsciously manipulate conscious attention and memory retrieval in verbal subjects, inviting
comparison with the psychoanalytic concept of dynamic unconscious mentation.
Thirdly, the presymbolic memory model contributes towards a novel understanding of false memories
of childhood sex abuse, and the dissociation of real traumatic memories that occur in many cases of
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
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HIV-related-post-traumatic stress disorder : psychological distress among a sample of individuals recently diagnosed with HIVMartin, Lindi Imelda 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Few studies have assessed the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) associated
with the receipt of an HIV-positive diagnosis and no published studies in South Africa have used a
structured clinical interview to assess the above-mentioned. The present cross-sectional study
assessed the prevalence of HIV-related PTSD among a sample of recently diagnosed patients
attending public health clinics in the Boland region of the Western Cape. The PTSD module of the
Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), together with a battery of self-report
instruments assessing symptoms of traumatisation, depression and anxiety were administered to 85
patients who had been diagnosed with HIV in the year preceding data collection. In addition, HIVrelated
PTSD and symptomatology were assessed using an adapted version of the PTSD module of
the CIDI. The self-report instruments administered were (a) a demographic questionnaire, (b) the
Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) which assessed current PTSD symptom severity, and
(c) the 25-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) which assessed psychological distress, and
symptoms and intensity of anxiety and depression.
The primary aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of HIV-related PTSD among
a sample of recently diagnosed HIV-positive individuals attending HIV clinics in the Boland region.
The second aim was to determine the lifetime prevalence of PTSD among the sample. The third
aim was to determine the percentage of the sample that endorsed the DSM-IV’s PTSD A2 criterion
and the subsequent HIV-related PTSD symptomatology among those who did and did not meet full
criteria for HIV-related PTSD. The fourth aim was to determine the level of psychological distress
reported by the sample.
The prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 29.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.7% - 39.8%).
Sixty-nine of the eighty-five participants (81.2%) endorsed the DSM-IV’s PTSD A2 criterion. Of
the total sample, 34 participants (40%) (95% CI, 30.2% - 50.6%) met the full criteria for HIV related PTSD. The majority of participants reported mild PTSD symptom severity (45.8%). Over
half the sample (51.4%) experienced clinically significant distress. Of those participants diagnosed
with HIV-related PTSD, 82.4% were clinically distressed, and 76.5% and 58.8% experienced high
levels of depression and anxiety, respectively.
The present study’s findings suggest that receiving an HIV-positive diagnosis and/or being HIVpositive
may be considered a traumatic stressor that frequently results in HIV-related PTSD.
Findings of the present study indicate the need for adequate support and care for HIV-positive
individuals. Given the various barriers to efficient mental health interventions and services in South
Africa, there are significant challenges that need to be addressed in order to ensure that the mental
health and welfare of HIV-positive individuals are both adequately assessed and appropriately
maintained.
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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing : a case study of a female adolescent sexual assault survivorVearey, Steven Clive 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEd(Psych)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the use of Eye Movement Desensitisation (hereafter referred to as
EMDR), a form of psychotherapy on a female adolescent sexual assault survivor.
Adolescence as a developmental stage is characterised by specific issues, such as the search
for own identity. Sexual trauma may increase the inner conflict, because of the adolescent's
ability to deal with the trauma at a higher cognitive level than in earlier childhood. Without
support including psychotherapy, the adolescent sexual assault survivor may be at risk of
developing mental health problems including Post-traumatic Stress Syndrome (hereafter
referred to as PTSD).
This research is a qualitative case study, involving only one adolescent participant. Mary
(pseudonym) a sexual assault survivor, was selected from referrals the Unit for Educational
Psychology at the University of Stellenbosch received from the Child Protection Unit of the
South African Police Services. She was referred because she displayed symptoms of
depression and PTSD, which affected her relations with her parents, siblings and peers. She
also struggled to cope emotionally with the academic demands of school. The ecosystemic
approach was chosen as the preferred framework within which to locate this study. In
assessment and intervention this framework lends itself to focussing on relationships and
systems rather than merely the individual with a problem.
The study explores the use of EMDR to alleviate symptoms of depression and PTSD in Mary.
She attended thirteen sessions of which the first three were used to assess her level of
functioning. Data were collected by means of self-report questionnaires including the Beck's
Depression Inventory and the Dissociative Experiences Scale, interviews and therapy
sessions during which EMDR was used. The data were analysed using codes, categories and
themes, interpreted and the study concluded with a discussion of the findings. The findings
suggest that EMDR effectively alleviated Mary's symptoms of depression and PTSD.
However, since the study was limited to a single participant, a larger sample is recommended
to determine whether EMDR might be a feasible treatment tool for female adolescent sexual
assault survivors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van Oogbeweging Desensitifisering Herprosessering
(hierna verwys as OBDH), 'n tipe psigoterapie, om 'n vroulike adolessente slagoffer van
seksuele misbruik te ondersteun. Adolessensie as 'n ontwikkelingsfase word deur spesifieke
kwessies gekenmerk, onder andere die soeke na 'n eie identiteit. Seksuele trauma mag die
innerlike konflik verhoog, weens die adolessent se vermoeë om dit op 'n hoër vlak van
ontwikkeling as die jonger kind te hanteer. Sonder ondersteuning, insluitend psigoterapie,
mag die adolessent die risiko loop om geestesversteurings soos Posttraumatiese
stresversteuring (hierna verwys as PTSV) te ontwikkel.
Hierdie navorsing was 'n kwalitatiewe gevallestudie en slegs een adolessente deelnemer was
daarby betrokke. Mary (skuilnaam) 'n seksuele geweld oorwinnaar, is gekies vanuit
verwysings wat die Eenheid vir Opvoedkundige Sielkunde van die Universiteit van
Stellenbosch van die Kinderbeskermings-eenheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie Dienste
ontvang het. Sy is verwys aangesien sy blykbaar simptome van depressie en PTSV
geopenbaar het, wat haar verhoudings met haar ouers, sibbe en portuurgroep beïnvloed het.
Sy het ook emosioneel gesukkel om die akademiese eise van die skool te hanteer. Die
ekosistemiese benadering is gekies as die raamwerk vir hierdie studie. In assessering en
intervensie lê dié benadering groter klem op verhoudings en sisteme, as op 'n individu met 'n
probleem.
Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stelof die gebruik van OBDH verligting van
simptome van depressie en PTSV in Mary teweeg sou bring. Sy het dertien sessies bygewoon
en die eerste drie is gebruik om haar vlak van funksionering te bepaal. Data is ingesamel deur
middel van die Beck's Depression Inventory en die Dissociative Experiences Scale vraelyste,
onderhoude en terapie sessies waarin OBDH ook gebruik was. Die data is ontleed deur
middel van kodes, kategorieë en temas, geïnterpreteer en die studie eindig met 'n bespreking
van die bevindinge. Die bevindinge het aangedui dat OBDH effektief Mary se simptome van
depressie en PTSV verlig. Omdat die studie egter beperk was tot 'n enkele deelnemer, word 'n
groter getal deelnemers aanbeveel om te bepaal of OBDH moontlik geskik is om vroulike
adolesente oorwinnaars van seksueel geweld te ondersteun.
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How do veterans make sense of their disengagement from traditional exposure therapy and their subsequent engagement in a non-exposure based therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?Mills, Sarah January 2012 (has links)
Research psychologists often complain that practitioners disregard research evidence whilst practitioners sometimes accuse researchers of failing to produce evidence with sufficient ecological validity. The tension that thus arises is highlighted, using the specific illustrative examples of two treatment methods for post-traumatic disorder (PTSD): Eye-Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and exposure based interventions. Contextual reasons for the success or failure of particular treatment models that are often only tangentially related to the theoretical underpinnings of the models are discussed. Suggestions regarding what might be learnt from these debates are put forward and implications for future research are discussed.
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An interpretative phenomenological analysis of refugees' experiences of psychological therapy for traumaGilkinson, Laura January 2010 (has links)
Background: Guidelines for the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder recommend 8-12 session of trauma-focused CBT or EMDR, however there is an extensive body of literature criticising the PTSD paradigm and usefulness of recommended therapies in treating PTSD in the 'real world', particularly with the complex presentations of refugees . Alternative models for 'complex' PTSD have been proposed, as have transtheoretical phased stages for treatment. To date there has been no research into refugees' experience of trauma-therapy. Leaving a significant gap in understanding of how trauma therapy works. Aims: With this gap in the research in mind, and in line with the current focus on service user involvement in research, this study aims to investigate refugees' experiences of trauma-therapy. Methodology: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six refugees who were coming towards the end of trauma-therapy with a specialist trauma service. The transcripts of the interviews were then analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: Six master themes emerged from analysis: 'Therapy as a light in a dark place', 'Rebuilding a shattered sense of self', 'A changing relationship with the world and others', 'Escaping the past to pursue a future', 'A journey from sceptic to convert' and 'From an unknown mystery to a known mystery'. These master themes along with the subordinate themes are expanded into a narrative account of participants' experiences. Implications & Conclusion: Amongst numerous implications for clinical practice the need for support to engage in therapy, thorough explanation of therapy and pre-empting of possible conflicts and difficulties arising were identified. Allowing time to build a therapeutic relationship, the usefulness of the PTSD construct for individuals and the importance of the 'non-specific' factors of therapy in addition to the teaching of techniques to manage symptoms were also found to be of importance. This study has made an important contribution to knowledge about refugees' experiences of therapy for trauma.
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Assessment of Hot and Cool Executive Functioning Following Trauma Using the Traditional Stroop Task, Emotional Stroop Task, and a Novel Implicit Association TestSullivan, Erin 12 1900 (has links)
Individuals who have experienced a traumatic event and develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently show deficits in both primarily “cool” and “hot” cognitive executive functions (e.g., traditional & emotional Stroop tasks, respectively) that can be impacted by high affective salience. Given the dimensional nature of psychopathology, questions remain about individuals within the general population who have experienced trauma but do not meet full criteria for PTSD and yet may manifest problems in these areas, especially areas of hot and cool executive functioning (EF). Thus, the current project was designed to assess hot and cool EF in a relatively large sample of individuals from the general population who have experienced trauma and currently demonstrate sub-clinical levels of post-traumatic symptoms. The Stroop task, Emotional Stroop task, and a novel modified Implicit Association Test were utilized to assess EF across a spectrum of individuals with varying traumatic histories and level of post-traumatic symptoms. Results suggest that a greater frequency of trauma experiences was moderately associated with worse performance on both hot and cool executive functioning measures. Specifically, females within the sample evidenced a close relationship between traumatic experiences, post-trauma symptoms, and executive functioning. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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