O P300 auditivo é um potencial evocado que reflete a atividade neurofisiológica das habilidades cognitivas auditivas de atenção, memória, discriminação e tomada de decisão. A possibilidade de correlacionar aspectos do comportamento auditivo a fenômenos fisiológicos observáveis tem despertado o interesse de profissionais de diversas áreas interessados no estudo das disfunções auditivas. Por ser um procedimento novo, os métodos de análise e interpretação dos resultados ainda não estão padronizados e, portanto, devem ser explorados e discutidos visando maior segurança para aplicação clínica e científica. Este estudo investigou a estabilidade na análise e interpretação do P300 auditivo seguindo um conjunto de regras (critério) pré-determinadas. Para isso, quatro profissionais da área audiológica analisaram, em 2 momentos diferentes, 70 traçados de P300 de crianças e adolescentes saudáveis entre 8 e 18 anos de idade, seguindo as mesmas regras para a identificação das ondas (N1, P2, N2 e P3) e marcação de suas medidas de latência. As medidas de latência da onda P300 foram submetidas a análises qualitativa e quantitativa. A análise qualitativa investigou os tipos de erros cometidos pelo examinador no uso do critério de determinação do P300 (5,9% do total de 560 medidas obtidas). Os erros mais freqüentes no uso do critério foram: não identificar o P300 como a maior onda logo após o complexo N1-P2-N2 e identificar uma “falsa" onda P300. A análise quantitativa investigou a variabilidade da medida da latência do P300 atribuível ao examinador. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significante entre as análises inter e intra-examinador, tendo sido encontradas correlações significantes entre as medidas de latência, indicando boa fidedignidade no teste-reteste e alta concordância entre os examinadores no modo como analisaram os traçados das ondas. O critério usado neste estudo demonstrou ser útil na determinação do P300, podendo ser sugerido com segurança para uso clínico e científico. / The P300 auditory is an evoked potential which reflects the neurophysiological activity of auditory cognitive abilities: attention, memory, discrimination and making decision as well. The possibility of correlation between aspects of auditory behavior and observable physiological phenomena has increased the interest in the study of auditory dysfunctions among professionals of various fields. Due the fact that the P300 is a recent procedure, the methods of its analysis and interpretation have not been standardized yet. Therefore, they must be explored and debated aiming more security for clinical and scientific application. In this study it was investigated the stability in the analysis and interpretation of P300 auditory, according to a pre-determined set of rules. Four audiologists analyzed twice 70 records of P300 of healthy children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years of age, identifying the waves (N1, P2, N2, P3) and their latencies according to the pre-determined set of rule. The P300 latency measurements were submitted to quantitative and qualitative analysis. The qualitative analysis looked into types of errors made by the examiner during the P300 identification (5.9% in a total of 560 measurements). The no-identification of the P300 as the highest wave following the complex N1-P2-N2, likewise the “wrong" identification of P300 wave were the most frequent mistakes. In the quantitative analysis we investigated the variability of the P300 latency measurements attributable to the examiner. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the inter- and intra-examiner analyses. Significant correlations were found between the measurements, showing a good test-retest reliability and high concordance among the examiners in the way they analyzed the wave records. We conclude that the rules used in this study are useful to the identification of the P300 in both clinical and scientific situations.

O P300 auditivo é um potencial evocado que reflete a atividade neurofisiológica das habilidades cognitivas auditivas de atenção, memória, discriminação e tomada de decisão. A possibilidade de correlacionar aspectos do comportamento auditivo a fenômenos fisiológicos observáveis tem despertado o interesse de profissionais de diversas áreas interessados no estudo das disfunções auditivas. Por ser um procedimento novo, os métodos de análise e interpretação dos resultados ainda não estão padronizados e, portanto, devem ser explorados e discutidos visando maior segurança para aplicação clínica e científica. Este estudo investigou a estabilidade na análise e interpretação do P300 auditivo seguindo um conjunto de regras (critério) pré-determinadas. Para isso, quatro profissionais da área audiológica analisaram, em 2 momentos diferentes, 70 traçados de P300 de crianças e adolescentes saudáveis entre 8 e 18 anos de idade, seguindo as mesmas regras para a identificação das ondas (N1, P2, N2 e P3) e marcação de suas medidas de latência. As medidas de latência da onda P300 foram submetidas a análises qualitativa e quantitativa. A análise qualitativa investigou os tipos de erros cometidos pelo examinador no uso do critério de determinação do P300 (5,9% do total de 560 medidas obtidas). Os erros mais freqüentes no uso do critério foram: não identificar o P300 como a maior onda logo após o complexo N1-P2-N2 e identificar uma “falsa” onda P300. A análise quantitativa investigou a variabilidade da medida da latência do P300 atribuível ao examinador. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significante entre as análises inter e intra-examinador, tendo sido encontradas correlações significantes entre as medidas de latência, indicando boa fidedignidade no teste-reteste e alta concordância entre os examinadores no modo como analisaram os traçados das ondas. O critério usado neste estudo demonstrou ser útil na determinação do P300, podendo ser sugerido com segurança para uso clínico e científico. / The P300 auditory is an evoked potential which reflects the neurophysiological activity of auditory cognitive abilities: attention, memory, discrimination and making decision as well. The possibility of correlation between aspects of auditory behavior and observable physiological phenomena has increased the interest in the study of auditory dysfunctions among professionals of various fields. Due the fact that the P300 is a recent procedure, the methods of its analysis and interpretation have not been standardized yet. Therefore, they must be explored and debated aiming more security for clinical and scientific application. In this study it was investigated the stability in the analysis and interpretation of P300 auditory, according to a pre-determined set of rules. Four audiologists analyzed twice 70 records of P300 of healthy children and adolescents between 8 and 18 years of age, identifying the waves (N1, P2, N2, P3) and their latencies according to the pre-determined set of rule. The P300 latency measurements were submitted to quantitative and qualitative analysis. The qualitative analysis looked into types of errors made by the examiner during the P300 identification (5.9% in a total of 560 measurements). The no-identification of the P300 as the highest wave following the complex N1-P2-N2, likewise the “wrong” identification of P300 wave were the most frequent mistakes. In the quantitative analysis we investigated the variability of the P300 latency measurements attributable to the examiner. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the inter- and intra-examiner analyses. Significant correlations were found between the measurements, showing a good test-retest reliability and high concordance among the examiners in the way they analyzed the wave records. We conclude that the rules used in this study are useful to the identification of the P300 in both clinical and scientific situations.

Esta tese refere-se a pesquisa cujo o principal objetivo foi estudar os efeitos da sinalização elétrica sobre parâmetros fisiológicos de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila, bem como caracterizar e identificar rotas de propagação de sinais elétricos desencadeados por estímulos de queima em plantas de girassol. Os resultados obtidos a partir deste estudo demonstram que os sinais elétricos desencadeados por estímulo de queima podem ser classificados como potenciais de variação (PV). Estes sinais apresentaram maior facilidade de propagação no eixo vertical da planta atingindo folhas intactas que provavelmente possuem conexão vascular com a folha de estímulo. Apresentaram maior número de eventos de propagação na direção acrópeta da planta e foram incapazes de propagar-se lateralmente não atingindo folhas opostas à de estímulo. Nas folhas opostas onde não houve propagação de PVs foi registrada a ocorrência de hiperpolarização de membranas característica de potencial sistêmico (PS). Quanto aos efeitos fisiológicos do PV, observou-se que este promoveu redução na assimilação líquida de CO2 (A) que provavelmente está relacionada a inativação da fase não fotoquímica da fotossíntese, uma vez que, esteve acompanhada de queda da dissipação fotoquímica dos fotossistemas (qP) e da taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR). Embora tenha sido registrada alterações na condutância estomática (gs), na concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci), elevação da dissipação não fotoquímica (qN) e queda na eficiência quântica efetiva do fotossistema II (ΦFSII), estes não foram responsáveis pela queda de A, uma vez que, foram registrados posteriormente a sua redução. / This thesis mainly aimed to study the effects of electrical signaling on physiological parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, and to characterize and identify route propagation of electrical signals triggered by burning stimuli in sunflower plants. The results from this study demonstrate that the electrical signals triggered by burning stimulus can be classified as variation potentials (VP). These signals showed greater ease of propagation in the vertical axis of the plant, reaching intact leaves that are likely to have vascular connection with the stimulus leaf. They presented greater ease of propagation in acropetal direction of the plant and are unable to spread laterally, not reaching leaves opposed to the stimulus. On opposed leaves, where there was no VPs propagation, it was recorded the occurrence of membrane hyperpolarization of systemic potential (PS). Concerning the physiological effects of PV, it was observed that this promoted a reduction in the liquid CO2 assimilation (A) which is probably related to the inactivation of non-photochemical phase of the photosynthesis, since it was accompanied by the decrease of the photochemical dissipation of the photosystems (qP) and the electron transport rate (ETR). Although changes were recorded in stomatal conductance (gs), CO2 intercellular concentration (Ci), increase of nonphotochemical dissipation (qN) and a decrease in the effective quantum efficiency of the photosystem II (Φ FSII) were not responsible for the A fall, since its reduction was subsequently reported.

Världen är i konstant förändring och drivs framåt genom utveckling av nya och uppdaterade produkter. Utan denna utveckling skulle samhällsutvecklingen troligtvis stanna av. För hur skulle ditt liv se ut utan järnvägen, elektriciteten eller telefonen? Alla dessa förändringar börjar med att en person har en idé som börjar gro och som börjar sin resa mot att nå marknaden. De idéer som mynnar ut i produkter, är av teknisk karaktär och har en höjd av originalitet klassas som uppfinningar, som när väl insteg nås på marknaden blir till innovationer. Alla idéer har dock inte samma förutsättningar att lyckas nå marknaden, utan vissa har stor möjlighet att bli innovationer och vissa har det inte. I de fallen där innehavaren av en idé har som mål att nå insteg med sin uppfinning är det viktigt att i ett så tidigt skede som möjligt kunna särskilja vilka uppfinningar som har potential att göra detta för att ha möjlighet att kunna fokusera sina resurser, så som kapital och tid, på de uppfinningar som har bäst förutsättningar att bli till innovationer. För att kunna få förståelse för huruvida en idé har en affärsmässig potential har vi i det här arbetet undersökt vilka parametrar som påverkar möjligheten att nå insteg. Dessutom har vi undersökt hur en innehavare av en idé kan använda sig utav dessa parametrar för att själv ha möjlighet att analysera och påverka chansen att lyckas. Arbetet har genomförts genom litteraturstudier och kvalitativa intervjuer med personer som har erfarenhet kring uppfinningar och hur dessa når sin tilltänka marknad. Litteraturstudien samt intervjuerna ledde fram till ett antal parametrar som är av intresse att ha kunskap kring. Genom att jämföra dessa med teorin kunde vi analysera fram huruvida de hade inverkan för potentialen att nå marknaden. Ytterligare analys genomfördes för att identifiera hur dessa kan användas för att utvärdera en idé. Parametrarna som identifierades som mest väsentliga för att en uppfinning skulle ha möjlighet att nå insteg är originalitet, marknadskännedom, kunskap och kompetens, drivkraft, öppenhet, timing samt ekonomiska resurser. Det har även visat sig att teori och uppfinnare står långt ifrån varandra när det kommer till hur det praktiskt går till att nå insteg. Uppfinnarna anser att den tekniska lösningen är mest väsentlig medan teorin anser att behovet för produkten hos den tilltänka kunden är det. Vår slutsats är att både den tekniska lösningen och behovet är nödvändigt för att nå insteg, vilket är viktigt att förstå. Uppfinnaren kan få kunskap kring detta genom att arbeta mer strukturerat, se på idén mer objektivt samt genom att göra noggrannare marknadsundersökningar. Vi har även funnit att det är viktigt att våga dela med sig av sin idé, i viss mån, och vara öppen för att kunna få hjälp med kunskap kring kompetens som man inte själv behärskar. Det finns mycket att vinna på att lyckas med att verifiera idéer i ett tidigt stadie för att kunna lägga tid och energi på de idéer som har störst potential att lyckas. Hur detta går till rent praktiskt presenteras sist i rapporten. / The world is in constant change, driven by the development of new and updated products. Without these products, the growth in society would in the worst-case scenario stop completely. Can you imagine how your life would be without the railway, electricity or phone? All these examples have at some point started with a person that has an idea. This person then begins to think about it and at some point, begin the journey to reach the market with it. The ideas that become a product and is of technical nature and at the same time has a height of originality, is classified as an invention. When a market adopts an invention, it becomes an innovation. All ideas have not the same possibility to succeed in the market, some have great potential meanwhile some inventions just fail. In those cases, when a person aim to reach the market with an idea, it’s important to identify if it is one of those that have the possibility, and this is better to have knowledge about at as a early stage as possible. This is important to do, so the inventor can focus their resources, such as capital and time, in the right direction. We have investigated the parameters that affect the ability to achieve entry into a market to get a better understanding of whether an idea has commercial potential or not. We have also in addition to the investigation examined how these parameters can be used to influence the chance of success. The work was done through literature studies and interviews with people who have experience of inventions and the innovation process. The literature review and interviews led to several parameters that are of interest. By comparing this with the theory, we could analyse whether these had effects or not, and if so how much. Further analysis was performed to identify how these can be used in practise. The parameters that were identified as most important was originality, market awareness, knowledge and skills, motivation, transparency, timing and financial resources. We have also proved that theory and reality are far apart when it comes to how innovators work and how researchers think is the best way. The inventors believe that the technical solution is the most significant parameter, while the theory considers the need for the product is the most important. Our conclusion is that both the technical solution and the need are necessary to achieve entry into the market. The inventor can obtain knowledge about all these parameters by working with more structure, look at the idea more objectively and make inquiries with potential customers. We have also found that it is important to share the idea with others, but only to a certain level due to demands for patent grants, to be able to get help to gain knowledge about the parameters that the individual does not possess. There is much to gain from the success of verifying ideas at an early stage, so time and energy can be allocated to the ideas with the greatest potential to succeed. How innovators can use the parameters in a practical way are presented at the end of the report.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-19T19:03:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Carlos F de O Mendes.pdf: 2879258 bytes, checksum: f17f29894c03ef3d86d4a3566328988e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-06T19:16:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Carlos F de O Mendes.pdf: 2879258 bytes, checksum: f17f29894c03ef3d86d4a3566328988e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-06T19:20:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Carlos F de O Mendes.pdf: 2879258 bytes, checksum: f17f29894c03ef3d86d4a3566328988e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T19:20:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Carlos F de O Mendes.pdf: 2879258 bytes, checksum: f17f29894c03ef3d86d4a3566328988e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-09 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work we consider the dynamical aspect of open quantum systems where a particle is subject to energy exchange with the environment. The environment (bath) consists of a finite number N of harmonic oscillators (HOs), characterizing a structured bath, for which a non-Markovian behavior is expected. We determine the numerical solution of the stochastic Schrödinger equation for a particle coupled to the bath. We study two different situations for the system’s particle: the harmonic potential and the ratchet potential. In the limit N → ¥ the bath is assumed to have an ohmic, sub-ohmic, and super-ohmic spectral density. In the case of the harmonic potential, for low values of N we observe an energy exchange between system and bath indefinitely in time, while for intermediate values of N is observed a decay in two time regimes: exponential for short times and power law for larger times. In the case of the ratchet potential, we observe that the energy returns to the systemeven for intermediate values of N. Wave packets are used to determine the evolution of the particle in the system potential. / Neste trabalho consideramos o aspecto dinâmico de sistemas quânticos abertos onde uma partícula fica sujeita a trocas de energia com o ambiente. O ambiente (banho) é composto de um número finito N de osciladores harmônicos (HOs), caracterizando um banho estruturado, para o qual um comportamento não-Markoviano é esperado. Determinamos a solução numérica da equação de Schrödinger estocástica para uma partícula acoplada ao banho. Estudamos duas situações distintas para o sistema de partícula: o potencial harmônico e o potencial de catraca. No limite N → ¥ o banho é assumido ter um espectro de densidade ôhmico, sub-ôhmico e super-ôhmico. No caso do potencial harmônico, para baixos valores de N observamos uma troca de energia entre sistema e banho indefinidamente no tempo, enquanto que para valores intermediários de N observa-se decaimento em dois regimes de tempo: exponencial para baixos valores de tempo e lei de potência para valores mais altos de tempo. No caso do potencial de catraca, observamos que a energia volta para o sistema até para valores intermediários de N. Pacotes de ondas são usadas para determinar a evolução da partícula nos potenciais do sistema.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Cristina Bonadio.pdf: 3842086 bytes, checksum: 48ff64a8e2a89ff0928bf0743fc2c48d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to conduct a study of the melancholic potential, through a psychoanalytic reading of the biography of Clarice Lispector. My intention in using the biography of Clarice Lispector is due to the fact that the writer presents characteristics that can be understood as melancholic potential. Thus, it is possible to assume, that Clarice Lispector is melancholic potential herself, due perhaps to a possible libidinal and identificatory history, where there was a premature loss of maternal love, and this caused narcissistic disqualification in its primordial psychic constitution. For this research, delivery of freudian theory and some authors followers of Freud, who contributed to a better understanding of the study of melancholy, as Lucia Maria Violante, Laplanche and Pontalis, among others / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a potencialidade melancólica, por meio de uma leitura psicanalítica da biografia de Clarice Lispector. O meu intuito de utilizar a biografia de Clarice Lispector deve-se ao fato de a escritora apresentar características que podem ser compreendidas como potencialidade melancólica. Assim, é possível supor que Clarice Lispector é portadora de uma potencialidade melancólica, que, a partir de uma possível história libidinal e identificatória, houve uma perda prematura do amor materno e, com isso, provocou uma desqualificação narcísica nos momentos primordiais da sua constituição psíquica. Para a realização desta pesquisa, parto da teoria freudiana e de alguns autores seguidores de Freud, que contribuíram para uma melhor compreensão sobre o estudo da melancolia, como Maria Lucia Violante, Laplanche e Pontalis, entre outros

Action potentials of striated muscle are created through movement of ions through membrane ion channels. ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are the only known channels that are gated by the intracellular energetic level ([ATP]/[ADP] ratio). KATP channels are both effectors and indicators of cellular metabolism as part of a negative feedback system. Decreased intracellular energetic level alters the gating of KATP channels, which is reflected in alterations of the action potential morphology. These changes protect the cell from exhaustion or injury by altering energy-consuming processes that are driven by membrane potential. Assessing the effects of KATP channel activation on resting membrane potential and action potential morphology, and the relationship to cellular stress is important to the understanding of normal cellular function. To better understand how muscle cells adapt to energetic stress, the monophasic action potential (MAP) electrode and floating microelectrode were used to record action potentials in intact hearts and skeletal muscles, respectively. Intact organs provide a more physiological environment for the study of energetics and membrane electrical phenomena. Utilizing these techniques, a stress on the intracellular energetic state resulted in greater and faster shortening of the duration of cardiac action potentials, and hyperpolarization of the membrane of skeletal muscle in a KATP channel dependent manner. Motion artifacts are a limitation to studying transmembrane action potentials, but the MAP and floating microelectrode techniques uniquely allow for reading of action potential morphology uncoupled from motion artifacts. The use of the floating microelectrode in skeletal muscles is a novel approach that provides previously unavailable data on skeletal muscle membrane potentials in situ.

Intelligent IT-based solutions, often called Smart Grids, are considered to be the future balancers of renewable energy sources. One area within the Smart Grid concept is called demand response, which is focused on making customers more consumption flexible by making them more active in their consumption. In this thesis the aim is to analyze a business model by investigating the income potential for a demand response solution as well as its market potential. This has been done through literature studies, interviews and development of a computational model. The use of 5000 households with flexible consumption can provide a cost reduction of 17.2% or 2.4 million SEK for a balance responsible party during an average year. If the solution is used to make strategic bids on the regulation markets the study indicates that the largest potential for revenues lies within this strategy. Potential customers show a genuine interest in the solution, but are worried about implementation costs, product reliability and contract solutions. The business model needs further development to increase its reliability. The impact of using strategic bids optimally needs to be investigated, and a thorough market analysis would be of great help to answer the questions: how should tomorrow’s contracts look like and which actors will be present on tomorrow’s electricity market?

In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) to investigate the mechanical and electronic properties of one-dimensional zinc oxide nanostructure. This study can be arranged into two parts: In part I: We investigated the mechanical and electronic properties of one-dimensional zinc oxide nanostructure under axial mechanical deformations by density functional theory. In this case, we could find both the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap (HOMO-LUMO gap) and value of radial buckling will decrease linearly with the increase of axial strain. The changes of bond lengths and bond angles show the variation of nanostructure dependence to the increase of axial strain. This study also used partial density of state (PDOS), bond order (BO) and deformation density to analyse the differences of the electronic properties between the zinc oxide nanotubes under axial strain. In part II: This study, which employed molecular dynamics combines Buckingham and Core-Shell potentials, shows the different physical parameters, such as yield stress, young¡¦s modulus and slip vector to research the mechanical behavior and variation of structure of nanotube under axial strain.

An investigation was conducted to determine and compare the effect of cell current pulsing and "self-oxidation" in increasing the CO tolerance of a PEM fuel cell. The most effective pulsing parameter values were also determined. Current pulsing involves periodically demanding positive current pulses from the fuel cell to create an anode over-potential, while "self-oxidation" or sustained potential oscillations is achieved when the anode catalyst becomes so saturated with CO that the anode over-potential increases to a value at which CO is oxidized from the catalyst surface. The CO tolerance of a fuel cell system with a Pt-Ru anode was tested using 50 and 496 ppm CO in the anode fuel. The performance of the system declined with an increase in CO concentration. Current pulses of various amplitude, frequency, and duty cycle were applied to the cell while CO was present in the anode fuel. With 50 ppm CO in the anode fuel, the most effective pulse in increasing CO tolerance while maintaining normal cell operation was 1.0 A/cm2, 0.25 Hz, and a 5% duty cycle. A pulse (120 Hz, 50% duty cycle) similar to the ripple current often generated when converting DC to single-phase 60 Hz AC had a positive effect on the CO tolerance of the system, but at frequencies that high, the pulse duration was not long enough to completely oxidize the CO from the catalyst surface. With 496 ppm CO in the anode fuel, a pulse of 1.0 A/cm2, 0.5 Hz, and a 20% duty cycle proved most effective. When the cell was exposed to 496 ppm CO, without employing pulsing, "self-oxidation" occurred and CO was periodically oxidized from the catalyst surface. However, pulsing allowed the cell to operate at the desired voltage and power a higher percentage of the time than "self-oxidation"; hence, pulsing was more effective.