Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-24T15:26:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Erivan S. Silva Filho.pdf: 5102954 bytes, checksum: 53192b234213285fe484c3851284a11d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-24T15:26:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Erivan S. Silva Filho.pdf: 5102954 bytes, checksum: 53192b234213285fe484c3851284a11d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-24T15:26:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Erivan S. Silva Filho.pdf: 5102954 bytes, checksum: 53192b234213285fe484c3851284a11d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-24T15:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Erivan S. Silva Filho.pdf: 5102954 bytes, checksum: 53192b234213285fe484c3851284a11d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-21 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Knowledge Management in Software Engineering provides a set of techniques whose aim is to support the managing knowledge within software organizations. A challenge for Knowledge Management refers to the management of tacit knowledge. One of the main issues of the management of tacit knowledge is how to find holders of a particular topic of knowledge and experiences which is related to this knowledge. This thesis presents an approach to Knowledge Mapping using experiences Retrospective in Teams Software Projects that two processes (Knowledge Mapping and Post-mortem Analysis) were integrated with the following objective: to relate the experiences of participants in software projects with their applied knowledge. A Post-mortem Analysis process was designed to identify lessons learned by team during the execution of a project, generating product as a body of knowledge. Knowledge Mapping process produces a knowledge map of the participating software projects and their knowledge profiles. As a result, the data produced in the process of Postmortem Analysis and Knowledge Mapping was integrated to generate the Knowledge Model of Teams Software Projects. This Knowledge Model relates the participant knowledge profiles with coded experience in software projects. / Gestão do Conhecimento em Engenharia de Software fornece um conjunto de técnicas cujo objetivo é apoiar o gerenciar o conhecimento dentro de organizações de software. Um desafio em Gestão do Conhecimento se refere ao gerenciamento do conhecimento tácito. Uma das principais questões do gerenciamento do conhecimento tácito é como encontrar detentores de um determinado tema de conhecimento e quais experiências estão relacionadas a este conhecimento. Este trabalho elaborou uma abordagem para o Mapeamento do Conhecimento utilizando Retrospectiva de Experiências em Equipes de Projetos de Software em que dois processos (Mapeamento do Conhecimento e Análise Post-mortem) foram integrados com o seguinte objetivo: relacionar as experiências de participantes de projetos de software com seus conhecimentos aplicados. O processo de Análise Post-mortem foi elaborado para identificar experiências adquiridas por uma equipe durante a execução de um projeto, gerando como produto um conjunto de conhecimentos. O processo de Mapeamento do Conhecimento produz um Mapa do Conhecimento dos participantes de projetos de software e seus perfis de conhecimento. Como resultados, os dados produzidos nos processos de Analise Post-mortem e Mapeamento dos Conhecimentos foram integrados e para gerar o Modelo do Conhecimento de Equipes de Projetos de Software. Esse Modelo do Conhecimento relaciona os perfis de conhecimento de participante com experiências codificadas em projetos de software.

Orientador: Arício Xavier Linhares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rezende_Fabio_M.pdf: 2094464 bytes, checksum: d1870c6b30f983e3d34cc084165c6f12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O aumento no número de óbitos relacionados ao uso de drogas justifica o interesse por estudos entomotoxicológicos. Estes estudos devem focar a obtenção de dados diversos sobre a entomofauna necrófaga que contribuam para a formação de um banco de dados que auxilie em investigações criminais, principalmente quando a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM) é baseada na idade do inseto, visto que a mesma pode sofrer alteração quando uma dada substância interfere no ciclo de insetos que tenham se alimentado dos tecidos cadavéricos onde tais substâncias estão presentes. Assim, no presente estudo objetivou-se verificar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de Cloridrato de Metilfenidato isolado e associado ao Fenobarbital na taxa de desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e longevidade de imaturos de Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) e Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), quando acrescidos em dieta artificial oferecida como único substrato para seu desenvolvimento. Os imaturos foram obtidos a partir de colônias de moscas adultas mantidas em condições controladas de temperatura e umidade em laboratório. Foram feitas seis réplicas para cada grupo experimental, com 150 espécimes de cada espécie em questão, perfazendo um total de 900 larvas por espécie. Além disso, um grupo controle (sem adição da droga) foi mantido sob as mesmas condições de criação. Os imaturos foram pesados individualmente a cada 12h, sendo retirados 10 espécimes de cada grupo, desde as 12 horas após a eclosão até a pupariação. ANOVA de um fator foi realizada para comparar o efeito dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento dos imaturos, usando como resposta o ganho de massa larval. O teste de comparações múltiplas de Duncan também foi realizado para comparar as médias e apontar possíveis diferenças entre os grupos. As duas substâncias alteraram a taxa de desenvolvimento de todas as espécies estudadas, ampliando em até dois dias o tempo total de desenvolvimento dos imaturos. Desse modo seria recomendável que exames toxicológicos para a detecção de drogas em larvas fossem realizados invariavelmente para evitar erros quanto à estimativa do IPM, quando este for baseado no ciclo de desenvolvimento de insetos / Abstract: The increase on the number of deaths related to drug abuse justifies the interest in entomotoxicological studies. These studies are focused on obtaining data on the necrophagous insect fauna which contribute to the formation of a database to help in criminal investigations, especially when the estimate of the postmortem interval (PMI) is based on the age of immature necrophagous insect, since it can be altered when a given substance interferes with the larval development of insects that have fed on tissues containing this substance. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of methylphenidate hydrochloride isolated and associated with phenobarbital on the developmental rate, survival and longevity of immatures of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius ) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), reared in artificial diets with different concentrations of the drugs and offered as substrate for their development. The immatures were obtained from colonies of adult flies maintained under controlled temperature and humidity in the laboratory. Six replicates were performed for each experimental group, with 150 specimens of each species of blowfly, comprising a total of 900 larvae per group. In addition, a control group was maintained under the same conditions established for the other groups. Ten specimens of each group were removed and individually weighed every 12 hours, from 12 hours after hatching to pupariation. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effect of treatment on development of immatures, using larval weight as response variable. The Duncan Multiple Comparison Test was also performed to compare the means and to identify possible differences among the groups. The two substances were responsible for altering the rate of development of all species studied, retarding up to two days the total developmental time of the immatures. Thus, it is recommended that toxicological tests should be performed to detect drugs eventually present on larvae collected from corpses, in order to prevent errors in the estimation of IPM, when it is based on the developmental cycle of immature saprophagous insects / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael E. Dikeman / The objectives were to determine the effects of packaging and injection-enhancement on beef sensory attributes, postmortem proteolysis, and color. Muscles from USDA Select, A-maturity carcasses were fabricated into 2.54-cm steaks on d 7 postmortem. In Experiment 1, longissimus lumborum (n=14 pairs) muscles were used. Packaging treatments were: vacuum packaging (VP); 80% O2/20% CO2 (HiO2); 0.4% CO/35% CO2/64.6%N2 (ULO2CO); 0.4% CO/99.6% CO2; 0.4% CO/99.6% N2; or 0.4% CO/99.6% Ar. In Experiment 2, longissimus lumborum (n=12 pairs); semitendinosus (n=12 pairs); and triceps brachii (n=24 pairs) muscles from one carcass side were injection-enhanced or non-enhanced. Steaks were packaged into VP, HiO2, or ULO2CO MAP. Steaks packaged in HiO2 MAP were in dark storage (2°C) for 4 d and all other steaks for 14 d. Steaks were displayed under fluorescent lighting for 7 d. Trained color panelists assigned color scores. Steaks for tenderness, cooked color, and sensory were cooked to 70°C. Steaks packaged in VP or ULO2 with CO MAP had little or no discoloration. Steaks packaged in HiO2 MAP discolored faster (P < 0.05) and more (P < 0.05) than steaks in other packaging treatments. Steaks packaged in HiO2 MAP were less tender (P < 0.05) than other treatments at the end of display, but had 10 d less aging due to shorter dark storage. Steaks packaged in HiO2 had the lowest (P < 0.05) a* values for internal cooked color of all treatments and exhibited premature browning. Enhanced steaks were more tender (P < 0.05) than non-enhanced steaks. Sensory panelists found that non-enhanced steaks packaged in ULO2CO MAP or VP were more tender (P < 0.05), had more (P < 0.05) beef flavor, and had less (P < 0.05) off-flavors than steaks packaged in HiO2 MAP. Off-flavors for steaks packaged in HiO2 MAP often were described as oxidative and rancid. Enhanced steaks had more (P < 0.05) off-flavors than non-enhanced steaks. Postmortem proteolysis measured by desmin degradation was not affected (P > 0.05) by packaging. Steaks packaged in ULO2 plus CO MAP had superior color stability, tenderness, and sensory attributes compared to steaks in HiO2 MAP.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with functional abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain area that mediates social behavior. Given evidence of a role of inflammation in ASD, markers of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia were studied using postmortem ACC tissues from ASD and age-matched typically developed control donors. Gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory (CD68, HLA-DRA, IL1B, NOS2, PTGS2) and anti-inflammatory (ARG1, IGF1, MRC1, PPARG) microglial genes were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, brain sections were immunohistochemically stained for a microglial marker. Expression levels of IGF1 were modestly higher, while the expression of MRC1 was modestly lower in ASD donors when compared to control donors. No other differences in gene expression levels between the two groups of donors were observed. Statistical significance for changes in expression levels IGF1 and MRC1 did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Further research on anti-inflammatory microglial involvement in ASD is warranted.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18138号 / 医博第3858号 / 新制||医||1002(附属図書館) / 30996 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 剛, 教授 坂田 隆造, 教授 羽賀 博典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The purpose of the present thesis was to propose a guideline to differentiate between an accidental or suicide manner of death when dealing with a drug/ethanol overdose in which all available medical and investigational evidence, including a psychological autopsy, is inconclusive, thereby resulting in an undetermined manner of death. An in-depth literature review was conducted in the field of neuroscience, psychiatry, and pharmacology to discover neuroanatomical markers indicative of suicidal behavior in the context of two major risk factors of suicide, stress and depression, and two hypotheses behind the cause of suicidal behavior, impulsive aggression and neuronal plasticity. The neuroanatomical markers of suicidal behavior, as indicated by the experimental evidence of various studies in suicide subjects, included serotonergic dysfunction, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor deficiency, and the associated anatomical changes in the brain. Upon consideration of the forensic applicability of analyzing these neuroanatomical markers indicative of suicidal behavior, a guideline was generated to differentiate between an accidental and suicide manner of death by showing suicide subjects had significantly decreased messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of presynaptic serotonin receptors along with significantly increased messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of postsynaptic serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex, significantly decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and significantly decreased messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B receptors in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus when compared to the levels of both depressed non-suicidal individuals and healthy controls. Given the significant difference observed between suicide subjects and controls, these differences in neuroanatomical markers may play an important role in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior and have the potential to be used in establishing the intention of an individual in an overdose death to distinguish between an accidental or suicidal manner of death.

Biological material is a common type of evidence found at a crime scene, and body fluid identification is an essential process in crime scene investigation. One of the most common types of body fluids found is blood. After a stain has been presumptively identified as blood through the use of a colorimetric chemical test, additional testing may be necessary to better characterize the stain. SERATEC PMB Test is a relatively new lateral flow immunochromatographic assay that targets human hemoglobin and D-dimer simultaneously in order to distinguish peripheral blood and menstrual blood at the same time. Elevated levels of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product, are found in menstrual blood, thrombosis formation and as part of the postmortem process. A previous study investigated levels of D-dimer in menstrual, peripheral and postmortem blood using the SERATEC PMB Test. In this study, all postmortem blood samples showed positive results for both hemoglobin and D-dimer; all peripheral bloodstain samples from living individuals showed positive results for hemoglobin detection, and negative results for D-dimer detection; and most menstrual bloodstain samples showed positive D-dimer results. The results suggest that this assay could be considered a presumptive test for both postmortem blood and menstrual blood. However, as D-dimer concentrations vary between individuals, additional testing is necessary to conclusively distinguish postmortem blood, menstrual blood and peripheral blood from living individuals with especially high D-dimer levels.

The accurate estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is one of the most important determinations in a forensic investigation of decomposing human remains. Forensic entomology has gained popularity in death investigation due to its reliability and precision in the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (mPMI). Forensically significant insects are mainly necrophagous species, which feed only on decomposing animal matter, and the most common necrophagous insects are the blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Estimations of the mPMI by entomological methods are made using the known developmental rates of various species of blowfly and via the successional patterns of the carrion insect community in a given region. It is generally assumed that blowflies oviposit quickly after death, so in many cases this time may equate to the time since death. The precision of mPMI estimations based on the developmental rates of blowflies often relies on this assumption. Rainfall may effect decomposition by inhibiting access of insects to the cadaver or carcass for oviposition. The current study investigated the effects of rainfall on blowfly activity, behavior, and overall decomposition of decaying animal material in an outdoor environment in the northeastern United States, conducted at the Boston University Outdoor Research Facility (ORF). It was hypothesized that natural rainfall, typically light to moderate in the geographic area of study, will disturb initial blowfly activity by acting as a physical barrier, diminishing access to the remains, and creating a delay in colonization and subsequent larval development. This hypothesized delay would result in an underestimation of the mPMI by entomological methods when rainfall has occurred. Also examined were several questions about the nocturnal behavior of blowflies and their activity in heavy rain. In the experimental trial 12 pig (Sus scrofa) heads were exposed under normal conditions (N; no rain controls), and 15 pig heads were exposed under rainy conditions (R; rain treatment), split into uncovered (N, n=6; R, n=5), covered (NC, n=5; RC, n=5), and covered partially (RCP, n=5) treatments. Additionally, there were three pig heads used in a preliminary trial and three pig heads exposed in an active rain trial. Generally, the results show that while a negative correlation exists between the amount of rainfall experienced and the coded number of flies observed, the light to moderate rainfall typical of many rainy days in the northeastern Unites States will not totally inhibit blowfly activity or disturb established maggot masses. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) determined that there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the N, NC, R, RC, and RCP treatments in the number of days it took to reach the advanced decomposition stage. While constant, heavy rainfall may inhibit blowfly activity; the results suggest that the irregularity of natural rainfall would rarely produce the conditions necessary for this to make a significant impact estimation of the PMI by entomological methods, although further studies are needed to confirm this conclusion. The results show a positive correlation between solar radiation and the coded number of flies observed. Time of day as a function of the coded number of flies observed during the first 48 hours of exposure forms a bimodal bell curve, confirming that blowflies are diurnal in their natural environment. Additionally, evidence of scavenging by turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) and some unknown animal(s) was observed. The results of this study illustrate the complicated, multivariable nature of the process of decomposition. This study provides preliminary data on the effect of rainfall on blowfly activity and overall decomposition, while future studies will be required to determine the effects of the duration and the intensity of rainfall.

Major depression and suicide are associated with altered concentrations of specific noradrenergic proteins in the human locus coeruleus (LC). Based on experimental studies that can reproduce these LC abnormalities in laboratory animals, we hypothesized that noradrenergic pathobiology in depression is a result of overactivity of the LC. LC activity is under the control of both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. A major inhibitory input to the LC is GABAergic, arising from the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. Numerous studies demonstrating low levels of GABA in the CSF and plasma of subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) raise the possibility that LC overactivity in depression may be secondary to reduced GABAergic input to the LC. Here, GABAergic input to the LC in depression was evaluated by studying the binding of [ H]flunitrazepam to GABA receptors at three anatomically defined levels of the human postmortem LC. LC tissues were collected from subjects with MDD, subjects with depressive disorders including MDD that died as a result of suicide, and psychiatrically normal control subjects. A modest rostral-caudal gradient of GABA receptor binding density was observed among all subjects. No significant differences in the amount of binding to GABA receptors were observed between control subjects (n = 21) and MDD subjects (n = 9) or depressed suicide victims (n = 17). These results demonstrate that GABA receptor binding in the LC measured with [ H]flunitrazepam is not altered in subjects with depressive illnesses.

Phox2a and Phox2b are two homeodomain transcription factors playing a pivotal role in the development of noradrenergic neurons during the embryonic period. However, their expression and function in adulthood remain to be elucidated. Using human postmortem brain tissues, rat stress models and cultured cells, this study aimed to examine the alteration of Phox2a and Phox2b expression. The results show that Phox2a and Phox2b are normally expressed in the human locus coeruleus (LC) in adulthood. Furthermore, the levels of Phox2a protein and mRNA and protein levels of Phox2b were significantly elevated in the LC of brain donors that suffered from the major depressive disorder, as compared to age-matched and psychiatrically normal control donors. Fischer 344 rats subjected to chronic social defeat showed higher mRNA and protein levels of Phox2a and Phox2b in the LC, as compared to non-stressed control rats. In rats chronically administered oral corticosterone, mRNA and protein levels of Phox2b, but not Phox2a, in the LC were significantly increased. In addition, the corticosterone-induced increase in Phox2b protein was reversed by simultaneous treatment with either mifepristone or spironolactone. Exposing SH-SY5Y cells to corticosterone significantly increased expression of Phox2a and Phox2b, which was blocked by corticosteroid receptor antagonists. Taken together, these experiments reveal that Phox2 genes are expressed throughout the lifetime in the LC of humans and Fischer 344 rats. Alterations in their expression may play a role in major depressive disorder and possibly other stress-related disorders through their modulatory effects on the noradrenergic phenotype.