Neste trabalho estudamos o decaimento do potencial de um plasma, inicialmente distribuído de maneira uniforme num sólido dielétrico, submetido a um potencial inicial conhecido. A possibilidade de recombinação entre os portadores positivos e negativos constituintes do plasma é considerada. Usando o método das características obtemos o potencial e a configuração espacial de portadores para qualquer instante bem como, a carga residual nos eletrodos ao final do processo. Dois casos particulares são igualmente resolvidos: no primeiro, a mobilidade relativa dos portadores é relacionada ao coeficiente de recombinação entre eles através da relação de Langevin e, no segundo, considera-se que os portadores não se recombinam. No desenvolvimento da solução ao problema surge, também, uma considerável quantidade de informações à respeito da dinâmica dos portadores no interior do dielétrico / In the present work we studied the decay of the potential of a plasma which is initially uniformely distributed in a solid from a given initial value.. The possibility of recombination between the positive and negative charge carriers of the plasma is also considered. Using the method of characteristics, we obtained the potential and space distribution of charge carries for any time and also residual charge in the electrodes at end of the process. Two particular cases are considered. In the first case, the relative mobility of charge carriers is related to their recombination coefficient through Langevin\'s relation and, in the second case, the recombination of charge carrier is absent.. The solution affords considerable information about the charge dynamics inside the dielectric solid

Neste trabalho estudamos o decaimento do potencial de um plasma, inicialmente distribuído de maneira uniforme num sólido dielétrico, submetido a um potencial inicial conhecido. A possibilidade de recombinação entre os portadores positivos e negativos constituintes do plasma é considerada. Usando o método das características obtemos o potencial e a configuração espacial de portadores para qualquer instante bem como, a carga residual nos eletrodos ao final do processo. Dois casos particulares são igualmente resolvidos: no primeiro, a mobilidade relativa dos portadores é relacionada ao coeficiente de recombinação entre eles através da relação de Langevin e, no segundo, considera-se que os portadores não se recombinam. No desenvolvimento da solução ao problema surge, também, uma considerável quantidade de informações à respeito da dinâmica dos portadores no interior do dielétrico / In the present work we studied the decay of the potential of a plasma which is initially uniformely distributed in a solid from a given initial value.. The possibility of recombination between the positive and negative charge carriers of the plasma is also considered. Using the method of characteristics, we obtained the potential and space distribution of charge carries for any time and also residual charge in the electrodes at end of the process. Two particular cases are considered. In the first case, the relative mobility of charge carriers is related to their recombination coefficient through Langevin\'s relation and, in the second case, the recombination of charge carrier is absent.. The solution affords considerable information about the charge dynamics inside the dielectric solid

Estuda-se o transporte de portadores de carga no interior de um isolante dotado de centros profundos de retenção de carga. Supõe-se que os portadores tenham sido depositados na superfície livre do isolante por meio de uma descarga corona rápida e que ai a densidade superficial de carga decaia exponencialmente. Para obter-se o campo elétrico E = E (x,t) no interior do isolante. Integra-se essa equação pelo método das características e obtêm-se expressões analíticas para as linhas de corrente x = x (t,te) (te, designando o tempo de saída da carga da superfície) e para o campo elétrico E = E (t,te) ao longo de cada uma das linhas. São apresentadas famílias de curvas x = x(t,te) e de E = E(t,te),. Eliminando-se graficamente te entre as duas famílias, obtem-se a família de curvas E = E(x) parametrizada em t. Usou-se planímetro para determinar a área debaixo de cada curva E = E(x), e com isso constrói-se a curva de decaimento de potencial / The transport of charge carriers in presence of bulk traps inside an insulator. It is supposed that the carriers were deposited on the surface by a pulse of charge decaying thereafter exponentially with the time. In order to find the electric fielhd electric field E(x,t), the method of characteristics is employed, taking as parameter the time te when the leaves the surface; and ththeir position X=(t,te) and the electric field E=E(x,te) are obtained. By graphicall eliminatination, curves of E(x) are obtained for various times t. A planimeter was used to find the potential at every time as a function of the time

O decaimento do potencial de superfície de um isolante carregado por um pulso rápido de descarga corona é estudado supondo-se densidade finita de armadilhas profundas, o que generaliza o cálculo anterior de Rudenko. Supõe-se que uma fração da carga depositada na superfície é instantaneamente injetada, obtendo- se o potencial como função do tempo, bem como o potencial residual. O comportamento assintótico do potencial é estudado para o caso em que toda a carga da superfície é\' instantaneamente injetada. são apresentados alguns gráficos do transiente,correspondentes a particulares valores dos parâmetros que levam a expressões mais simples / The decay of the surface pontential of a sample,corona charged by a pulse, is studied. It is assumed a finite density of deep traps,and this makes our calculation a generalization of previous work by Rudenko. It is supposed that a fraction of the charge deposited on the surface moves inside the sample and the potential as a function of the time is obtained as well as the residual potential. The asymptotic behavior of the potential is also obtained when alI the charge is injected. Those transients leading to simples mathematical expressions are shown in graphs

Estuda-se o transporte de portadores de carga no interior de um isolante dotado de centros profundos de retenção de carga. Supõe-se que os portadores tenham sido depositados na superfície livre do isolante por meio de uma descarga corona rápida e que ai a densidade superficial de carga decaia exponencialmente. Para obter-se o campo elétrico E = E (x,t) no interior do isolante. Integra-se essa equação pelo método das características e obtêm-se expressões analíticas para as linhas de corrente x = x (t,te) (te, designando o tempo de saída da carga da superfície) e para o campo elétrico E = E (t,te) ao longo de cada uma das linhas. São apresentadas famílias de curvas x = x(t,te) e de E = E(t,te),. Eliminando-se graficamente te entre as duas famílias, obtem-se a família de curvas E = E(x) parametrizada em t. Usou-se planímetro para determinar a área debaixo de cada curva E = E(x), e com isso constrói-se a curva de decaimento de potencial / The transport of charge carriers in presence of bulk traps inside an insulator. It is supposed that the carriers were deposited on the surface by a pulse of charge decaying thereafter exponentially with the time. In order to find the electric fielhd electric field E(x,t), the method of characteristics is employed, taking as parameter the time te when the leaves the surface; and ththeir position X=(t,te) and the electric field E=E(x,te) are obtained. By graphicall eliminatination, curves of E(x) are obtained for various times t. A planimeter was used to find the potential at every time as a function of the time

O decaimento do potencial de superfície de um isolante carregado por um pulso rápido de descarga corona é estudado supondo-se densidade finita de armadilhas profundas, o que generaliza o cálculo anterior de Rudenko. Supõe-se que uma fração da carga depositada na superfície é instantaneamente injetada, obtendo- se o potencial como função do tempo, bem como o potencial residual. O comportamento assintótico do potencial é estudado para o caso em que toda a carga da superfície é\' instantaneamente injetada. são apresentados alguns gráficos do transiente,correspondentes a particulares valores dos parâmetros que levam a expressões mais simples / The decay of the surface pontential of a sample,corona charged by a pulse, is studied. It is assumed a finite density of deep traps,and this makes our calculation a generalization of previous work by Rudenko. It is supposed that a fraction of the charge deposited on the surface moves inside the sample and the potential as a function of the time is obtained as well as the residual potential. The asymptotic behavior of the potential is also obtained when alI the charge is injected. Those transients leading to simples mathematical expressions are shown in graphs

Usando a técnica de decaimento do potencial de superfície e de correntes termo estimuladas, foi investigado em cristais de naftaleno, o movimento de cargas elétricas injetadas por uma descarga corona. Os resultados obtidos nas medidas de decaimento, foram explicados satisfatoriamente usando um modelo teórico de transporte de cargas, na presença de armadilhas rasas e profundas. A partir desse modelo foram calculadas: a mobilidade modulada dos portadores, o tempo de captura das armadilhas profundas e estimada a sua seção de captura. Nas medidas de corrente termo-estimuladas, foram identificadas as armadilhas rasas e profundas e determinada as suas profundidades energéticas. / Using the method of surface potential decay, and thermal stimulated currents, it was possible to study the motion of electrical charges, injected in naphthalene single crystals, by a negative corona discharge in the air. The results obtained in the measurements of the decay, were explained by using a theoretical model of transport of charges in the presence of shallow and deep traps. With the help of this model, the trap modulated mobility of the carriers, the trapping time of the deep traps, and the capture cross section were calculated. In the measurements of thermal stimulated currents, it was possible to identify the deep and shallow traps and also to calculate their activation energies.

Usando a técnica de decaimento do potencial de superfície e de correntes termo estimuladas, foi investigado em cristais de naftaleno, o movimento de cargas elétricas injetadas por uma descarga corona. Os resultados obtidos nas medidas de decaimento, foram explicados satisfatoriamente usando um modelo teórico de transporte de cargas, na presença de armadilhas rasas e profundas. A partir desse modelo foram calculadas: a mobilidade modulada dos portadores, o tempo de captura das armadilhas profundas e estimada a sua seção de captura. Nas medidas de corrente termo-estimuladas, foram identificadas as armadilhas rasas e profundas e determinada as suas profundidades energéticas. / Using the method of surface potential decay, and thermal stimulated currents, it was possible to study the motion of electrical charges, injected in naphthalene single crystals, by a negative corona discharge in the air. The results obtained in the measurements of the decay, were explained by using a theoretical model of transport of charges in the presence of shallow and deep traps. With the help of this model, the trap modulated mobility of the carriers, the trapping time of the deep traps, and the capture cross section were calculated. In the measurements of thermal stimulated currents, it was possible to identify the deep and shallow traps and also to calculate their activation energies.

La démarche expérimentale menée dans cette thèse a eu comme objectif l'étude des facteurs qui influent l'efficacité de collecte des médias non-tissés chargés par décharge couronne, utilisés pour la filtration de l'air. Les recherches se sont focalisées sur les techniques faisant appel à la décharge couronne en configuration fil-plan et en configuration triode (électrode duale + grille + plan de masse). L'étude s'est déroulée en trois phases : (1) mise au point de dispositifs expérimentaux pour générer la décharge couronne et mesurer le potentiel électrique à la surface des échantillons chargés ; (2) caractérisation de l'état de charge des médias ; (3) évaluation de l'efficacité de collecte, en corrélation avec les résultats des mesures de charge. La distribution de charges a été plus homogène en configuration triode et le niveau de charge a été meilleur en polarité positive. Le déplacement de l'échantillon dans la zone de décharge électrique permet de mieux uniformiser la distribution de la charge. L'augmentation du courant de décharge et du potentiel de grille permet d'amplifier le niveau de charge des médias, suite à l'intensification du champ électrique moyen entre l'électrode active et le plan de masse (en configuration fil – plan), ou entre la grille et le plan de masse (en configuration triode). L'efficacité de la collecte est meilleure si la charge est uniformément déposée, sous l'action d'un champ électrique plus intense. Elle est plus élevée pour les configurations dites « multicouches » où la captation des particules est améliorée par l'association de plusieurs mécanismes physiques, mettant en jeux des forces électriques et mécaniques. / The experimental approach undertaken in this thesis was aimed at the study of the factors affecting the collection efficiency of nonwoven media charged by corona discharge, used for air filtration. Research was focused on techniques using the corona discharge generated by wire-plane and triode configurations (dual electrode + grid + ground plane). The study was conducted in three phases: (1) development of experimental devices to generate corona discharge and measure the electrical potential on the surface of charged samples; (2) characterization of the electrostatic charge state of the media; (3) evaluation of the collection efficiency, correlated with the results of charge measurements. The charge distribution was more homogeneous in triode configuration and the charge level was higher in positive polarity. The sample movement in the electric discharge zone allowed for more uniform distribution of the charge. The increase of the discharge current and gate voltage amplifies the charge level of the media, due to the intensification of the average electric field between the active electrode and the ground plane (configuration wire - plane) or between the gate and the ground plane (in triode configuration). The collection efficiency is better when the charge is uniformly deposited, under the action of a strong electric field. It is higher for the so-called "multi-layer" configurations where the capture of the particles is improved by the combination of several physical mechanisms, involving electrical and mechanical forces.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la thématique technologique des décharges électrostatiques sur les panneaux solaires des satellites de télécommunication en orbite géostationnaire. Son objectif est de déterminer les évolutions des propriétés électriques d'un adhésif silicone commercial en environnement spatial et de les corréler aux évolutions de sa structure chimique. Les principaux constituants du matériau ont été identifiés et des échantillons dépourvus de particules de renfort - assimilés à la matrice polymère isolée - ont été élaborés. Afin d'évaluer l'influence des particules, ils ont été systématiquement comparés aux échantillons nominaux dans l'ensemble de ces travaux. La structure physico-chimique du matériau à l'état initial a été caractérisée en étudiant ses relaxations enthalpiques, mécaniques et en pratiquant des analyses chimiques. Son comportement électrique (relaxations dipolaires et conductivité) a été sondé grâce à une approche expérimentale inédite croisant la technique de relaxation de potentiel électrostatique de surface, la spectroscopie diélectrique dynamique et l'analyse des courants thermo-stimulés. Le vieillissement du matériau en environnement spatial a été simulé expérimentalement par l'exposition des échantillons à des flux élevés d'électrons de haute énergie. Les analyses chimiques, notamment en RMN du solide, ont montré la prédominance d'un processus de réticulation du matériau sous irradiation, et des mécanismes de dégradation à l'échelle microscopique ont été proposés. Le comportement électrique du matériau est fortement impacté par l'évolution de sa structure chimique : sa résistivité augmente considérablement avec la dose ionisante. Il est suggéré que la résistivité de ce matériau soit directement liée à son degré de réticulation, influant sur la mobilité des porteurs dans le cadre du hopping et de la percolation électrique. Cette augmentation est beaucoup plus marquée en présence de particules, ce qui a été attribué à la formation de nœuds de réticulation matrice-particules qui constituent des pièges plus profonds pour les porteurs de charges. Ces travaux apportent une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes de vieillissement des élastomères silicones en environnement spatial. Ils permettront d'anticiper des évolutions structurales qui pourraient mettre en péril leur fonction d'adhésion, ainsi que des évolutions de résistivité électrique intrinsèque, facteur décisif dans le déclenchement de décharges électrostatiques. / This PhD thesis falls within the technical field of electrostatic discharges occurring on the solar arrays of communications satellites in the geostationary orbit. Its main objective consists in assessing the evolutions of a space-used commercial silicone adhesive's electrical properties, and to correlate them with the evolutions of its chemical structure. The main components of this material have been identified, and neat samples (deprived of fillers) were elaborated so as to study the isolated polymer matrix. In order to assess the influence of filler incorporation, neat samples were systematically compared with the commercial ones in this study. The material's physicochemical structure in the initial state was characterized by studying its enthalpy relaxations, mechanical response, and by performing chemical analysis. Its electrical behavior (dipole relaxations and conductivity) was investigated thanks to an original experimental approach combining surface potential decay measurements, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and thermally stimulated depolarization currents. Aging in the space environment was experimentally simulated by exposing the samples to high fluxes of high energy electrons. Chemical analysis (solid state NMR in particular) revealed the predominant crosslinking tendency of this material under ionizing radiations, and allowed to suggest degradation mechanisms at the microscopic scale. These structural evolutions also strongly impact its electrical behavior: a great increase in electrical resistivity has been observed with increasing ionizing dose. It is believed that electrical resistivity directly depends on the degree of crosslinking, which affects charge carrier mobility, in the theoretical frame of hopping and percolation models. The increase in resistivity is considerably more pronounced in the filled material, which could be associated with crosslinking occurring at the matrix-particles interface. Such crosslinks are thought to represent deeper traps for charge carriers. This work brought better understanding of aging phenomena in silicone elastomers exposed to the ionizing space environment. This knowledge will help predicting structural evolutions that may compromise vital properties such as adhesion, and the evolutions of intrinsic conductivity, a critical factor involved in the triggering of electrostatic discharges.