Actuellement, dans les plateformes aérospatiales, le nombre et le besoin d’intégration des équipements électriques et électroniques sont grandissant du fait que leurs fonctions nécessitent de plus en plus de puissance. L’objectif de minimisation des coûts et surtout la disponibilité des dispositifs électroniques forcent les concepteurs et les fabricants de ces plateformes à s’orienter vers des produits commerciaux (dits grand public). La fiabilité des boîtiers des composants de puissance doit être évaluée dans les environnements sévères des applications aérospatiales. Une dizaine de composants électroniques de puissance a été sélectionnée en fonction de leur disponibilité et l’adéquation de leurs performances électriques et thermiques aux exigences des applications aérospatiales. Ces composants intègrent différents types de semi-conducteurs tels que le silicium, le carbure de silicium et le nitrure de gallium. Tout d’abord, une étude a été menée sur les potentiels modes et mécanismes de défaillance de ces composants électroniques de puissance dans ces environnements. Elle a permis de mettre en place plusieurs procédures de vieillissement accéléré ainsi que le développement de deux bancs de tests pour suivre électriquement le vieillissement de ces composants. Ces tests ont été menés sur deux diodes Schottky SiC, commercialisées par deux fabricants, regroupant les technologies des boîtiers des composants électroniques de puissance. Les analyses de défaillance ont tout d’abord mis en évidence une immaturité de la technologie de la jonction Schottky des puces SiC de l’une des deux diodes soumis à une tension inverse. Ces défaillances sont attribuées à la destruction partielle de la structure Schottky et indique une reproductibilité non maitrisée de la fabrication des puces de ce composant. Ensuite, ces analyses ont mis en évidence plusieurs mécanismes de vieillissement lors de tests simulant des régimes « On-Off » des applications (cycles thermiques de puissance). Celui considéré comme la cause de la défaillance est la fissuration de la soudure des fils d’interconnexion avec la puce. Une loi pouvant décrire la fissuration des interconnexions a été identifiée à la suite des évolutions des cycles thermiques de puissance à l’approche de la défaillance. L’étude de ces évolutions a permis de démarrer l’élaboration d’un modèle physique de défaillance adapté aux interconnexions de la puce en vue d’estimer la durée de vie des composants commerciaux. / Currently, in the aerospace platforms, the number and the need for integration of the electric and electronic equipment are growing because their functions require more and more power. The goal of cost minimization and mostly the availability of power electronic devices push the designers and the manufacturers of these platforms moving towards commercial products (Component Off-The Shelf). The packaging reliability of power electronic components must be assessed in harsh environments of aerospace applications. A dozen of power electronic components have been selected in accordance with their availability and with the adequacy of their electrical and thermal performances according to the requirements of aerospace applications. These components integrate different types of semi-conductors such as silicon, silicon carbide and gallium nitride. Foremost, a study has been leaded on the potential failure modes and mechanisms of these power electronic components in these environments. It has permitted to put in place several procedures of accelerated ageing and the development of two test benches to electrically monitor the ageing of these components. These tests have been carried on two SiC Schottky diodes, marketed by two manufacturers, gathering the technologies of the packaging of power electronic components. The failure analyses have first highlighted an immaturity of the Schottky junction technology of the SiC die of one of the two diodes subjected to a reverse voltage. These failures are attributed to the partial destruction of the Schottky structure and indicate a not mastered reproducibility of the die manufacturing of these components. Then, these analyses have highlighted several ageing mechanisms during tests simulating « On-Off » power of applications (power thermal cycles). One considered as the failure cause is the cracking of the welding of the wire bonding with the die. A behavioral law that can describe the cracking of the interconnections has been identified according to the evolutions of the power thermal cycles when near to failure. The study of these evolutions have permitted to start the elaboration of a physical model of failure adapted to the die interconnections in order to estimate the lifetime of commercial components.

Orientador: Jose Antenor Pomilio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pimentel_SergioPires_M.pdf: 2753814 bytes, checksum: 4e94e3c8b75144bb509d505233b11dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda a implementação de um filtro ativo de potência utilizando um inversor mul­tinível com topologia em cascata assimétrica. Justificativas para utilização de estruturas multiníveis são discutidas. O sistema de controle utilizado garante um fornecimento nulo de potência ativa pelo filtro ativo e que a corrente fornecida pela fonte de alimentação tenha a mesma forma de onda da tensão de alimentação. Com isso, o fator de potência visto pela fonte é próximo de seu valor unitário e a fonte fornece apenas potência ativa à carga. Resultados de simulações e experimentais validam o esquema adotado. Também é descreva uma proposta para se realizar o controle das tensões CC da topologia em cascata assimétrica. Palavras-chave: Eletrônica de Potência, Inversor Multinível, Qualidade da Energia Elétrica, Fil­tro Ativo de Potência, Controle Digital / Abstract: This work regards a shunt active power filter implementation using an asymmetrical cascaded multilevel convel1er. Reasons for using multilevel structures are discussed. The system control gua­rantees that the active power filter does not supply active power and the source current has the same waveform of the source voltage. Consequently, the power factor from the source side is almost one and the source only supplies active power to the load. Simulation and experimental results validate the applied scheme. A proposal for controlling the DC voltages from the asymmetrical cascaded topology is also described. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Closed loop Hall-effect current sensors used in power electronic applications require high bandwidth and small transient errors. For this, the behaviour of a closed loop Hall-e ect current sensor is modeled. Analytical expression of the step response of the sensor using this model is used to evaluate the performance of the PI compensator in the current sensor. Based on this expression a procedure is proposed to design parameters of the PI compensator for fast dynamic performance and for small transient error. A prototype closed loop Hall-effect current sensor is built in the laboratory. A PI compensator based on the procedure devised earlier is designed for the sensor. A power electronic converter based current source is designed and fabricated in the labo-ratory for validation of steady state and transient performance of Hall-effect current sensors. A novel hardware topology is proposed, using which the same hardware set-up can produce both step current and sinusoidal current in its designated sections without any modi cation in the hardware con guration. It produces step current of controlled peak value upto 100A and controlled rate of change with both positive and negative dtdi . The step transition time is less than 200ns. The dtdi is adjustable upto a limit of 300A/ s to verify the dtdi following capability of the sensor. The same current source produces continuous sinusoidal current of controlled magnitude upto 75A peak and controlled frequency from 1Hz to 1000Hz. The magnitude and the frequency of the sinusoidal current can be varied on-line like a voltage function generator. The hardware of the current source is designed to consume minimal ac-tive power from mains during continuous sinusoidal current generation. This current source is used in experimental veri cation of the steady state and the transient performance of the designed laboratory current sensor. The transient performance of the laboratory current sensor is observed to be superior to state-of-the-art commercial current sensors available for power electronic applications.

La tendance de l'intégration en électronique de puissance accentue naturellement les effets électromagnétiques parasites. Tout système d'énergie électrique devient alors source de perturbations EM aussi bien conduites que rayonnées. Mais dans le cadre de ces travaux, nous nous sommes focalisé sur l'organe de filtrage des perturbations conduites : le filtre CEM. En haute fréquence, il s'avère que ce type de système voit son comportement dégradé en raison des différents phénomènes parasites apparaissant au sein même du dispositif. Seuls les aspects magnétiques du problème ont néanmoins été traités (i.e. inductances partielles & couplages magnétiques parasites). Différentes méthodes ont été mises au point par le passé dans le but d'améliorer facilement la réponse du filtre. Cependant, il s'agit de procédés empiriques ne pouvant garantir l'optimalité de la solution de filtre construite. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont donc consisté à développer une nouvelle méthode d'optimisation d'un filtre CEM, et plus précisément de son routage. L'objectif est alors d'exploiter les différents phénomènes magnétiques parasites intrinsèques au montage. Calculer ce type d'éléments a donc nécessité l'utilisation d'un outil de modélisation PEEC ; méthode numérique permettant des calculs rapides en raison d'un maillage relativement limité. / The actual trend to integrate the power electronic devices naturally increases the stray electromagnetic phenomena. Every electrical system becomes thus an EM disturbances source. But as part of this work, we especially focused on the filtering device of conducted disturbances : the EMC filter. For high frequencies, degradations can be observed over the filter transfer function due to the different stray electromagnetic phenomena occurring within the device. But only the magnetic aspects have nevertheless been treated (i.e. partial inductances & stray magnetic couplings). Different methods have been worked out in the past in order to easily improve the filter response. However, these are empirical processes that could not guaranty the built filter solution optimality. The works done throughout this PhD have consisted in developing a novel EMC filter optimization method, and more precisely of its routing. The aim has been to use the different stray magnetic phenomena. All of these elements can only be obtained by using a PEEC modeling tool. The PEEC method allows having fast numerical calculations thanks to a quite light meshing.

Orientador: Helmo Kelis Morales Paredes / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe o desenvolvimento e a implementação de uma estratégia de compensação para conversores eletrônicos de potência (CEP) multifuncionais conectados à rede elétrica. A geração dos sinais de referência de corrente para o conversor multifuncional é obtida através das grandezas conservativas da CPT, do inglês Conservative Power Theory. O CEP proposto neste trabalho desempenha o papel de um conversor interface de rede no modo conectado, tendo como finalidade a mitigação de oscilações de potência instantânea bem como injeção de potência ativa na rede elétrica, caracterizando assim o seu aspecto multifuncional. São realizados estudos teóricos e simulações computacionais com o intuito de validar a estratégia proposta. Para tanto, foram identificadas as parcelas indesejadas de corrente que permitam a compensação das componentes oscilatórias da potência instantânea e da energia reativa instantânea da CPT. O CEP é controlado em modo corrente, através da estratégia de modulação PWM com duas malhas de controle. A estratégia de compensação e o sistema de controle serão avaliados e testados via simulação para diferentes configurações de cargas, incluindo uma carga não-linear desbalanceada operando em condições onde as distorções e desequilíbrios de tensão sejam consideráveis. Por fim, resultados experimentais obtidos com um protótipo em escala laboratorial são utilizados para validar a estratégia de compensação proposta / Abstract: This master’s thesis proposes the development and implementation of a compensation strategy for the three-phase multifunctional grid-tied inverter. The reference signal generation method for grid-tied is based on the Conservative Power Theory (CPT). In this work, the multifunctional inverter plays the role of the Utility Interface (UI) which perform several functions: in grid-connected operation, it injects active power into the grid and compensates the instantaneous power oscillation and the instantaneous reactive energy oscillation. The goal is to execute theoretical studies and computational simulations to validate the proposed strategy. For this purpose, firstly are identifies the unwanted currents which allow the compensation of the oscillatory terms of instantaneous power and reactive energy. The inverter is controlled in current mode through PWM modulation strategy with two control loops. In addition, the proposed compensation strategy and control system is evaluated and tested for different load configurations, such as linear and nonlinear loads (balanced and unbalanced) operating under different voltage conditions (distorted and unbalanced). Finally, experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed compensation strategy. / Mestre

Actuellement, la majorité des convertisseurs embarqués dans des trains circulant sous une caténaire alternative est composée d’un transformateur basse fréquence, puis de redresseurs,alimentant des moteurs de traction via des onduleurs de traction. Les inconvénients majeurs de ces structures sont un volume et une masse embarqués importants, dus au transformateur fonctionnant en basse fréquence. Le rendement est également mauvais, à cause des contraintes de volume et de masse. Grâce aux développements des semiconducteurs haute tension et forte puissance et des transformateurs moyenne fréquence, i.e. de l’ordre de quelques kilohertz, de nouvelles topologies de convertisseurs embarqués, appelées transformateurs électroniques, sont à l’étude. Si plusieurs topologies ont déjà été étudiées dans la littérature, elles n’ont jamais été comparées. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de proposer une méthodologie de dimensionnement des différentes topologies de transformateurs électroniques, afin de pouvoir les comparer. Un état de l’art des différentes structures proposées dans la littérature est présenté dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire. Le chapitre 2 est consacré à la comparaison de structures indirectes. Pour cela, une méthodologie, permettant d’optimiser le dimensionnement de chaque structure afin de maximiser son rendement sous des contraintes de masse et de volume, a été développée. Elle est ensuite appliquée sur des topologies utilisant des MOSFET SiC, contrairement aux structures à IGBT Si développées dans la littérature. L’inductance magnétisante est considérée afin d’assurer un fonctionnement en commutation douce, et ainsi limiter les pertes. Un troisième chapitre propose un filtre actif innovant, intégré aux DC-DC du convertisseur. Celui-ci a pour but de réduire le volume du condensateur de filtrage des bus intermédiaires, et ainsi le volume total du convertisseur, sans dégrader la fiabilité intrinsèque de celui-ci. Son fonctionnement et son impact sur les pertes du DC-DC y sont étudiés. Enfin, le dernier chapitre est dédié à l’étude des interactions entre le convertisseur embarqué et l’infrastructure ferroviaire. Pour cela, des modèles d’infrastructure 25 kV-50 Hz ont été réalisés. Ceux ci comportent notamment un circuit original modélisant l’effet de peau dans la caténaire. Des résonances à certaines fréquences, caractéristiques de la géométrie du réseau et de la position du train sur celui-ci, ont été mises en évidence dans l’impédance vue par le train. Ces modèles ont aussi été implémentés dans un simulateur numérique, pour alimenter une maquette petite échelle de convertisseur. Ce type de test n’a, a priori, jamais été réalisé sur un transformateur électronique. Une conclusion générale et des perspectives sur les travaux présentés concluent ce mémoire / Current on-board converters, running on AC catenaries, are mainly composed by a low frequency transformer, then rectifiers, supplying traction motors through three-phase inverters. Due to volume and mass constraints on the converter, the efficiency of the transformer is limited. Moreover, this transformer is quite bulky and heavy. Thanks to the development of high voltage and high power semiconductors, such as Si IGBTs or SiC MOSFETs, and of medium frequency transformer, i.e. operating at a few kilohertz, new topologies of on-board converters, named Power Electronic Traction Transformer (PETT), are studied. Though several structures have been studied in the literature, they have never been compared. The main objective of this thesis is, thus, to develop a methodology to size PETT topologies, in order to compare them. In the first chapter, a state of the art of the PETT structures proposed in literature is presented. The second chapter is dedicated to the comparison of indirect topologies. A methodology, optimising the sizing of each structure to maximise its efficiency under mass and volume constraints, is developed. It is applied on topologies using SiC MOSFETs, contrary to Si IGBT structures developed in the literature. The magnetizing inductance is also considered to insure soft switching and reduce the losses. In the third chapter, an novel active filter, included in the DC-DCs of the converter, is proposed. The aim is to reduce the volume of the filtering capacitors on the intermediate buses, and thus, of the entire converter, without impacting the intrinsic reliability of the converter. Its impact on the losses of the DC-DC is studied. The last chapter deals with the interactions between the on-board converter and the infrastructure. Thus, the 25 kV-50 Hz railway network is modeled. It includes a novel circuit, modelling the skin effect in the catenary. Some resonances, dependant on the sector geometry and the train position, are highlighted in the impedance seen by a train. Moreover, the models are implemented in a numerical simulator to supply a small scale mock-up of a PETT. PHIL tests have, a priori, never been carried on a PETT. A conclusion and some perspectives of future work close thisdissertation.

Aggressive demands for high power density and low-cost power modules in the automotive sector pose significant challenges to the thermal management systems. These challenges necessitate adopting highly effective cooling technologies in power modules to remain competitive in the semiconductor industry. Furthermore, the thermal management strategy must be simple, easy to integrate, compact, effective, efficient, reliable, and economical. This thesis is an effort to investigate the impact of fin geometry on the overall performance of finned-type liquid-cooled power electronic modules in electrified transportation. The cooling system's performance metrics, including thermal resistance, pressure drop, pumping power, and mass, are discussed in depth. Various cooling technologies are benchmarked. The finned-type cooling technique is chosen over other methods due to simplicity and low pressure drop. Integrated cooling or direct cooling of the module’s baseplate is selected due to considerable thermal resistance reduction because of thermal grease elimination. Potential fabrication techniques are thoroughly explored and compared in terms of mass production and prototyping suitability. Four different fin shapes, including circular (baseline), drop-shaped, symmetric convex lens, and offset strip in the staggered arrangement, are studied herein. The cooling agent is Water and Ethylene Glycol 50% volumetric mixture (WEG 50%). Typical operating conditions in electrified vehicles (EVs) such as flow rate and inlet temperature are assumed for the numerical analysis. A grid convergence study is carried out to ensure numerical solutions are within an acceptable error band. The thermal performance evaluation results showed that, on average, offset strip, drop-shaped, and the convex lens performed 39%, 20%, and 6% better than the baseline design, respectively. Additionally, the design candidates are compared in terms of mass and estimated machining cost. The results of the baseline case are verified against empirical correlations from the literature. The maximum deviation is less than 1% and 1.2% for finned-surface temperature and pressure drop, respectively. The difference is attributed to the end-wall effects. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Conventional microelectronic and power electronic packages based on Si devices usually work below 150°C. The emergence of wide-bandgap devices, which potentially operate above a junction temperature of 250°C, results in growing research interest in high-density and high-temperature packaging. There are high-temperature materials such as encapsulants on the market that are claimed for capability of continuous operation at or above 250°C. With an objective of identifying encapsulants suitable for packaging wide-bandgap devices, some of commercial high-temperature encapsulants were obtained and evaluated at the beginning of this study. The evaluation revealed that silicone elastomers are processable for various types of package structure and exhibit excellent dielectric performance in a wide temperature range (25 - 250°C) but are insufficiently stable against long-term aging (used by some manufacturers, e.g., P²SI, to evaluate polymer stability) at 250°C. These materials cracked during aging, causing their dielectric strength to decrease quickly (as soon as 3 days) and significantly (60 - 70%) to approximately 5 kV/mm, which is below the value required by semiconductor packaging. The results of this evaluation clearly suggested that silicone needs higher thermal stability to reliably encapsulate wide-bandgap devices. Literature survey then investigated possible methods to improve silicone stability. Adding fillers is reported to be effective possibly due to the interaction between filler surface and polymer chains. However, the interaction mechanism is not clearly documented. In this study, the effect of Al₂O₃ filler on thermal stability was first investigated by comparing the performance of unfilled and Al₂O₃-filled silicones in weight-loss measurements and dielectric characterization. All test results on composites filed with Al₂O₃ micro-rods indicated that thermal stability increased with increasing filler loading. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test demonstrated that the temperature of degradation onset increased from 330 to 379°C with a 30 wt% loading of Al₂O₃ rods. In isothermal soak test, unfilled and 30-wt%-filled silicones lost 10% of polymer weight in 700 and 1800 hours, respectively. The dielectric characterization found that both Weibull parameters, characteristic dielectric strength (E₀, representing the electric field at which 62.3% of samples are electrically broken down) and shape parameter (β, representing the spread of data. The larger the β, the narrower the distribution) can reflect the thermal stability of polymers. Both of them were influenced by microstructure evolution, to which β was found to be more sensitive than E₀. The characteristic dielectric strength of unfilled silicone decreased significantly after 240 hours of aging at 250°C, whereas that of Al₂O₃/silicone composites exhibited no significant change within 560 hours. The shape parameter of Al₂O₃-filled silicone decreased slower than that of unfilled silicone, also indicating the positive effect of Al₂O₃ micro-rods on thermal stability. Improved thermal stability can be explained by restrained chain mobility caused by interfacial hydrogen bonds, which are formed between hydroxyl groups on Al₂O₃ surface and silicone backbone. In this study, the effect of hydrogen bonds was investigated by dehydrating Al₂O₃ micro-rods at high temperature in N₂ to partially destroy the bonds. Removal of hydrogen bonds impaired thermal stability by increasing the initial weight-loss rate from 0.025 to 0.036 wt%/hour. The results explained the importance of interfacial hydrogen bond, which effectively reduced the average chain mobility, hindered the formation of degradation products, and led to higher thermal stability. The main discoveries of this study are listed below: 1. Al₂O₃ micro-rods were found to efficiently improve the thermal stability of silicone elastomer used for high-temperature encapsulation. 2. Characteristic dielectric strength and shape parameter obtained from Weibull distribution reflected the change of material microstructure caused by thermal aging. The shape parameter was found to be more sensitive to microscale defects, which were responsible for dielectric breakdown at low electric field. 3. Hydrogen bonds existing at filler/matrix interface were proven to be responsible for the improvement of thermal stability because they effectively restrained the average chain mobility of the silicone matrix. / Ph. D.

Energy storage systems will likely be needed for future shipboard power systems that supply loads with high power variability such as pulsed power loads. The power generation in shipboard power systems may not be sufficient to satisfy the energy demands of the pulsed power load systems operating in conjunction with other ship service loads. Two fundamental items in evaluating the requirements of an energy storage system are the energy storage capacity and the ratings of the power conversion equipment that interfaces the energy device to the power system. The supply current of pulsed power load systems is aperiodic and cannot be described in terms of active power. Also, the RMS value and thus apparent power are only defined for periodic quantities. Therefore traditional methods of rating power equipment cannot be used. This thesis describes an approach to determine the ratings of an energy storage interface and the energy storage capacity of an energy storage device as a function of load and supply parameters. The results obtained using the proposed approach are validated with the results obtained from the simulation model of the generator supplying a pulsed power load in conjunction with an energy storage system. The energy storage system requirements for various pulsed power load profiles are obtained using the proposed approach. The method used for determining the ratings of an energy storage system utilizes an orthogonal decomposition of pulsed power load system supply current evaluated within a sliding window. The signals obtained from the decomposition are also useful in generating the control reference signals for the energy storage interface. Although the approach and methods are focused on a particular structure of the pulsed power load system, they may be generalized for use in any type of configuration of a pulsed power load system.

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